CN113346632A - Series-series compensation based wireless power transmission system and current sharing method - Google Patents

Series-series compensation based wireless power transmission system and current sharing method Download PDF

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CN113346632A
CN113346632A CN202110631395.5A CN202110631395A CN113346632A CN 113346632 A CN113346632 A CN 113346632A CN 202110631395 A CN202110631395 A CN 202110631395A CN 113346632 A CN113346632 A CN 113346632A
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current
series
compensation
power transmission
coil
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CN113346632B (en
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黄智聪
黄振威
徐海
杨洋
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/70—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power involving the reduction of electric, magnetic or electromagnetic leakage fields
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H02M3/33523—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a series-series compensation wireless power transmission system and a current equalizing method, which comprise a direct-current voltage source, a series-series compensation topological magnetic coupling induction type electric energy transmission converter and a plurality of LED modules, wherein the series-series compensation topological magnetic coupling induction type electric energy transmission converter comprises a high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, a loose coupling unit primary side compensation network and two coil coupling units; the system does not need active control, does not need to increase a closed loop feedback circuit, and has the characteristics of simple structure, low cost, convenient operation and the like. In addition, the input voltage and the current of the system are always kept in the same phase, the volt-ampere capacity of a switching device can be reduced, the cost of the device is saved, energy loss caused by reactive circulation can be avoided, and the efficiency of the system is improved.

Description

Series-series compensation based wireless power transmission system and current sharing method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of radio transmission, in particular to a series-series compensation-based wireless power transmission system and a current sharing method.
Background
The magnetic coupling induction Wireless Power transmission technology (MCI-WPT) is a technology for transmitting electric Power in a magnetic coupling manner without physical contact. The technology is safe, reliable, environment-friendly, efficient, flexible and convenient, and the traditional direct electrical connection and mechanical plugging are not needed. Therefore, the wireless power transmission technology is considered as a promising technology and is widely focused and researched by scientists. At present, MCI-WPT is widely applied to the fields of implantable medical equipment, consumer electronics, electric automobiles, underwater operation, illumination and the like, and has obvious advantages.
The MCI-WPT power supply system needs to realize current-sharing output of LED strings with different internal resistances. Currently, there are two main types of approaches to solving this problem: active control and passive control. Active control requires the use of multiple automatic regulators, such as linear regulators and switching regulators in series with the LEDs. Because the active control uses more devices, the active control power supply system has large volume, high control complexity and high cost. Meanwhile, the automatic regulator for balancing the current consumes some electric energy, which results in the reduction of the electric energy transmission efficiency of the whole system.
Another type is passive control. The power supply systems all use uncontrolled components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors and the like. Some passively controlled systems achieve balancing of the different LED string currents by adding ballast resistors, which, however, results in a significant power loss. In order to avoid electric energy loss caused by balance current, the current balance of different LED strings is realized by applying LCC-CLCL circuit compensation at two ends of the magnetic coupling induction type electric energy transmission converter. However, each string of LED modules needs to be added with a compensation circuit of the LCL, which makes the whole circuit structure complicated, consumes more devices, and has high cost and low precision.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects and shortcomings of the prior art, the invention provides a series-series compensation based wireless power transmission system and a current sharing method.
The invention provides a wireless power transmission system capable of supplying power to a plurality of LED loads with different internal resistances in a mutually equal and equal way with the lowest cost, the highest efficiency, the simplest structure and the most stable performance while ensuring the current balance of different LED strings.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a wireless power transmission system based on series-series compensation comprises a direct-current voltage source, a magnetic coupling induction type electric energy transmission converter of a series-series compensation topology and a plurality of LED modules, wherein the magnetic coupling induction type electric energy transmission converter of the series-series compensation topology comprises a high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, a loose coupling unit primary side compensation network and two coil coupling units;
the concrete connection mode is as follows:
the output end of the direct current voltage source is connected with the input end of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, the input end of the direct current voltage source is connected with the output end of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, one end of the primary side compensation network of the loose coupling unit is connected with one bridge arm of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, the other end of the primary side compensation network of the loose coupling unit is connected with one side of the primary side coil of the two coil coupling units, the other side of the primary side coil of the two coil loose coupling units is connected with the other bridge arm of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, and two ends of the LED modules are respectively connected with two sides of the secondary side coils of the two coil loose coupling units.
Further, the primary side compensation network of the loose coupling unit comprises a primary side compensation capacitor.
Furthermore, the LED modules have the same structure and respectively comprise a current-sharing capacitor and two LED light-emitting units, one end of the current-sharing capacitor is respectively connected with the two LED light-emitting units, and the other end of the current-sharing capacitor is connected with one side of the secondary side coils of the two coil loose coupling units.
Further, the two LED light-emitting units are reversely connected in parallel.
Further, the LED light emitting unit includes an LED string, a filter capacitor, and a power diode.
Further, the output voltage and the current of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit are in the same phase.
A current sharing method based on a series-series compensation wireless power transmission system comprises the following steps that the system works under a resonance condition, and the resonance angular frequency of the system is as follows:
Figure BDA0003103875230000021
wherein n is the number of LED modules;
CPcapacitance of primary side compensation capacitor, CSSIs the capacitance of the current-sharing capacitor, LPSelf-inductance of primary coil of loose coupling unit, LSThe secondary coil of the loose coupling unit is self-inductive.
Further, the capacitance value of the primary side compensation capacitor is
Figure BDA0003103875230000022
Further, the current-sharing capacitor can achieve the current-sharing effect and meet the following requirements:
Figure BDA0003103875230000023
omega is the operating frequency of the system, CSSIs the capacitance of a current-sharing capacitor, RledAn external equivalent resistance is given to each string of LEDs.
Further, a current sharing effect parameter e is defined, and the expression is as follows:
Figure BDA0003103875230000031
the parameters are used to judge the current-sharing effect of the system,
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003103875230000032
ΔR＝|Rsting-Rr|，
Figure BDA0003103875230000033
Rr，
Figure BDA0003103875230000034
and RstingThe current, the equivalent resistance of the reference branch and the current, the equivalent resistance of the other branches, respectively, whereby e is denoted as
Figure BDA0003103875230000035
The current flowing through the LED module is
Figure BDA0003103875230000036
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the system does not depend on active control, can automatically balance the currents of the LED strings with different internal resistances without an additional communication module and a detection device, and is simple in structure and convenient to operate.
(2) The input phase angle of the system is kept to be zero, the volt-ampere capacity of a switching device is reduced, the cost of the device is saved, energy loss caused by reactive circulation is avoided, and the efficiency of the system is improved. In addition, the system consumes few components and is low in cost.
(3) The system has fixed working frequency, does not have frequency bifurcation phenomenon, and is stable and reliable.
(4) In the whole power supply process of the system, the output voltage and the current of the high-frequency inverter circuit are basically in the same phase, the inverter circuit does not inject reactive power, the capacity requirement on the inverter is reduced, and the system is approximately in zero input impedance, so the system has low loss and high transmission efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an equivalent analysis diagram of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing simulation results of the current sharing process of the present system;
FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram of the input current and voltage experiment of the system;
FIG. 5 is a waveform diagram of the current experiment of each branch of the system of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples and drawings, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
Examples
As shown in fig. 1, a series-series compensation based wireless power transmission system includes a dc voltage source 1, a series-series compensation topology magnetic coupling inductive power transmission converter 10, and a plurality of LED modules 11, where the series-series compensation topology magnetic coupling inductive power transmission converter 10 includes a high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit 2, a loose coupling unit primary side compensation network 3, and two coil coupling units 4.
The primary side series compensation network comprises a primary side compensation capacitor CPThe LED modules have the same structure, and are denoted by module 1 … …, module K … …, module n in fig. 1. The LED module comprises a current-sharing capacitor 5 and two LED light-emitting units, wherein the two LED light-emitting units are connected in parallel in the direction.
The specific connection mode of the above structure is shown in fig. 1:
the input end and the output end of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit are respectively connected with the output end (positive end) and the input end (negative end) of the direct-current voltage source. The primary side compensating capacitor CPOne end of the primary side compensation capacitor C is connected with one bridge arm of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuitPAnd the other end of the primary coil L of the two-coil loose coupling unitPIs connected to one side of the primary coil L of the two-coil loose coupling unitPAnd the other side of the high-frequency inverter is connected back to the other bridge arm of the high-frequency inverter circuit.
One end of the current-sharing capacitor 5 is connected to one side of the secondary side of the two coil loose coupling units, namely one bus, and the current-sharing capacitor CSSThe other end of the two LED light-emitting units 9 is connected with one end of the two LED light-emitting units which are connected in parallel in the reverse direction, and the other end of the two LED light-emitting units 9 is connected with the other side of the secondary side of the two coil loose coupling units. The LED light-emitting unit comprises an LED string 6 and a filter capacitor C f7 and a power diode 8. LED string anode and current-sharing capacitor C of the LED lighting unit on the left in FIG. 1SSThe other end is connected, the cathode is connected with the anode of the power diode, the cathode of the power diode is connected with the other bus of the secondary end, and the whole LED is connected with a filter capacitor C in series-parallelf1. The anode of the LED string of the right LED light-emitting unit is connected with the cathode of the left power diode, the cathode of the right power diode is connected with the anode of the right power diode, the cathode of the right power diode is connected with the anode of the left LED string, and the right LED string is connected with a filter in parallelCapacitor Cf2. This forms an LED module connected to two busbars at the secondary side, and other modules are connected to two ends of a busbar at the secondary side in a similar structure to form a parallel relationship with each other.
Further, in the whole power supply process of the system, the output voltage and the current of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit are basically in the same phase. The high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit does not inject reactive power, the capacity requirement on the inverter is reduced, and the system is approximately at zero input impedance, so the system loss is small, and the transmission efficiency is high.
Specific parameters of each device in this example are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0003103875230000041
Figure BDA0003103875230000051
The passive LED current sharing control method of the system comprises the following steps:
in the current-sharing driving wireless power supply system, in order to eliminate loss caused by transmission of reactive power in the system and improve the power transmission efficiency, the system works under the resonance condition, and the resonance working angular frequency of the system is determined by the following formula:
Figure BDA0003103875230000052
wherein n is the number of LED modules. Under the system resonance angular frequency omega, the capacitance value of the primary side compensation capacitor is
Figure BDA0003103875230000053
The external impedance of each LED module is similar to that of a current-sharing capacitor CSSThe influence of different internal resistances of the LED strings on the current flowing through the LED module is very little. Current equalizing capacitor CSSThe requirement for achieving the effect of current sharing is met:
Figure BDA0003103875230000054
defining a current-sharing effect parameter e, wherein the expression is as follows:
Figure BDA0003103875230000055
the parameter is used for judging the current sharing effect of the system. Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003103875230000056
ΔR＝|Rsting-Rr|。
Figure BDA0003103875230000057
Rr，
Figure BDA0003103875230000058
and RstingThe reference branch current and the equivalent resistance are respectively the current and the equivalent resistance of the reference branch and the current and the equivalent resistance of the other branches. The figure of merit for each branch is:
Figure BDA0003103875230000059
then the current-share effect parameter e can be expressed as
Figure BDA00031038752300000510
The current flowing through the LED lighting module is:
Figure BDA00031038752300000511
where n is the number of LED modules. In addition, the current-sharing capacitor is used as a capacitive reactance, and can perform reactive compensation on secondary leakage inductance of the two-coil loose coupling unit.
On the premise of avoiding the transmission loss of reactive power and the current flowing through each LED light-emitting unit to be equal, the whole uncontrolled string-string compensation current-sharing driving wireless power supply system has the advantages of least electric devices needing to be consumed, lowest cost and no reduction of the brightness of the LED light-emitting units.
The working process of the invention is as follows:
the direct current voltage source is converted into a high-frequency electric energy signal through the uncontrolled full-bridge inverter circuit; the high-frequency electric energy signal passes through the primary end compensation network and the primary end of the loose coupling unit and induces a high-frequency sinusoidal electric energy signal at the secondary end; because the invention adopts a series-series compensation structure, the secondary end of the loose coupling unit outputs a current sinusoidal signal which is not influenced by the load; the current sinusoidal signal can distribute equal current to each branch under the action of the current-sharing capacitor, and current-sharing transmission energy is realized.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, the loop equation of the system can be obtained from the equivalent circuit diagram of the system according to kirchhoff's voltage and current law, as shown in equation (1), where v isp、vSRespectively, the output voltage of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit and the induced voltage i of the primary alternating current coupled at the secondary sideP、iSThe fundamental components of the primary and secondary currents, respectively, are expressed as follows:
Figure BDA0003103875230000061
wherein R iseqIs an externally equivalent resistance, Z, of a plurality of LED strings22Is the self-impedance of the entire secondary, and M is the mutual inductance of the two coil loose coupling units. Since the entire system operates at resonant frequency, i.e.
Figure BDA0003103875230000062
Self-impedance Z of secondary terminal22Can be externally equivalent to a pure resistor Req。
Therefore, the current of the secondary bus is:
Figure BDA0003103875230000063
from equation (2), it can be seen that the secondary-side bus current is already independent of the equivalent internal resistance of the LED string. In order to equalize the current flowing through each LED module, a current-equalizing capacitor CssEquivalent internal resistance to that of LED
Figure BDA0003103875230000064
To facilitate the determination of the parameters, a current sharing parameter e is defined.
Figure BDA0003103875230000065
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0003103875230000071
ΔR＝|Rsting-Rr| (5)
the figure of merit for each branch is:
Figure BDA0003103875230000072
then according to (3) (4) (5) and (6) we can get:
Figure BDA0003103875230000073
the current divided by each LED string is:
Figure BDA0003103875230000074
according to the above analysis, the values of the dc voltage source, the primary and secondary coil self-inductances of the two coil loose coupling units, the mutual inductance of the two coil loose coupling units, and the operating frequency of the system are as shown in table 1 below. In a simulation experiment, the LED strings with different internal resistances are replaced by equivalent resistors with different resistance values, and the external resistance of each LED module is different. Fig. 3 is a result of system charging simulation, when t is less than 0.03s, the whole system is in a balanced process, and the current flowing through each LED string is in a process of tending to a balanced state. When t is more than 0.03s, the current flowing through each LED string reaches a balanced state, namely a normal working state, the current of each LED string at the stage is basically equal, and simulation shows that the current equalizing effect is achieved. FIG. 4 shows the experimental waveform results of the system, ipAnd upThe oscillograms of the input current and the input voltage of the system are respectively shown, and the two electric energy signals can be seen to be in the same phase, so that the system can work normally without the transmission of reactive power. Fig. 5 shows current signals of each LED branch, and it can be seen that the experimental waveform is highly identical to the simulated waveform, and the current equalizing effect of the system is verified together.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A wireless power transmission system based on series-series compensation is characterized by comprising a direct-current voltage source, a magnetic coupling induction type power transmission converter of a series-series compensation topology and a plurality of LED modules, wherein the magnetic coupling induction type power transmission converter of the series-series compensation topology comprises a high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, a loose coupling unit primary side compensation network and two coil coupling units;
the concrete connection mode is as follows:
the output end of the direct current voltage source is connected with the input end of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, the input end of the direct current voltage source is connected with the output end of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, one end of the primary side compensation network of the loose coupling unit is connected with one bridge arm of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, the other end of the primary side compensation network of the loose coupling unit is connected with one side of the primary side coil of the two coil coupling units, the other side of the primary side coil of the two coil loose coupling units is connected with the other bridge arm of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit, and two ends of the LED modules are respectively connected with two sides of the secondary side coils of the two coil loose coupling units.
2. The series-series compensation-based wireless power transmission system of claim 1, wherein the loosely-coupled-unit primary side compensation network comprises a primary side compensation capacitor.
3. The series-series compensation-based wireless power transmission system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of LED modules are identical in structure and each comprise a current-sharing capacitor and two LED light-emitting units, one end of the current-sharing capacitor is connected with the two LED light-emitting units respectively, and the other end of the current-sharing capacitor is connected with one side of the secondary coil of the two coil loose-coupling units.
4. The series-series compensation-based wireless power transmission system of claim 3, wherein two LED lighting units are anti-parallel.
5. The series-series compensation-based wireless power transmission system according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the LED light emitting unit includes an LED string, a filter capacitor, and a power diode.
6. The series-series compensation-based wireless power transmission system according to claim 1, wherein an output voltage and a current of the high-frequency full-bridge inverter circuit are in phase.
7. The current sharing method based on series-series compensation wireless power transmission system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the system operates in a resonance condition with a resonance angular frequency:
Figure FDA0003103875220000011
wherein n is the number of LED modules;
CPcapacitance of primary side compensation capacitor, CSSIs the capacitance of the current-sharing capacitor, LPSelf-inductance of primary coil of loose coupling unit, LSThe secondary coil of the loose coupling unit is self-inductive.
8. The current sharing method of claim 7 wherein the primary compensation capacitor has a capacitance of
Figure FDA0003103875220000021
9. The current sharing method of claim 7, wherein the current sharing capacitor achieves the current sharing effect by meeting the following requirements:
Figure FDA0003103875220000022
omega is the operating frequency of the system, CSSIs the capacitance of a current-sharing capacitor, RledAn external equivalent resistance is given to each string of LEDs.
10. The method for current sharing according to claim 7, wherein a current sharing effect parameter e is defined, and the expression is:
Figure FDA0003103875220000023
the parameters are used to judge the current-sharing effect of the system,
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0003103875220000024
ΔR＝|Rsting-Rr|，
Figure FDA0003103875220000025
Rr，
Figure FDA0003103875220000026
and RstingThe current, the equivalent resistance of the reference branch and the current, the equivalent resistance of the other branches, respectively, whereby e is denoted as
Figure FDA0003103875220000027
The current flowing through the LED module is
Figure FDA0003103875220000028
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