CN113317280A - 一种肉牛养殖育肥方法 - Google Patents
一种肉牛养殖育肥方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113317280A CN113317280A CN202110769929.0A CN202110769929A CN113317280A CN 113317280 A CN113317280 A CN 113317280A CN 202110769929 A CN202110769929 A CN 202110769929A CN 113317280 A CN113317280 A CN 113317280A
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- beef
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Abstract
本发明提供一种肉牛养殖育肥方法,利用BMY牛与本地黄牛通过冻精改良,以杂交后代作育肥牛,促使牛肉肉质好,肌间脂肪多,鲜嫩多汁,易于消化;饲料报酬高,增重快,成本低,极为经济。发展肥牛生产不仅可以加快牛肉生产,同时可以提高牛群中母牛的比例,加快畜群周转。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及肉牛培育技术领域,具体涉及一种肉牛养殖育肥方法。
背景技术
随着社会的进步和人们物质文化生活水平的提高,人们对健康的关注和对食品安全的要求越来越高。但是由于环境污染,食品生产过程施用农药、化肥、杀虫剂、激素等物料的泛滥,使食品安全成为世界各国共同关注的问题。不论是在发展中国家,还是在发达国家,食源性疾病一直是人类健康的重要威胁。近年来,疯牛病、口蹄疫、禽流感、二噁英、瘦肉精、三聚氰胺等重大食品安全事件的爆发和流行,已对世界各国经济和社会发展产生了重要的影响。食品安全问题不仅直接与公众健康相关,而且对国际贸易产生了非常重要的影响。随着经济全球化和国际食品贸易的增加,各国都制定了严格的食品安全技术法规和标准,对进口食品的质量安全提出了越来越高的要求。目前,食品安全已成为全球性的重大战略性问题。
虽然工业化的推进和现代农业的发展为人类创造了大量的物质财富,但也给人类带来了诸如资源衰竭、环境污染等负面影响,严重威胁着人类自身的生存和发展。农业是对自然依赖性和影响力最大的行业,尤其要走可持续发展的道路。尽管各国实现社会经济可持续发展的方式不同,但目标是一致的:建立节约资源的生产系统,保护资源和环境;实施清洁生产,提高食物质量,增进人体健康;实现经济效益、生态效益和社会效益同步增长。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种肉牛养殖育肥方法,促使牛肉肉质好,肌间脂肪多,鲜嫩多汁,易于消化;饲料报酬高,增重快,成本低,极为经济。发展肥牛生产不仅可以加快牛肉生产,同时可以提高牛群中母牛的比例,加快畜群周转。
利用夏秋季草料资源抓膘育肥,开展肥牛生产,不过冬就屠宰,可以节约草料、棚圈,从而用来养好过冬的怀孕母牛和后备母牛,一举多得,是发展养牛生产的好途径。采用经济杂交的情况下,即可达到较高的生长优势和屠宰率,应当很好地重视和利用这一优势技术及杂交优势利用,在有条件的地方,尽可能地开展肥牛生产,以满足社会需要。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:
一种肉牛养殖育肥方法,包括以下步骤:
1)、育肥牛选择:利用BMY牛与本地黄牛通过冻精改良,以杂交后代作育肥牛;
2)、适应期的饲养:适应期一般为10天~15天,对进舍的育肥牛,让其自由活动,充分饮水,少量饲喂优质青草或干草、麸皮,以训练其采食习惯,日喂一期精饲料10千克~15千克,一期精饲料配方,酒糟80%,玉米粗粉12%,麸皮8%;
饲喂青草、干草20~30千克,食盐40克~50克,饲喂方法是先喂干草,后喂精料,边吃边拌,吃完再添,直到吃饱为止;
3)、催肥期的饲养:催肥期一般为90天~120天,此期主要是促进牛体膘肉丰满,存积脂肪,每头牛每天喂青贮饲料20千克~30千克,加喂二期精饲料,饲喂要定时定量,每天饲喂3次,夜间加喂1次,
二期精饲料配方:玉米2.65千克,麸皮1.41千克,棉仁饼0.8千克,石粉0.8千克,食盐25克;
供给充足饮水,冬天供给20℃左右的温水,一般白天饮水3次,夏季白天饮水5次,尿素宜用少量水溶解后撒于草料或拌入二期精饲料中喂给,
4)、应用肉牛增重剂:每天在日粮中添加200毫克瘤胃素或添加0.8%~1%复合缓冲剂(每100克含碳酸氢钠66.7克,磷酸二氢钾33.3克)饲喂或肉牛每100千克体重喂给0.5克溴化钠;
5)、精心管理:育肥牛的饲养要一牛一拴,一牛一绳,以限其运动并饲养在较暗的圈舍内,减少能量消耗,提高饲料转化率,利于催肥增膘,每天对牛体刷拭2次~3次,保持牛体清洁,可促进血液循环,增强抵抗力,保持圈舍冬暖夏凉,空气流通,经常清扫栏、槽及场地,保持舍内清洁干燥,特别是每批牛出栏后都要彻底清扫、消毒1次栏舍。
作为本发明的进一步改进,对肉牛常见病的治疗
A、瘤胃膨胀:治疗可用食醋500—1000毫升加植物油500—1000毫升一次灌服;
B、感冒:加强管理,防止温差过大,增强机体抵抗力,一般使用板兰根注射液进行肌肉注射,40-80ml/次;
C、犊牛新蛔虫病:预防的主要措施是在犊牛15~30d内较小预防性驱虫,注意圈舍卫生,将粪便进行发酵处理,减少虫卵对环境的污染;
D、巴贝斯梨形虫:预防梨形虫病的关键在于灭蜱,根据所掌握的流行病学资料,如蜱的种类、出现的季节和活动规律,实施有组织、有计划的灭蜱工作,灭蜱可用3-5%敌百虫、1-2%辛硫磷、1:400的螨净,速灭杀丁等喷洒牛体,伊维菌素按每公斤体重0.2毫克皮下注射。
E、口蹄疫: 目前主要是预防为主,应对肉牛注射口蹄疫苗,进行预防。防治口蹄疫的疫苗有O型口蹄疫BEI灭活油佐剂苗。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述步骤2)中若牛消化不良可喂干酵母,每头每日20片~50片,粪便干燥喂多维素20克~30克和少量植物油。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述步骤3)中若牛减食每头喂干酵母40片~60片。
具体实施方式
本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
BMY牛杂交改良后代生产的主要关键技术是肉牛的人工授精和授精成功后的难产助产技术、母牛流产护理、短期快速育肥技术和疫病防治等,具体如下:
一、人工授精
人工授精是指人为地使用器械采集公牛的精液,经检查、处理后再借助于器械,在母牛发情时期将精液人为地注入子宫内,以达到受孕的技术,是代替自然交配的一种妊娠控制技术。
人工授精具有如下主要优点:扩大良种公牛的配种效果及利用率,增加优良公牛的后代数量;节省饲养种公牛的费用,并降低危险性;与种公牛运输相比,精液运输费用更低;有利于优良品种资源的保存与有效合理利用;不受时间和地域的限制,可跨地区应用;可防止生殖道传染性疾病和寄生虫(弧菌病、毛滴虫病等)的感染与传播;在母牛一个性周期内科多次输精,增加受孕的机会;通过输精可使一些患有生殖道疾病,如阴道炎、子宫颈炎、子宫颈口紧等的母牛受精,提高受胎率;加快遗传进展,提高繁殖效率。
公司采用云南省草地动物科学研究院提供的BMY冻精20060剂对八街镇(5303头)、禄脿(5920头)和公司基地(1802头)内共计13025头,在动科院专家的技术指导下进行冻精配种,配种完成30~45天进行妊娠诊断,确诊有9896头牛妊娠,人工受胎率达到75.98%,产犊9748头,断奶成活犊牛8901头,犊牛成活率为91.31%。
二、牛的难产助产技术
发生难产的原因很多,母牛个体小+产道狭窄,配种过早,产道损伤;瘦弱无力,不能产出胎儿,胎儿过大、畸形、死胎、胎位异常、胎势不正也会发生难产。对孕畜要加强饲养管理,严禁喂给霉败和不易消化的饲料;舍饲牛栏不得过于拥挤,经常保持清洁,干燥,并给予适当运动和阳光照射。此外,母牛初配不易太小。发生难产时应根据具体情况当机立断,进行助产,其方法步骤如下:
1.助产前检查
1.1 检查前先了解开始分娩时间,是初产或经产、胎膜是否破裂,有无羊水流出,腹围及母畜大小。初产母畜多因产道狭窄而难产;经产母畜的难产多由于胎畜的位置、方向、姿势不正。
1.2 检查产道是否有枯膜水肿、表面干燥和有无损伤,井注意损伤的程度及有无感染。
1.3 通过产道检查胎畜时,应注意胎位是否正常以及胎畜生死情况。
1.4 母畜的全身情况,如心跳过弱或亢进,节律不齐,必须输液或强心等。
2.助产前准备
2.1 将母畜处于前低后高的体位站立保定,如不能久站可行侧卧保定。
2.2 将胎畜露出部分及母畜的会阴、尾根等处洗净,再以0.1%高锰酸钾液消毒。
2.3 所需器械应做好消毒;并备有2~3条长约3米、直径约0.8原米的柔软坚韧棉绳作牵拉胎畜用。
3.助产注意事项
3.1 先梅胎畜送回产道或子宫腔内、再矫正胎畜的方向、位置、姿势。
3.2 强行牵拉胎畜时,术者需配合母畜努责的节律告诉并指导助手牵拉胎畜的力量、方向和时间,以免损伤产道。
3.3 为了滑润产道和保护粘膜,对难产母畜的产道可注人消毒的石蜡油。
3.4 矫亚胎位无望以及子宫颈狭窄、骨盆狭窄,应及时进行剖腹取胎手术;对胎畜已死,外加拉出确有困难,可用隐刃刀或绞胎器肢解分块取出。
4.难产的助产
4.1 无力分娩的助产,术者将手伸入产道,按照上述注意事项,强行将胎畜拉出。或用催产办法,注射催产素注射液或垂体后叶素,牛8~10毫升,必要时待20~30分钟后可重复注射一次。
4.2 胎畜姿势不正助产,头颈侧弯、胎畜西腿已伸出产道,而头颈弯向一侧,不能产出,术者将手伸入产道检查即可摸到。如果胎小,产道润滑扭转不难时,可用手将其头搬正。反之,胎大,产道干燥,扭转严重,先将已伸出的两肢推回,同时将弯向一侧的头颈搬正。
头颈下弯,头颈弯于两前肢之间或侧面,不能顺利产出。助产时,将伸出产道的胎肢送回于宫后,术者的手沿着胎畜的腹侧深入,至胎畜嘴唇端时以手兜着胎畜嘴唇和下颌,然后用助产叉顶住胎畜的肩部,此时,术者的手在将胎头拉出伸直的同时,另一手用助产叉将胎畜躯干顶进,使作用力相反,才能搬正胎头。
头向后仰或头颈扭转,造成的难产,如胎头稍偏,用手握住唇部将头拉正位即可。如胎头后仰或扭转严重,先将胎畜推进子宫,并进行矫正后,再以正位拉入产道前肢以腕关节屈曲伸向产道引起难产时,将胎畜推回子宫,术者手伸入产道,握住不正前肢的蹄子,尽力向上抬,再将蹄于拉入骨盆腔内,就可拉直前肢。后肢姿势不正,多发于倒生胎畜的后腿髋关节屈曲,伸向前方,称坐生,此时,和前肢的矫正方法相同,如果胎畜不大,可不矫正,强行拉出,但不要拉尾巴,最好拉大腿根。
当上述各种不正胎位,姿势矫正后,再慢慢将胎畜拖出,如一人拉出有困难,可用消毒的产科绳套住胎畜的某一部位,令助手顺产道方向牵拉。
5.助产后的护理
5.1 预防感染,拉出胎畜后,用0.1%新洁尔灭溶液或高锰酸钾溶液冲洗产道及阴户周围,还可用青霉素粉或土霉素粉撒入产道。
5.2 止血,如有出血,可肌注麦角新碱或止血剂。
5.3 服药,桃仁64克,芒硝、大黄各130克,桂皮、甘草各32克,水煎一次灌服,可防止产后子宫痉挛性疝痛。
5.4胎衣滞留时,应按胎衣不下治疗。
5.5 产后多喂给易消化,营养丰富的青料。
三、胎衣不下处理技术
胎衣不下也称胎衣滞留。是指母牛分娩后,经过8~12小时仍不排出胎衣,即为胎衣不下。正常情况下,胎衣排出时间黄牛不超过3~5小时。
1.病因:胎衣不下的主要原因有两个方面,一是产后子宫收缩无力,主要因为怀孕期间饲料单纯,缺乏无机盐、微量元素和某些维生素;或是产双胎,胎儿过大及胎水过多,使子宫过度扩张。二是胎盘炎症,怀孕期间子宫受到感染发生隐性子宫内膜炎及胎盘炎,母子胎盘粘连。此外,流产和早产等原因也能导致胎衣不下。
2.症状:胎衣不下分为部分胎衣不下及全部不下。部分胎衣不下,即一部分从于叶上脱下井断离,其余部分停滞在 于宫腔和阴道内,一般不易觉察,有时发现弓背、举尾和努责现象。全部胎衣不下即全部胎衣停滞在于宫和阴道内,仅少量胎膜垂挂于阴门外,其上有脐带血管断端和大小不同的于叶。
胎衣不下,初期一般没有全身症状,经1~2天后,停滞的胎衣开始腐败分解,从阴道内排出污红色混有胎衣碎片的恶臭液体,腐败分解产物若被子宫吸收,可出现败血型子宫炎和毒血症,患牛表现体温升高、精神沉郁、食欲减退、泌乳减少等。
3.防治:胎衣不下的治疗方法很多,概括起来可分为药物疗法和手术剥离两类。
3.1 促进子宫收缩,加速胎衣排出,皮下或肌肉注射垂体后叶素50~100国际单位。最好在产后8~12小时注射,如分娩超过24~48小时,则效果不佳。也可注射催产素10毫升(100国际单位),麦角新碱6~10毫克。
3.2 手术剥离,先用温水灌肠.排出直肠中积粪,或用手掏尽。再用o,1%高锰酸钾液洗净外阴。后用左手握住外露的胎衣,右手顺阴道伸人子宫,寻找子宫叶。先用拇指找出胎儿胎盘的边缘,然后将食指或拇指伸人胎儿胎盘与母体胎盘之间,把它们分开,至胎儿胎盘被分离一半时,用拇、食、中指握住 胎衣,轻轻一拉,即可完整地剥离下来。如粘连较紧,必须慢慢剥离。操作时须由近向远,循序渐进,越靠近子宫角尖端,越不易剥离,尤须细心,力求完整取出胎衣。
3.3预防胎衣不下,当分娩破水时,可接取羊水300~500毫升于分娩后立即灌服,可促使子宫收缩,加快胎衣排出。
四、 流 产
由于各种原因导致妊娠母牛流产是养牛业损失最大是的疾病之一,我们在生产中必须搞清楚流产发生的病因、根据病因进行对症处理,提高繁殖母牛的利用率。
1.病因,引起牛流产的原因很多,大致可分为传染性和非传染性的两大类。非传染性流产的原因主要有以下几点:
1.1 胎儿及胎膜异常,包括胎儿畸形或胎儿器官发育异常,胎膜水肿,胎水过多或过少,胎盘炎,胎盘畸形或发育不全,以及脐带水肿等。
1.2 母牛的疾病,包括严重的肝、肾、心、肺、胃肠和神经系统疾病,大失血或贫血,生殖器官疾病或异常等。
1.3 饲养管理不当,包括母牛长期营养不足而过度瘦弱,饲料单纯而缺乏某些维生素和无机盐,饲料腐败或霉败;大量饮用冷水或带有冰碴的水,吞食过量的雪,饲喂不定时而母牛贪食过多等。
1.4 机械性损伤,包括剧烈的跳跃,跌倒,抵撞,蹴踢和挤压以及粗暴的直肠或阴道检查等。
1.5 药物使用不当,使用大量的泻剂、利尿剂、麻醉剂和其他可引起子宫收缩的药品等。
1.6 习惯性流产,有的母牛妊娠至一定时期就发生流产。这种习惯性流产多半是由于子宫内膜变性、硬结及瘢痕,子宫发育不全,近亲繁殖或卵巢机能障碍所引起。
2.症状,流产发生突然,流产前一般没有特殊的症状,或有的在流产前几天有精神倦怠,阵痛起卧,阴门流出羊水,努责等症状。如果胎儿受损伤发生在怀孕初期,流产可能为隐性(即胎儿被吸收),不排出体外;如果发生在后期,因受损伤程度不同,胎儿多在受损伤后数小时至数天排出。
3.防治,加强对怀孕母牛的饲养管理,注意预防本病的发生。如有流产发生,应详细调查,分析病因和饲养管理情况,疑为传染病时应取羊水、胎膜及流产胎儿的胃内容物进行检验,深埋流产物,消毒污染场所。对胎衣不下及有其他产后疾病的,应及时治疗。为防止习惯性流产,可在发生流产前的一个月开始注射黄体酮50~100毫克。
五、创伤处理技术
创伤是机体局部受到外力作用而引起的软组织开放性损伤,分为新鲜创和化脓性感染创。
1.病因,由于金属利器,如犁耙、刀、铁片等的切割,或尖利的铁钉、竹屑、石块、玻璃等的刺伤。或两牛相斗,野兽或毒蛇的咬伤或车压、碰撞或摔跌等引起。
2.症状,新鲜轻度创伤,局部皮肤(黏膜)、肌肉破损,疼痛,出血,经一段时间后,血流可自止。重度创伤,伤口较大,疼痛剧烈,肌肉血管断裂,血流不止,甚至伤及内脏,造成内出血,发生急性盆血,虚脱甚至休克死亡。创口被细菌感染,则发生化脓腐烂,有脓汁流出。由于化脓感染严重,有时出现全身症状,如精神沉郁,减食,甚至体温升高或发生脓毒败血症。
3.治疗
3.1 新鲜创的治疗
(1)创伤止血,除压迫、钳夹、结扎等方法外,还可应用止血剂,如外用止血粉撒布创面,必要时可应用安络血、维生素K3或氯化钙等全身性止血剂。
(2)清洁创围,无用灭菌纱布将创口盖住,剪除周围被毛,用0.1%新洁尔灭溶液或生理盐水将创围洗净,然后用5%碘酒进行创围消毒。
(3)清理创腔,除去覆盖物,用镊子仔细除去创内异物,反复用生理盐水洗涤创内,然后用灭菌纱布轻轻地吸蘸创内残存的药物和污物,再于创面涂布碘酒。
(4)缝合与包扎,创面比较整齐,外科处理比较彻底时,可行密闭缝合;有感染危险时,行部分缝合;创口裂开过宽,可缝合两端;组织损伤严重或不便缝合时,可行开放疗法。四肢下部的创伤,一般应行包扎。若组织损伤或污染严重时,应及时注射破伤风类毒素、抗生素。
3.2 化脓性感染创的治疗
(1)化脓创的治疗,①清洁创围。②用0.1%高锰酸钾液、3%双氧水或0.1%新洁尔灭液等冲洗创腔。③扩大创口,开张创缘,除去深部异物,切除坏死组织,排出脓汁。④最后用松碘油膏或10%磺胺乳剂等创面涂布或纱布条引流。⑤有全身症状时可适当选用抗菌消炎类药,并注意强心解毒。
(2)肉芽创的治疗,①清理创围。②清洁创面,带生理盐水轻轻清洗。③局部用药,应选用刺激性小、能促进肉芽组织和上皮生长的药物,如松碘油膏、3%龙胆紫等。肉芽组织赘生时,可用硫酸铜腐蚀。
六、脓肿的处理
脓肿是一种由局部外科感染而引发形成的疾病,是在任何组织(如肌肉、皮下等)和器官(如关节、鼻窦、乳房等)内经过化脓性外科感染面形成的外有脓肿膜包裹,内有脓汁蓄积的化脓腔洞。
1.病因,引起脓肿的致病菌,主要是葡萄球菌,其次是化脓性链球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌较少见,此外刺激性强的药液(如氯化钙、水合氯醛、高渗盐水等)在静注时误漏入皮下也可引起。
2.症状,浅在性脓肿常发于皮下或肌间,初期只有急性炎症症状,局部增温,肿胀,疼痛明显,五色素处可见发红,以后逐渐局限化,形成界限明显的坚实感肿块,随着脓液的形成,中央软化,出现波动,最后皮肤破溃流出脓汁。
深在脓肿,由于脓肿位于深部,症状不明显,患部有轻微的炎性肿胀,指压留痕且有疼感,波动不显著,为了确诊,可行穿刺有否脓汁。
3.治疗,病初可用普鲁卡因青霉素病部周围封闭疗法,已出现脓肿可涂布鱼石脂软膏,雄黄软膏(雄黄、鱼石脂各40克,樟脑、冰片各20克,凡士林98克,调成软膏)以及温敷疗法。脓肿已经成熟,波动明显时,应立即切开排脓。再以0.1%高锰酸钾或浓盐水冲洗脓腔,撒人磺胺结晶或青霉素粉。也可撒入樟脑白糖粉,必要时可以浸有青霉素鱼肝油的纱布条进行脓腔内引流;当脓汁少而长出肉芽时,按肉芽创处理。
七、肉牛短期快速育肥
通过肉牛快速育肥技术的应用,牛肉肉质好,肌间脂肪多,鲜嫩多汁,易于消化;饲料报酬高,增重快,成本低,极为经济。发展肥牛生产不仅可以加快牛肉生产,同时可以提高牛群中母牛的比例,加快畜群周转。
利用夏秋季草料资源抓膘育肥,开展肥牛生产,不过冬就屠宰,可以节约草料、棚圈,从而用来养好过冬的怀孕母牛和后备母牛,一举多得,是发展养牛生产的好途径。采用经济杂交的情况下,即可达到较高的生长优势和屠宰率,应当很好地重视和利用这一优势技术及杂交优势利用,在有条件的地方,尽可能地开展肥牛生产,以满足社会需要。
1.育肥牛选择
利用BMY牛与本地黄牛通过冻精改良,以杂交后代作育肥牛,其生长速度、饲料利用率及牛肉品质等都高于本地黄牛。此外,淘汰的公牛、不孕的母牛、低产的奶牛、停用的役牛,均可进行育肥。所有育肥牛要求健康无病,并用左旋咪唑,按每千克体重用15毫克喂服驱虫,育肥前10天~15天对牛进行去势,以提高育肥效果。
2.适应期的饲养
适应期一般为10天~15天,因进舍的育肥牛,对新环境不适应,要让其自由活动,充分饮水,少量饲喂优质青草或干草、麸皮,以训练其采食习惯。日喂青料10千克~15千克。其中酒糟80%,玉米粗粉12%,麸皮8%。饲喂青草、干草20千克以上,食盐40克~50克。饲喂方法是先喂干草,后喂精料,边吃边拌,吃完再添,直到吃饱为止。如牛消化不良可喂干酵母,每头每日20片~50片,粪便干燥喂多维素20克~30克和少量植物油。
3.催肥期的饲养
催肥期一般为90天~120天。此期主要是促进牛体膘肉丰满,存积脂肪。饲料参考配方:玉米2.65千克,麸皮1.41千克,棉仁饼0.8千克,石粉0.8千克,食盐25克,每头牛每天喂青贮饲料20千克~30千克,饲喂要定时定量,每天饲喂3次,夜间加喂1次。供给充足饮水,冬天供给20℃左右的温水。一般白天饮水3次,夏季白天饮水5次。饲喂顺序是:先草后料,先料后水。早饱晚适中,饲草多样化搭配,禁喂发霉变质饲料。干草要切短,尿素宜用少量水溶解后撒于草料或拌入精料中喂给,切忌放在水中让牛饮用,以免引起中毒。牛减食每头喂干酵母40片~60片。
4.应用肉牛增重剂
常用的肉牛增重剂有:①每天在日粮中添加200毫克瘤胃素饲喂,日增重可提高16.3%。②在日粮中添加0.8%~1%复合缓冲剂(每100克含碳酸氢钠66.7克,磷酸二氢钾33.3克)饲喂,日增重提高11%~15%,饲料消耗减少11%~13%。③按肉牛每100千克体重喂给0.5克溴化钠,日增重可提高17.5%。
5.精心管理
育肥牛的饲养要一牛一拴,一牛一绳,以限其运动并饲养在较暗的圈舍内,减少能量消耗,提高饲料转化率,利于催肥增膘。每天对牛体刷拭2次~3次,保持牛体清洁,可促进血液循环,增强抵抗力。保持圈舍冬暖夏凉,空气流通。经常清扫栏、槽及场地,保持舍内清洁干燥,特别是每批牛出栏后都要彻底清扫、消毒1次栏舍。随时观察牛体健康状况,发现异常及时诊断治疗。
八、肉牛疫病防治
1.疾病防治原则
(1)按照《动物防疫法》的规定进行预防免疫,建立生物安全体系,最大限度地减少化学药品和抗生素的使用。
(2)确需使用治疗用药的,需在畜牧兽医人员指导下使用经过兽药管理部门批准的兽药。
(3)定期或不定期对牛群进行布病、结核病的检疫等疫病进行监测。
(4)定期对牛群进行驱虫。
(5)严格贯彻执行预防为主的指导思想,发现病牛及时隔离并治疗,不喂被病毒污染的草及水;不从疫区购入牛只,对新入场的牛只隔离饲养。经观察和检疫,确认为健康方可入群。
2.肉牛常见病的治疗
(1)瘤胃膨胀:由于食用大量易产气的饲料如青苜蓿等而发病。病牛腹部急剧膨胀,左侧腋显著膨起,食欲、反刍完全病绝。呼吸困难。治疗可用食醋500—1000毫升加植物油500—1000毫升一次灌服。
(2)感冒:主要是因气候突变而致的急性发热性疾病。症状:皮温不均,体温升高,耳尖鼻端发凉,鼻镜干燥,被毛逆立。流清涕或浓涕,怕冷,粪便干燥。听诊瘤胃蠕动音弱,肺泡呼吸音有时增强,或伴有湿暖音。防治:加强管理,防止温差过大,增强机体抵抗力。一般使用板兰根注射液进行肌肉注射,40-80ml/次。
(3) 犊牛大肠杆菌病
病原及流行病学:犊牛大肠杆菌病是由致病性大肠杆菌引起的。致病性菌株一般能产生一种内毒素和一到两种肠毒素。
本病主要发生于生后10月龄以内的幼犊,感染途径主要是消化道,但也有通过脐带感染的,主要由于圈舍卫生条件差,母牛乳房部污秽不洁,犊牛哺乳初乳不及时,哺乳过多或过少等引起。呈散发性。
症状与诊断:
潜伏期很短,仅几个小时,根据症状和病理发生可分为三型:
败血型:病犊表现发热,精神不振,间有腹泻,常于症状出现后数小时至一天内急性死亡,有时病犊未见腹泻即归于死亡。
肠毒血型:较少见,常突然死亡。如病稍长,则可见到典型的中毒性神经症状,先是不安,兴奋,后来沉郁,昏迷以至于死亡。死前多有腹泻症状。
肠型:症初体温升高达40℃,食欲减退或废绝,喜躺卧 ,数小时后开始下痢,体温降至正常。粪便初如粥样、黄色、后呈水样、灰白色,混有未消化的凝乳块,凝血及泡沫,有酸败气味。病的末期,病犊肛门失禁,用蹄踢腹壁,病程长的可出现肺炎及关节炎症状。
根据流行病学,临床症状和细菌学检查进行综合诊断。
防治:本病的预防主要是圈舍干燥清洁,对怀孕后期的母牛给予富含维生素和蛋白质的饲料,犊牛产下后要尽早让它吃到初乳。
(4)犊牛新蛔虫病:
犊牛新蛔虫病是由犊牛新蛔寄生于初生犊牛的小肠内引起的,特征为肠炎、下泻、腹部膨大和腹痛等初生犊牛大量感染时可引起死亡,对发展养牛业危害很大。
病原和流行病学:犊牛新蛔虫虫体粗大、淡黄色。过去主要认为是由子宫内感染,近年来的研究发现哺乳母牛的乳汁中含有幼虫,犊牛可以因吃母乳而获得感染。在自然感染的情况下,2周至4月龄的犊牛小肠中寄生有成虫。
症状与诊断:受害最严重的时期是在犊牛出生两周后,表现为消化失调、食欲不振和腹泻、幼虫破坏肠粘膜、引起肠炎、血便、有特殊的臭味。腹部膨胀、有疝痛症状。病犊虚弱消瘦,精神迟钝或焦躁不安。臀部肌肉松弛、后肢无力、站立不稳。虫体寄生多时可造成肠阻塞或肠穿孔,如果犊牛出生后因哺乳而受感染,则因幼虫在肠管中孵化后,由肠壁侵入到肝脏,移行过程中可能损害消化机能、破坏肝组织、影响食欲;幼虫移行到肺时在该处停留发育,破坏肺组织、临床上造成呼吸困难、咳嗽、口腔内有特殊酸臭味。
防治:预防的主要措施是在犊牛15~30d内较小预防性驱虫,注意圈舍卫生,将粪便进行发酵处理,减少虫卵对环境的污染。
(5)巴贝斯梨形虫(焦虫病)
病原和流行病学:本病的病原包括双芽贝斯梨形虫和巴贝斯梨形虫。本病发生的基本因素是三种生物体即梨形虫、硬蜱和易感动物(无抵抗力的牛),缺少其中任何一环就不可能发生本病。
本病的发生有一定的季节性,发病高峰与牛蜱活动规律相一致,多发生于5-10月份,但在云南2000米以下海拨地区,如果某场污染严重,又引入毫无抵抗力的牛只,则长年都可能发生本病。
症状与诊断:潜伏期为8-15天,有时更长些。发病的第一个表现为体温升高,达40-41.5℃,呈稽留热型。病畜精神沉郁,食欲下降,反刍停止,粪呈黄棕色,贫血明显,可有75%以上的红细胞受到破坏,通常有血红蛋白尿出现。病畜瘦弱,晚期有明显的黄疸,如为慢性发作,体温并不甚高,常无血红蛋白尿,但有下泻和便秘。体表淋巴结,特别是肩前淋巴结显著肿大。
急性病例在2-3天内死亡,但也有无任何明显症状就突然死亡的。在不加任何治疗的情况下,死亡率可达50-90%。
防治:预防梨形虫病的关键在于灭蜱。根据所掌握的流行病学资料,如蜱的种类、出现的季节和活动规律,实施有组织、有计划的灭蜱工作。灭蜱可用3-5%敌百虫、1-2%辛硫磷、1:400的螨净,速灭杀丁等喷洒牛体,伊维菌素按每公斤体重0.2毫克皮下注射。
(6)口蹄疫
病原和流行病学:口蹄疫是由微核糖核酸病毒科中的口蹄疫病毒引起的一种偶蹄类动物的急性发热性高度接触性的烈性传染病。
根据病毒的血清学特性,目前已知全世界有七个主型,由于各型之间的抗原性完全不同,故无交叉免疫性。而且由于口蹄疫病毒的变异性较高,因此还不断有新的亚型出现。在云南较常见的是A型和O型。
本病的感染对象主要是偶蹄动物,病畜是本病主要的传染源,口蹄疫病毒的致病力和传染性很强,一旦发生,往往呈流行性发生。本病的发病率很高,在老疫区达50%左右,新疫区可达100%,但病死率较低,一般为1~3%,但在出现恶性型口蹄疫、病毒侵害心肌时,病死率可高达20~50%。
目前主要是预防为主,应对肉牛注射口蹄疫苗,进行预防。防治口蹄疫的疫苗有O型口蹄疫BEI灭活油佐剂苗。
九、牛舍建筑
建筑牛舍,因地制宜、就地取材,既经济实用、便于饲养管理,又适合牛的生活要求,能更好地促进牛的生长发育。
(1)牛舍环境温、湿度要求:育肥牛最适宜的温度为10—15℃,适合温度5—21℃。在建筑牛舍时保证了保温、通风、利于牛舍的卫生处理。针对育肥牛对低温耐受力较强;而对高温的耐受力较差的情况。在牛舍建筑时还特别留有特殊通风口。湿度:牛舍湿度控制在相对湿度50%—70%,不超过75%。
(2)牛舍类型:根据云南安宁地区气候等情况,我们采用了半开放式的建筑有效地利用了当地天气和场地的实际情况。
(3)牛舍内部结构:牛床的大小应根据育肥牛育肥结束时的重量(终重)和育肥方式(拴系饲养或散放饲养)而定,一般终重小于400千克时,牛床长为1.8米,宽为0.9米,终重大于500千克时,牛床长为2.2米,宽为1.2米,牛床坡度为1.5%。水泥地面的牛床虽然最坚固,但牛配种以后,几乎整个下腹部都贴在地面上,如果没有隔热层,则冬天太冷而热天又太热,这都不利于牛长膘。若在水泥牛床上铺褥草和麦秸,褥草是比较好的隔热材料,无论冬夏,对牛的增重都有利,并且褥草能吸收大量的氨气和尿液,既可净化舍内空气,又可保持干燥,有利于卫生。此外用砖块侧立铺设牛床也比较好。
3、供水设施:通常一头育肥牛每日需用水60~80千克(不含冲洗粪尿沟的用水)。育肥牛舍应尽量不用水冲洗牛床,用干法取粪,以节约用水,保持圈舍内干燥。供水设施应按照饲养牛的头数进行配置,如蓄水池、水管、笼头等。
十、繁殖母牛的饲养管理
受胎率和犊牛断奶重是肉牛业成功与否的两个最重要因素,它们都受饲料、饲养条件的影响。繁殖母牛的营养需要包括维持生长(未成年母牛)、繁殖和泌乳的需要,这些需要可以用精饲料和青贮饲料满足。其中:繁殖母牛个体的影响最大,母牛个体越大,生出的犊牛也越大,母牛体重每增加45千克,犊牛断奶重就可增加0.5~7千克。母牛产犊率主要受犊牛出生前30天和出生后70天营养状况的影响,这100天是母牛—犊牛生产体系中最关键的时期。
1、母牛的营养
(1)对繁殖母牛,应按营养需要供给足够的能量饲料和蛋白质饲料。
(2)及时补磷、补充维素A,可以提高青年母牛的繁殖率。
(3)产犊前后100天的饲料、饲养状况能对母牛的发情率和受胎率起决定作用。产犊后,由于母牛产奶增加,对饲料的需要量大幅度增加。因此,哺乳期母牛的营养需要量要比妊娠期高50%,否则会导致母体重和泌乳量下降,不能发情或受孕。
(4)在怀孕期间,母牛的增重至少要超过45千克,产犊后每天增重0.25~0.3千克,直到配种完毕,如果母牛产犊时体况瘦弱,产后的日增重应该达到0.3~0.9千克,这样,产犊前每天需要饲喂6~10千克中等质量的干草,产犊后,每天要饲喂6~12.7千克干草加2千克精料,同时应注意蛋白质、无机盐和维生素的供应。
(5)母牛有营养性繁殖疾病可以从3点判断:在发情季节能按正常周期(21天)发情和配种的母牛很少;第一次配种的受胎率很低;犊牛2周的成活率很低。
2、母牛枯草季节的饲养管理
对繁殖母牛,良好的饲养条件可以提高繁殖率、犊牛初生重和断奶重。粗饲料可以作为怀孕母牛枯草季节的主要饲料,也可以用青贮加干草。含杂物或发霉的饲料绝对不能饲喂怀孕牛,否则容易造成流产。给母牛喂质量很低的粗饲料时,要补充精料,补充的原则是不能使母牛减轻体重,否则繁殖性能会受到严重影响,精料喂量可由以下3个原则确定:①粗饲料的种类和数量;②母牛的年龄和体况;③母牛是干奶期还是哺乳期。
以干物质为基础,怀孕母牛每天的饲料需要量如下:瘦母牛,占体重的2.25%;中等体况的母牛,占体重的2%;体况好的母牛占体重的1.75%。母牛哺乳期间对饲料的需要量应该增加50%,因此,哺乳母牛和干奶牛应该分开饲养,这样既能满足哺乳母牛的营养需要,又可防止干奶牛采食过量,浪费饲料。初生犊牛的身体物质组成水占75%,蛋白质占20%,灰分占5%。一头35千克的犊牛只有8千克干物质。因此,只要不处于哺乳期,怀孕母牛的营养负担并不重,饲喂粗饲料最经济。
3、非哺乳期怀孕母牛的饲养管理
除了胎儿的生长外,非哺乳期怀孕母牛的体重应该保持适度增加,日增重0.23千克,或非哺乳期总增重达到45—68千克,为哺乳期贮备养分。对饲喂小麦秸的怀孕牛,应该补饲含32%粗蛋白质、2.5%钙、2.25%磷、0.7%镁和0.34%硫的补充料。
4、哺乳母牛的饲养管理
产奶比怀孕需要的饲料量更多。产奶量的多少决定了犊牛的生长速度,为了提高产奶量,每日要给母牛补饲1.8—2.7千克精料。哺乳母牛的能量需要量比怀孕母牛高50%,蛋白质、钙和磷的需要量则高出1倍。
5、母牛分娩的过程经历三个时期:
(1)开口期,子宫收缩逐渐将胎儿和胎水向子宫颈方向移动,引起子宫颈开张,逐渐扩大,子宫颈口全开,胎儿和胎水继续移动,进入产道的胎膜被压破,部分胎水流出,胎儿先露出部分压迫骨盆底,使阴道扩张。胎儿的先露部分进入阴道。
(2)胎儿产出期,子宫肌肉发生更加频繁有力的收缩,同时腹肌和隔肌也发生强烈收缩,腹内压显著升高,把胎儿从子宫内经产道排出。
从子宫颈完全开张至胎儿产出为止这一过程是一持续的过程,一般在半小时左右,如果延续时间过长,就有可能发生难产。如果发生难产,应立即请兽医处治,否则往往由于延误了时间或处理不当,造成犊牛死亡或母牛与犊牛双双死亡。
(3)胎衣排出期,从胎儿排出到胎衣完全排出的这段时间叫胎衣排出期。胎儿产出后5—8小时,最长12小时,胎衣脱落并排出。如果12小时后胎衣不脱落,称为“胎衣不下”,此时需请兽医处治。
6、接产
母牛产前2—3天要转入产房,产房要清洁卫生,要准备好接产用具和消毒药物。用0.1%高锰酸钾液或0.1%新洁尔灭、2%煤酚皂溶液(来苏儿液)冲洗消毒外阴部和后躯。顺产时,即当两前脚和头先出来(称正生)时,不需特殊处理,犊牛可顺利降生;当两后肢露出来,并且两蹄底向下(称倒生)时,要及时拉出胎儿,以免因胎儿腹部进入产道时,脐带易被压在骨盆上,时间过久,造成胎儿窒息死亡。若遇到难产时,应立即请兽医处治。
7、产后母牛和犊牛的护理
犊牛的护理,首先是擦干净口、鼻及躯体的粘涂;用5%碘酊消毒犊牛自然拉断的脐带及脐部或用烙铁烧烙犊牛的脐带;若脐带未断者,可在距离腹部10厘米处剪断,立即用碘酊或磺胺粉、抗菌素粉涂擦处理,为防污染可用消毒纱布把脐带兜起来;然后抠去犊牛蹄底部软组织;称重、编号。此外,犊牛必须在生后1小时之内吃到初乳。如果犊牛生后不能立即呼吸或出现呼吸困难时,可能是由于粘液和羊水堵塞了气管,此时应拎起后腿,拍打胸部,吐出粘涂和羊水,或用橡皮管插入鼻孔及气管内吸净其中的粘液和羊水。
产后母牛的护理,母牛分娩结束后,应尽快吆喝牛站立直来,避免子宫内翻及脱垂;立即给母牛饮用温热麸皮盐水汤(麸皮1~2千克,食盐75~150克,温水适量),以补充体内水分;让母牛舔干犊牛;清洁并用消毒液洗净母牛的后躯,并及时换掉污秽、潮湿的蓐草;胎衣排出后及时取走并检查是否完整。12小时后胎衣仍有滞留,应请兽医剥离。产后15~17天恶露就不再见有排出,阴部干净、正常。
“BMY牛”是云南省草地动物科学研究院用婆罗门牛、莫累灰牛和云南黄牛3个品种杂交,历经近30年选育形成的一个热带、亚热带肉牛品种,并用3个品种的第一个英文字母命名,B为婆罗门牛(Brahman)、M为莫累灰牛(Murray Grey)、Y为云南黄牛(YunnanYellow Cattle)。是我国首个自主培育的三元杂交肉牛品种,新中国成立以来全国第四个、南方第一个自主培育的肉牛品种。据云南省草地动物科学研究院统计,截至2011年10月31日,有纯种BMY牛存栏15000多头,杂交改良本地母牛100000头以上。由于“BMY牛”良好的适应性和生产性能,2012年金江公司开始与省草地动物科学研究院进行“产、学、研”结合发展肉牛产业,将科技动力结合于实际生产,充分发挥科技的力量,迅速繁殖扩大“BMY牛”的生产和引用。
通过金江肉牛养殖基地养殖示范,在八街镇、禄脿镇及周边联动农户共养殖BMY杂交牛8000余头。公司主要在安宁八街镇、禄裱镇大力推广BMY杂交饲养配套技术,由公司组织联动农户进行冻精配种,母牛怀孕3个月后供农户以交押金的方式租养。小牛出生后,原母牛由公司负责配种,农户继续租养。小牛利润分成,公司和农户各得一半,联动周边农户680户,培训用户3012人次,通过这种方式,既能快速扩繁BMY牛的饲养规模,又能为联动养殖户提供一种增收途径,还能为社会提供安全、优质的肉牛产品、地方发展,是一种实现多方共赢的有效途径。
Claims (4)
1.一种肉牛养殖育肥方法,包括以下步骤:
1)、育肥牛选择:利用BMY牛与本地黄牛通过冻精改良,以杂交后代作育肥牛;
2)、适应期的饲养:适应期一般为10天~15天,对进舍的育肥牛,让其自由活动,充分饮水,少量饲喂优质青草或干草、麸皮,以训练其采食习惯,日喂一期精饲料10千克~15千克,一期精饲料配方,酒糟80%,玉米粗粉12%,麸皮8%;
饲喂青草、干草20~30千克,食盐40克~50克,饲喂方法是先喂干草,后喂精料,边吃边拌,吃完再添,直到吃饱为止;
3)、催肥期的饲养:催肥期一般为90天~120天,此期主要是促进牛体膘肉丰满,存积脂肪,每头牛每天喂青贮饲料20千克~30千克,加喂二期精饲料,饲喂要定时定量,每天饲喂3次,夜间加喂1次,
二期精饲料配方:玉米2.65千克,麸皮1.41千克,棉仁饼0.8千克,石粉0.8千克,食盐25克;
供给充足饮水,冬天供给20℃左右的温水,一般白天饮水3次,夏季白天饮水5次,尿素宜用少量水溶解后撒于草料或拌入二期精饲料中喂给,
4)、应用肉牛增重剂:每天在日粮中添加200毫克瘤胃素或添加0.8%~1%复合缓冲剂(每100克含碳酸氢钠66.7克,磷酸二氢钾33.3克)饲喂或肉牛每100千克体重喂给0.5克溴化钠;
5)、精心管理:育肥牛的饲养要一牛一拴,一牛一绳,以限其运动并饲养在较暗的圈舍内,减少能量消耗,提高饲料转化率,利于催肥增膘,每天对牛体刷拭2次~3次,保持牛体清洁,可促进血液循环,增强抵抗力,保持圈舍冬暖夏凉,空气流通,经常清扫栏、槽及场地,保持舍内清洁干燥,特别是每批牛出栏后都要彻底清扫、消毒1次栏舍。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种肉牛养殖育肥方法,其特征在于:对肉牛常见病的治疗
A、瘤胃膨胀:治疗可用食醋500—1000毫升加植物油500—1000毫升一次灌服;
B、感冒:加强管理,防止温差过大,增强机体抵抗力,一般使用板兰根注射液进行肌肉注射,40-80ml/次;
C、犊牛新蛔虫病:预防的主要措施是在犊牛15~30d内较小预防性驱虫,注意圈舍卫生,将粪便进行发酵处理,减少虫卵对环境的污染;
D、巴贝斯梨形虫:预防梨形虫病的关键在于灭蜱,根据所掌握的流行病学资料,如蜱的种类、出现的季节和活动规律,实施有组织、有计划的灭蜱工作,灭蜱可用3-5%敌百虫、1-2%辛硫磷、1:400的螨净,速灭杀丁等喷洒牛体,伊维菌素按每公斤体重0.2毫克皮下注射。
E、口蹄疫: 目前主要是预防为主,应对肉牛注射口蹄疫苗,进行预防。防治口蹄疫的疫苗有O型口蹄疫BEI灭活油佐剂苗。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种肉牛养殖育肥方法,其特征在于:所述步骤2)中若牛消化不良可喂干酵母,每头每日20片~50片,粪便干燥喂多维素20克~30克和少量植物油。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种肉牛养殖育肥方法,其特征在于:所述步骤3)中若牛减食每头喂干酵母40片~60片。
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