Carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide composite, preparation method thereof and application of carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide composite as lithium ion battery cathode material
Technical Field
The invention relates to a carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide compound, a preparation method thereof and application of the compound as a lithium ion battery cathode material, and belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries.
Background
Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electronic devices and Electric Vehicles (EVs), and with the rapid development of electronic devices and Electric Vehicles (EVs), there is an urgent need to find a negative electrode material with high capacity, long cycle life and good conductivity to replace a commercial graphite negative electrode (the specific capacity of which is limited and is only 372mAh g)-1Poor rate performance). In recent years, efforts have been made to construct a negative electrode of a lithium ion battery having a composite structure using a high specific capacity material such as a metal oxide. SnO2As a high theoretical capacity (about 1493mAh g-1) The potential negative electrode material with low cost and environmental friendliness has attracted wide attention in the aspects of lithium storage mechanism and practical application. Although SnO2Has a rather high specific capacity, but its large volume change (about 300%) and the aggregation of tin particles in the lithiation/delithiation reaction lead to a drastic drop in capacity. In addition, poor reversibility and electrical conductivity also hinder their application in lithium ion negative electrode materials. By constructing the nano structure and combining the nano structure with the composite structure, the volume expansion and the diffusion-induced strain of the electrode in the charging and discharging processes can be effectively buffered, so that the electrochemical performance of the electrode is improved. In some composites, SnO2The particles are directly exposed to the electrolyte, resulting in undesirable side reactions and SnO2The interface with the electrolyte is unstable. Therefore, it is necessary to design finer structures or introduce other elements to further improve SnO2Energy storage performance of the carbon material composite structure. To our knowledge, the highest theoretical capacity Si (4200mAh g-1) Have been extensively studied. However, with SnO2Similarly, the use of silicon particles in LIBs is greatly limited due to their volume change (about 400%). Some reports indicate that Si and SnO2The multiple effects of (a) are beneficial for the storage properties of lithium. Preparation by ball millingSilicon oxy compound (SiO)x)@SnO2The composite is favorable for improving the conductivity of the cathode material, and simultaneously, the nano SnO2The surface is coated with a layer of silicon-oxygen compound, so that the aggregation of tin particles is effectively inhibited, and a remarkable synergistic effect is shown in the aspect of reversible lithium storage. Finally, the composite material is compounded with a carbon material through ball milling, and the multilayer coating structure not only has good electrochemical performance, but also can prevent tin from gathering. Different from hydrothermal preparation, the carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide composite (C/SiO) is prepared by adopting a ball milling methodx@SnO2) The composite material is not only simple and convenient, but also is beneficial to buffering the volume change of the electrode by reducing tin dioxide with silicon to generate 'holes'.
Biomass materials are renewable and abundant in stock, including wood flour, straw, corn stover, rice hulls, bagasse, cellulose, lignin, cotton. The main components of the biomass are three natural polymers of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Wherein the cellulose accounts for 50-65% (w/w), is a linear high polymer formed by connecting D-glucopyranosyl through beta-1/4 glycosidic bonds, each glucose unit contains 3 free hydroxyl groups, and the cellulose forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds through the hydroxyl groups, so that the crystallinity is high; the hemicellulose is high-polymer saccharides accounting for 20-30% (w/w), and mainly comprises five-carbon sugars such as xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose and the like; the lignin accounts for 15-30% (w/w), is formed by connecting three phenylpropane units through a C-C bond and a C-O-C bond, has a high polymer with a three-dimensional net structure, and is connected with hemicellulose through an LCC bond. The biomass material is rich in a large amount of carbon elements, is very suitable for preparing the porous carbon material as a fiber material, is environment-friendly and changes waste into valuable.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to aim at SnO2The defect of the cathode material on lithium storage provides an environment-friendly method for preparing the carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide compound (C/SiO)x@SnO2) And (3) a negative electrode material.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide composite comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing the ground biomass with ionic liquid, and carbonizing to obtain biochar;
(2) mixing silica powder and SnO2Mixing the nano particles and then carrying out ball milling to obtain silicon oxide compound coated tin dioxide nano particles;
(3) adding the biochar obtained in the step (1) into the silicon oxide compound coated tin dioxide nano-particles obtained in the step (2), and continuing ball milling to obtain a biochar silicon coated tin dioxide compound;
(4) and (4) sieving the biological carbon silicon coated stannic oxide compound obtained in the step (3).
Specifically, in the step (1), the biomass is selected from any one or a combination of more than two of waste wood chips, straws, corn stalks, rice hulls, bagasse, cellulose, lignin and cotton;
in the ionic liquid, the cation is selected from any one of alkyl imidazole, alkyl pyridine or dialkyl imidazole quaternary ammonium salt, and the anion is selected from any one of dihydrogen phosphate, ferric tetrachloride ion or acetate.
The ionic liquid can dissolve most inorganic substances, organic substances and high molecular materials; it can be used not only as a solvent, but also even as a catalyst for certain reactions. The ionic liquid is difficult to volatilize, so that toxic and harmful gases cannot be generated in the reaction process. In a word, the ionic liquid has the advantages of no odor, no pollution, nonflammability, easy separation from products, easy recovery, repeated and repeated recycling and the like, so that the ionic liquid becomes an ideal substitute of the traditional volatile organic solvent. The method effectively avoids the problem of serious environmental pollution caused by using an organic solvent, and becomes an environment-friendly green solvent. The ionic liquid is adopted to dissolve the biomass material, and the biomass material is further carbonized to obtain the high-graphite-degree heteroatom-doped biological carbon. The composite negative electrode material is used for coating metal oxide, improves the conductivity of the material, is prepared into a composite negative electrode material with excellent battery performance, and plays an important role in the utilization of biomass and the development of lithium ion battery technology.
Specifically, in the step (1), the biomass and the ionic liquid are stirred and mixed according to a mass ratio of 1: 2-5, preferably 1: 3, the stirring speed is 400-500 r/min, and the stirring time is 6-10 h.
Specifically, in the step (1), the carbonization is carried out under the protection of nitrogen, the temperature is raised to 1000-1600 ℃ at the temperature raising rate of 1-5 ℃/min, the temperature is kept for 2-6 h, and then the carbonization is cooled to room temperature at the temperature lowering rate of 5-10 ℃/min, preferably at the temperature raising rate of 3 ℃/min, and at the cooling rate of 5 ℃/min.
Specifically, in the step (2), silicon powder and SnO2Mixing the nano particles according to a molar ratio of (1-3): 1, preferably 1:1, and then ball-milling for 6-12 h at a rotation speed of 500-600 rpm, preferably 500 rpm, for 12 h.
Specifically, in the step (3), biochar (calculated by 100% of carbon atoms) and silicon oxide compound coated tin dioxide nanoparticles are mixed according to a molar ratio of (1-3): 1 mixing, preferably 2:1, and then ball-milling for 6-12 h at the rotating speed of 500-600 r/min.
Specifically, in the step (4), the particle size of the sieved powder of the biological carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide composite is smaller than 100 meshes.
Further, the carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide composite prepared by the preparation method is also in the protection scope of the invention.
Further, the invention also claims the application of the prepared carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide composite as a lithium ion battery cathode material.
Furthermore, the invention also provides a lithium ion battery, and the cathode of the lithium ion battery is made of the carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide compound.
Has the advantages that:
1. the lithium ion battery cathode material provided by the invention takes waste biomass, silicon and metal oxide as raw materials, has wide sources and is easy to obtain, dissolves the biomass by using ionic liquid, and collapses the structure of the biomass, so that carbon atoms are rearranged in the sintering process, and the biological carbon with high graphite degree and doped with heteroatoms is obtained, and is environment-friendly without generating toxic gas.
2. The inventionThe required carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide compound (C/SiO) is simply and conveniently prepared by a ball milling methodx@SnO2) The cathode material does not need other chemical synthesis methods, and the preparation temperature of the biochar is lower than the carbonization temperature of common hard carbon, so that the energy is saved to a great extent.
3. The product of the invention is used as a lithium battery cathode material, and has the advantages of higher reversible specific capacity, good conductivity and good cycle performance.
Drawings
The foregoing and/or other advantages of the invention will become further apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope (2 μm) of the negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery prepared in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a transmission electron microscope diffraction pattern (10nm) of the lithium ion battery negative electrode material prepared in example 1.
FIG. 3 shows the negative electrode material of lithium ion battery prepared in example 1 and (SiO)x)@SnO2And SnO2X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of (a).
FIG. 4 is a graph of 100 charge and discharge cycles of the lithium ion battery prepared in example 1 at a current density of 0.1A/g.
FIG. 5 shows SiO, a negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery, prepared in example 1x@SnO2And SnO2Impedance spectrum under 100000-0.01 Hz after 20 times of charge and discharge.
Detailed Description
The invention will be better understood from the following examples.
The structures, proportions, and dimensions shown in the drawings and described in the specification are for understanding and reading the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, which is defined in the claims, and are not essential to the skilled in the art. In addition, the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear" and "middle" used in the present specification are for clarity of description, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and the relative relationship between the terms and the relative positions may be changed or adjusted without substantial technical changes.
Example 1
Placing 2g of ball-milled waste wood chips and 10g of ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate) into a three-neck flask, stirring for 6h at 400r/min, placing the mixture into a boat, sintering in a tubular high-temperature furnace, heating at the temperature rising rate of 3 ℃/min to 1200 ℃ from 50 ℃, keeping the temperature for 4h at constant temperature, then cooling to room temperature at the temperature of 5 ℃/min, taking out a sample, grinding the sample into powder, and sieving to obtain the required biochar material. Mixing Si and SnO2Ball-milling the nano particles for 10 hours at the rotating speed of 800r/min according to the molar ratio of 1:1, and adding biological carbon (calculated by 100 percent of carbon element, the biological carbon: Si: SnO)2And (2: 1: 1) (molar ratio)), the rotating speed is unchanged, the ball milling is continued for 10 hours, and then the negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery is obtained after sieving.
Example 2
Placing 2g of microcrystalline cellulose and 6g of ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolyl acetate) into a three-neck flask, stirring for 6h at 400r/min, placing the mixture into a boat, sintering in a tubular high-temperature furnace, heating to 1200 ℃ from 50 ℃ at the heating rate of 3 ℃/min, keeping the temperature for 4h at constant temperature, then cooling to room temperature at 10 ℃/min, taking out a sample, and grinding into powder to obtain the required biological carbon material. Mixing Si and SnO2Ball-milling the nano particles for 10 hours at the rotating speed of 600r/min according to the molar ratio of 1:1, and adding biological carbon (calculated by 100 percent of carbon element, the biological carbon: Si: SnO)2And (2: 1: 1) (molar ratio)), the rotating speed is unchanged, the ball milling is continued for 10 hours, and then the negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery is obtained after sieving.
Example 3
Taking 2g of waste wood chips and 6g of ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate) and placing the waste wood chips and 6g of ionic liquid into a three-neck flask, stirring the mixture for 10 hours at 400r/min, placing the mixture into a boat, sintering the mixture in a tubular high-temperature furnace at the temperature rising rate of 3 ℃/min, heating the mixture from 50 ℃ to 1600 ℃, and keeping the temperature constantKeeping the temperature for 4h, then cooling to room temperature at the speed of 10 ℃/min, taking out a sample, and grinding the sample into powder to obtain the required biological carbon material. Mixing Si and SnO2Ball-milling the nano particles for 10 hours at the rotating speed of 800r/min according to the molar ratio of 1:1, and adding biological carbon (calculated by 100 percent of carbon element, the biological carbon: Si: SnO)2And (2: 1: 1) (molar ratio)), the rotating speed is unchanged, the ball milling is continued for 10 hours, and then the negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery is obtained after sieving.
Example 4
Placing 2g of waste wood chips and 6g of ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate) into a three-neck flask, stirring for 8h at 400r/min, placing the mixture into a boat, sintering in a tubular high-temperature furnace, heating at the temperature rising rate of 3 ℃/min to 1200 ℃ from 50 ℃, keeping the temperature for 4h at constant temperature, then cooling to room temperature at the temperature of 10 ℃/min, taking out a sample, and grinding into powder to obtain the required biological carbon material. Mixing Si and SnO2Ball-milling the nano particles for 10 hours at the rotating speed of 1200r/min according to the molar ratio of 1:1, and adding biological carbon (calculated by 100 percent of carbon element, the biological carbon: Si: SnO)2And (2: 2: 1) (molar ratio)), the rotating speed is unchanged, the ball milling is continued for 10 hours, and then the negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery is obtained after sieving.
Example 5
Mixing the lithium ion battery negative electrode material prepared in the embodiment 1-4 with acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride as conductive agents respectively in a mass ratio of 8:1:1, preparing the mixture into slurry by using N-methyl pyrrolidone, coating the slurry on a copper foil, placing the prepared slurry coating in a vacuum drying box, and drying for 24 hours at 90 ℃. And extruding a circular pole piece with the diameter of 12mm by using a tablet press to obtain the cathode of the battery for the experiment, taking a lithium piece as a counter electrode, a porous polypropylene diaphragm as a diaphragm, an organic solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate as an electrolyte, adding a spring plate and a gasket, and assembling into a button battery with the LIR2032 model in a glove box.
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope electron micrograph of the lithium ion battery cathode material prepared in example 1, and it can be found that SnO2The smooth and regular crystal form of the nano particles disappears, the nano particles are completely coated by the biological carbon, and the surface is rough and porous. It can be clearly seen from the transmission electron microscope of FIG. 2 that SnO coated with carbon and silicon2Structure, the innermost part of which is SnO2The crystalline form, followed by the reduced Sn, is coated with amorphous silicon compound/biochar at the outermost layer, about 7nm thick. The biochar/SiOxCoated SnO2The structure improves the electron transfer rate and inhibits the internal SnO2Thus, the material not only has satisfactory reversible specific capacity but also has excellent conductivity and cycle performance when being used as a negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery, which indicates that the biochar/SiOxCoating pair SnO2The improvement effect of conductivity and cycle performance is remarkable. The X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) in FIG. 3 clearly shows that silicon reduces SnO during the first ball milling step2Nanoparticles, elemental Sn is generated. Simultaneous biochar and silica compounds successfully react with SnO2And (4) compounding.
Through determination, when the sample is used as an electrode material, the discharge capacity of the lithium ion battery under the current density of 0.1A/g is 1292.1mAh/g, the first coulombic efficiency reaches 61.9 percent, and the lithium ion battery still has 681.6mAh/g specific capacity (see figure 4) even after 100 times of charging and discharging (SnO)2The specific charge and discharge capacity of the negative electrode is reduced rapidly in the first 20 times, and the discharge capacity after the 20 th cycle is only 201.2 mAh/g. Visible, biochar/SiOxCoating pair SnO2The improvement effect of the cycle performance and the lithium storage performance is remarkable. FIG. 5 shows the prepared lithium ion battery cathode material and SiOx@SnO2And SnO2The frequency range of the impedance spectrum is 100000-0.01 Hz, and Si and SnO can be seen through ball milling2Coating a layer of silicon oxide (SiO) on its exteriorx) And after Sn is reduced, the resistance of the electrode is obviously reduced, and after a layer of biochar is further coated by ball milling, the resistance of the cathode is further reduced. Coated with biochar/SiOxThe coating is beneficial to electron conduction, and the electron transfer resistance is obviously reduced. The performance parameters of the lithium ion battery negative electrodes prepared in examples 1-4 are given in table 1.
TABLE 1
The invention provides a carbon-silicon coated tin dioxide composite, a preparation method thereof, and an application concept and method thereof as a lithium ion battery cathode material, and a method and a way for realizing the technical scheme are many. All the components not specified in the present embodiment can be realized by the prior art.