CN113311073B - Electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method and system - Google Patents
Electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method and system Download PDFInfo
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
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- G01B17/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations for measuring thickness
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
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Abstract
The invention provides an electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method and system, belonging to the field of nondestructive testing, wherein the method comprises the following steps: applying an excitation signal to the test piece; determining a discrete threshold voltage according to the voltage amplitude of the received signal; carrying out amplitude discretization on the received signal by using discrete threshold voltage; adopting a digital I/O port to perform time dispersion on the amplitude discrete signal; cutting off the digital signal after delaying; calculating the time interval of two groups of adjacent echo signals in the truncation signal as sound time; the selection of the discrete threshold voltage can intercept two groups of adjacent echo signal wave crests in the excitation signal; the interval of the truncation signals at least comprises two groups of complete echo signal peak values, and the truncation time point is not in the blocking interval of the excitation signals; the minimum delay time is 0.5 times of the period of the excitation signal; the sampling rate of the time discretization is more than twice the excitation signal frequency. The invention can reduce the signal processing difficulty and the circuit cost, and simultaneously keep the measurement precision of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sound.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of nondestructive testing, and particularly relates to an electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method and system.
Background
Acoustic time is a common characteristic quantity in the field of nondestructive testing. For example, in high-strength bolt axial force measurement, it is necessary to measure the change in sound time of ultrasonic waves propagating along the bolt axis, and further calculate the axial force. In ultrasonic thickness measurement, the wall thickness of a test piece needs to be calculated when the sound of a pulse echo is measured. A high-precision and rapid sound time measuring method is an important technical link in nondestructive testing.
An electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer (EMAT) is an ultrasonic transducer having a non-contact characteristic. The transducer is characterized in that alternating current is conducted in an exciting coil, then induced eddy current is generated on the surface of a metal test piece, under the action of a static bias magnetic field provided by the transducer, the eddy current in the test piece can be acted by force, in a non-ferromagnetic test piece, the force of the moving electric charge in the magnetic field is Lorentz force, the ferromagnetic test piece further comprises magnetic force and magnetostrictive force, and the stressed surface of the test piece vibrates to form ultrasonic waves.
As the sound waves propagate within the test piece, reflections occur when encountering changes in acoustic impedance. In the bolt axial force measurement, the reflecting interface is the end face of the other end of the bolt. The reflecting interfaces are the upper and lower surfaces of the test piece in electromagnetic ultrasonic thickness measurement. The reflected sound wave is received by the transducer to form a periodic receiving signal, and the sound wave receiving process is the inverse process of excitation.
After the received signals are obtained, the acoustic time difference between the reflected echoes is calculated through signal processing, and the thickness information of the test piece can be obtained. Compared with the traditional piezoelectric ultrasound, the electromagnetic ultrasound generates mechanical vibration based on an electromagnetic field, has the characteristics of no need of a coupling agent and low requirement on roughness of the surface of a test piece, and can be applied to the working conditions of high temperature, online and certain lift-off. The electromagnetic ultrasonic testing device has certain advantages in the detection of special working conditions such as the grinding failure of a test piece, the high temperature of the test piece and the like.
At present, patent document 201711132883.7 discloses a dual-frequency electromagnetic ultrasonic detection system, which measures lift-off by using low-frequency signal amplitude, and then obtains defect information by lift-off and high-frequency signal amplitude. Patent document 201810919668.4 discloses a portable electromagnetic ultrasonic signal digital processing receiving device and method based on an FPGA, which are used for realizing waveform acquisition and display. The technical solutions disclosed in the above two patent documents mainly rely on AD with a high sampling rate to perform signal sampling, and the signal processing flow is complex and the processing time is long, so that it is difficult to output the sound time measurement result in real time.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide an electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method and system, and aims to solve the problems that the existing electromagnetic ultrasonic detection method mainly depends on AD with high sampling rate to sample signals, the signal processing flow is complex, the processing time is long, and the real-time output of sound time measuring results is difficult.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides an electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method, which comprises the following steps:
taking electromagnetic ultrasonic waves as excitation signals to act on a test piece to obtain receiving signals;
determining a discrete threshold voltage according to the voltage amplitude of the received signal;
carrying out amplitude discretization on the received signal by using the discrete threshold voltage to obtain an amplitude discrete signal;
carrying out time dispersion processing on the amplitude discrete signal by adopting a digital I/O port to obtain a digital signal;
cutting off the digital signal after time delay processing to obtain a cut-off signal; calculating the time interval of two groups of adjacent echo signals in the truncated signal as sound time through the rising edge and the falling edge in the truncated signal;
the selection of the discrete threshold voltage is required to meet the requirement that two groups of adjacent echo signal wave crests in the excitation signal can be intercepted; the interval of the cut-off signal at least comprises two groups of complete echo signal peak values, and the cut-off time point is not in the blocking interval of the excitation signal; the minimum delay time is 0.5 times of the period of the excitation signal; the sampling rate of the time discretization processing is more than twice of the frequency of the excitation signal; the received signals are periodic echoes formed by the reflection of the excitation signals on the upper surface and the lower surface of the test piece.
Preferably, the discrete signal comprises a low level and a high level, and the part of the received signal with the voltage amplitude smaller than the discrete threshold voltage is the low level, and vice versa is the high level.
Preferably, the method for calculating sound specifically comprises the following steps:
timing in the rising edge and the falling edge of the cutoff signal to obtain two groups of adjacent high level duration time and interval time;
and calculating the time interval between the central points of the two groups of adjacent high levels as the sound time by using the duration time and the interval time of the two groups of adjacent high levels.
Preferably, the device comprising the digital I/O port comprises a single chip microcomputer and an FPGA.
Based on the electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method provided by the invention, the invention provides a corresponding electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring system, which comprises an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor, a comparator, a digital device and a digital signal processor;
the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor is used for applying an excitation signal on a test piece by transmitting electromagnetic ultrasonic waves during working and acquiring a receiving signal;
the comparator is used for discretizing the amplitude of the received signal by using the discrete threshold voltage to obtain an amplitude discrete signal;
the digital device is used for carrying out time discretization processing on the amplitude discrete signal by adopting a digital I/O port to obtain a digital signal;
the digital signal processor is used for performing time delay processing on the digital signal and then cutting off the digital signal, and calculating the time interval of two groups of adjacent echo signals in the cut-off signal as sound time by detecting the rising edge and the falling edge of the cut-off signal;
the selection of the discrete threshold voltage is required to meet the requirement that two groups of adjacent echo signal wave crests in the excitation signal can be intercepted; the interval of the truncation signals at least comprises two groups of complete echo signal peak values, and the truncation time point is not in the blocking interval of the excitation signals; the minimum delay time is 0.5 times of the period of the excitation signal; the sampling rate of the time discretization processing is more than twice of the frequency of the excitation signal; the received signals are periodic echoes formed by the reflection of the excitation signals on the upper surface and the lower surface of the test piece.
Preferably, the discrete signal comprises a low level and a high level, and the part of the received signal with the voltage amplitude smaller than the discrete threshold voltage is the low level, and vice versa.
Preferably, the digitizer is a single chip microcomputer or FPGA.
Generally, compared with the prior art, the above technical solution conceived by the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides an electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method and system, wherein an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor is adopted to apply an excitation signal to a test piece, discrete threshold voltage of a set comparator is adopted to discretize the amplitude of a received signal, and then a data I/O port is adopted to perform time discrete processing; more specifically, the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor is used for exciting ultrasonic waves in a test piece, the ultrasonic waves are reflected on the upper surface and the lower surface in the process of propagating in the test piece to form periodic echoes in received signals, and the peak values of all echo signals are intercepted by setting the threshold values of the comparator by utilizing the peak values in the periodic echoes; and then the time discrete processing is carried out by adopting a digital I/O port, so that the invention can realize the conversion of the excitation signal into the digital signal only by adopting the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor and the comparator, save an analog-digital converter, and simplify the complexity of a hardware circuit and signal processing.
The invention uses signal delay mode to distinguish different echo, from the angle of electromagnetic ultrasonic sound wave frequency and echo frequency, because the sound wave frequency is higher than the echo frequency, the high level interval of the comparator in the same echo is less than the sound wave period, and the high level interval in different echo is greater than the sound wave period, therefore, the high level in the same echo is connected by using the mode that the high level signal delay is not less than the sound wave period, and the high levels in different echo are distinguished. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the different echoes are distinguished by adopting simple and convenient time delay operation, the difficulty of signal processing is greatly reduced, and accurate sound time measuring results can be output in real time.
The invention adopts the high-level midpoint time difference as the sound time result, ensures that the relative positions of the selected timing in the echo are equal when the time difference of the adjacent echoes is measured, and are all the central positions of the echoes, thereby improving the measurement precision.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for measuring electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time based on a comparator according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of electromagnetic ultrasound received signals provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph of amplitude discrete signals obtained by a comparator according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a delayed signal of the digital signal of FIG. 3 after a high level delay according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a diagram of a truncated signal obtained by truncating the delayed signal according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating two sets of adjacent high durations and intervals according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and do not limit the invention.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of an electromagnetic ultrasonic time measurement method based on a comparator signal according to an embodiment of the present invention, which specifically includes the following steps:
(1) Mounting an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor on a metal test piece to be tested to obtain a received signal Sig0;
(2) Adjusting the threshold voltage V of the comparator according to the amplitude of the received voltage th ；
Obtaining an amplitude discrete signal Sig1 after the received signal is dispersed by a comparator; the high and low levels in Sig1 represent amplitudes in the received signal exceeding V, respectively th And the amplitude in the received signal is lower than V th Part (c); the peak value in the received signal is extracted;
note that to facilitate digital I/O port sampling, V th The selection of the threshold voltage amplitude is determined according to the amplitude of the received voltage, and the selection of the threshold voltage amplitude needs to ensure that two groups of adjacent echo signal wave crests can be intercepted; such as: selecting V according to detection requirements th ＝1.6V；
(3) Using a digital I/O port at a sampling rate f s Sampling the discrete signal Sig1 to obtain a digital signal Sig2, and realizing the conversion of the discrete signal with the amplitude from analog to digital;
the device comprising the digital I/O port is numerous and can be selected from a single chip microcomputer, an FPGA and the like; to meet the sampling resolution, the sampling rate f s Should be as high as possible and must satisfy f s >2f e (ii) a Wherein f is e Is the electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation signal frequency; generally, at an excitation signal frequency of 1MHz, f s Can be above 2 MHz;
(4) Carrying out signal delay on the high level in the digital signal Sig2 to obtain a delayed signal Sig3; the delay time is determined according to the frequency of the excitation signal, the minimum time is 1/2 of an excitation period, the delayed signal fills a gap between high-level signals in an echo, and different echoes are distinguished; if the measurement needs, when the frequency of the excitation signal is 1MHz, the period of the excitation signal is 1us, and the signal delay can be 0.5 us-2 us;
(5) Cutting off the signal Sig3 to obtain a cut-off signal Sig4 with stable echo so as to avoid the influence of an electromagnetic ultrasonic signal blocking area on sound time calculation;
the starting time of the truncation signal is selected according to the blocking area time of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor, and the truncation time length T c >T b (ii) a Wherein, T b Is the occlusion zone endpoint time; such as: according to the detection requirement, T c 10-100 us can be taken;
(6) Obtaining the rising edge and the falling edge of the truncated signal Sig4 so as to calculate the level duration in the following process;
the method for acquiring the rising edge and the falling edge of the truncated signal has various modes, for example, in an FPGA (field programmable gate array), the method can be realized by a register and a logic gate, the register finishes registering the signal, and then the registered signal and the unregistered signal are input into the logic gate together to realize edge detection;
(7) Utilizing a timer to time in the rising edge and the falling edge to obtain two groups of adjacent high level duration time T H1 And T H2 And an interval time T L1 Further calculating to obtain the time interval T between two groups of adjacent high-level central points echo The following relational expression is satisfied: t is echo ＝T L1 +(T H1 +T H2 )/2；
Will T echo When the calculation result is used as sound, the electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measurement is completed.
Examples
The test piece is a square steel plate made of Q235 steel and with the thickness of 10mm, the excitation voltage of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor is 550V, and the excitation frequency is 1MHz;
installing an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor on the upper surface of a test piece, and keeping the bottom of the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor and the upper surface of the test piece lifted away from each other by 4mm;
after the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor works, a received signal is obtained as shown in fig. 2; according to the amplitude of the received signal, the wave crests of the echo signal are all larger than 1.6V within 40 us-60 us, and V is selected for intercepting at least two groups of wave crests of the echo signal th ＝1.6V；
The received signal after being processed by the comparator is shown in FIG. 3 when the amplitude of the received signal is higher than V th High in the discrete signal; on the contrary, below V th Low in the discrete signal;
since the excitation signal frequency is 1MHz, according to f s >2f e >2MHz, sampling by using an FPGA with the sampling frequency of 50 MHz;
the sampled digital signal is delayed by a signal to obtain a delayed signal with a delay time T d ≥1/2f e Not less than 0.5us, T in this example d =1.2us, and the obtained delay signal is shown in fig. 4;
the delayed signal is further truncated, as shown in fig. 1, the signal blocking area is 25us, the truncation time is 35us, and the truncated signal is obtained as shown in fig. 5;
utilizing a register and a logic gate in the FPGA to obtain a rising edge and a falling edge of the delay signal, and timing an edge interval time, where a timing diagram is shown in fig. 6, and a read timing result is: t is H1 ＝3.06us，T H2 ＝3.02us，T L1 =3.96us, and the sound time result T obtained was measured from the above values echo Is 6.00us.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
the invention provides an electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method and system, wherein an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor is adopted to apply an excitation signal to a test piece, discrete threshold voltage of a set comparator is adopted to discretize the amplitude of a received signal, and then a data I/O port is adopted to perform time discrete processing; more specifically, the ultrasonic wave is excited in the test piece by using the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor, the upper surface and the lower surface of the ultrasonic wave are reflected in the process of propagating in the test piece to form periodic echoes in received signals, and the peak values of all echo signals are intercepted by using the peak values in the periodic echoes and setting the threshold value of the comparator; and the time discrete processing is carried out by adopting the digital I/O port, so that the invention can realize the conversion of the excitation signal into the digital signal only by adopting the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor and the comparator, thereby saving an analog-digital converter, and simplifying the complexity of a hardware circuit and the signal processing.
The invention uses signal delay mode to distinguish different echo, from the angle of electromagnetic ultrasonic sound wave frequency and echo frequency, because the sound wave frequency is higher than the echo frequency, the high level interval of the comparator in the same echo is less than the sound wave period, and the high level interval in different echo is greater than the sound wave period, therefore, the high level in the same echo is connected by using the mode that the high level signal delay is not less than the sound wave period, and the high levels in different echo are distinguished. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the different echoes are distinguished by adopting simpler and more convenient time delay operation, the difficulty of signal processing is greatly reduced, and accurate sound time measuring results can be output in real time.
The invention adopts the high-level midpoint time difference as the sound time result, ensures that the relative positions of the selected timing in the echo are equal when the time difference of the adjacent echoes is measured, and the relative positions are the central positions of the echoes, and improves the measurement precision.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. An electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
taking electromagnetic ultrasonic waves as excitation signals to act on a test piece to obtain receiving signals;
determining a discrete threshold voltage according to the voltage amplitude of the received signal;
discretizing the amplitude of the received signal by using the discrete threshold voltage to obtain an amplitude discrete signal; the amplitude discrete signal comprises a low level and a high level, and the part of the received signal, of which the voltage amplitude is smaller than the discrete threshold voltage, is the low level, otherwise, is the high level;
carrying out time dispersion processing on the amplitude discrete signal by adopting a digital I/O port to obtain a digital signal;
performing time delay processing on the digital signal and then cutting off to obtain a cut-off signal; the high level in the same echo is connected and the high levels in different echoes are distinguished in a mode that the delay of a high level signal is not less than the period of a sound wave;
calculating the time interval of two groups of adjacent echo signals in the truncated signal as sound time through the rising edge and the falling edge in the truncated signal;
the selection of the discrete threshold voltage meets the condition that two groups of adjacent echo signal wave crests in the excitation signal can be intercepted; the interval of the cut-off signal at least comprises two groups of complete echo signal peak values, and the cut-off time point is not in the blocking interval of the excitation signal; the minimum delay time is 0.5 times of the period of the excitation signal; the sampling rate of the time discretization processing is more than twice of the frequency of the excitation signal; the received signals are periodic echoes formed by the reflection of the excitation signals on the upper surface and the lower surface of the test piece.
2. The electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the method for calculating the sound time specifically comprises the following steps:
timing in the rising edge and the falling edge of the truncation signal to obtain two groups of adjacent high level duration time and interval time;
and calculating the time interval between the central points of the two groups of adjacent high levels by using the duration time and the interval time of the two groups of adjacent high levels as sound time.
3. The electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the device including the digital I/O port includes a single chip microcomputer and an FPGA.
4. The electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measuring system is characterized by comprising an electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor, a comparator, a digitizing device and a digital signal processor;
the electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor is used for applying an excitation signal on a test piece by transmitting electromagnetic ultrasonic waves during working and acquiring a receiving signal;
the comparator is used for discretizing the amplitude of the received signal by using the discrete threshold voltage to obtain an amplitude discrete signal; the amplitude discrete signal comprises a low level and a high level, and the part of the received signal, of which the voltage amplitude is smaller than the discrete threshold voltage, is the low level, otherwise, is the high level;
the digital device is used for carrying out time discretization processing on the amplitude discrete signal by adopting a digital I/O port to obtain a digital signal;
the digital signal processor is used for performing time delay processing on the digital signal and then cutting off the digital signal to obtain a cut-off signal; calculating the time interval of two groups of adjacent echo signals in the truncation signal as sound time by detecting the rising edge and the falling edge in the truncation signal; the high level in the same echo is connected and the high levels in different echoes are distinguished in a mode that the delay of a high level signal is not less than the period of a sound wave;
the selection of the discrete threshold voltage needs to meet the requirement that two groups of adjacent echo signal wave crests in the excitation signal can be intercepted; the interval of the truncation signals at least comprises two groups of complete echo signal peak values, and the truncation time point is not in the blocking interval of the excitation signals; the minimum delay time is 0.5 times of the period of the excitation signal; the sampling rate of the time discretization processing is more than twice of the frequency of the excitation signal; the received signals are periodic echoes formed by the reflection of the excitation signals on the upper surface and the lower surface of the test piece.
5. The electromagnetic ultrasonic sound time measurement system of claim 4, wherein the digitizer is a single chip microcomputer or FPGA.
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