CN113294469A - Rubber pad bearing performance adjusting method and composite rubber pad - Google Patents
Rubber pad bearing performance adjusting method and composite rubber pad Download PDFInfo
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- CN113294469A CN113294469A CN202110565961.7A CN202110565961A CN113294469A CN 113294469 A CN113294469 A CN 113294469A CN 202110565961 A CN202110565961 A CN 202110565961A CN 113294469 A CN113294469 A CN 113294469A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001967 Metal rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F3/00—Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic
- F16F3/08—Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of a material having high internal friction, e.g. rubber
- F16F3/10—Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of a material having high internal friction, e.g. rubber combined with springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction
- F16F3/12—Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic with springs made of a material having high internal friction, e.g. rubber combined with springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction the steel spring being in contact with the rubber spring
Abstract
A method for regulating the bearing performance of rubber pad features that the wave springs are vulcanized in the rubber body of rubber pad composed of metal plate and rubber body to increase its bearing capacity and rigidity, and the number, size, shape and arrangement mode of wave springs are changed to regulate the bearing performance of rubber pad. The invention only adjusts the wave spring to realize the change of the bearing capacity and rigidity of the whole rubber pad, and the rubber can not be changed in a lower hardness state all the time, thereby the change of the bearing capacity and rigidity can be realized on the premise of ensuring the service life of the rubber body, and the performance of the rubber pad can be adjusted from multiple aspects by changing the number, the shape and the placement mode of the wave spring, so that the rubber pads with different bearing capacities and different rigidities can meet the requirements under different use conditions, and the use range of the rubber pad is expanded.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a rubber pad and a performance adjusting method thereof, in particular to a bearing performance adjusting method of the rubber pad for providing support and vibration reduction and a structure of the composite rubber pad.
Background
The rubber pad is a widely applicable metal rubber structure, is widely used in places needing vibration reduction support, and is shaped like a flat plate (such as the utility model patent with the name of "rubber pad" with application number CN 201620022210.5), a convex plate (such as the utility model patent with the name of "an axial composite rubber pad" with application number CN 201720501765.2; with application number CN202011049540.0, the invention application with the name of "an axial rubber pad and cross-bracing bogie"), and the like. Although the proposal can meet certain requirements of vibration reduction and support, if the bearing capacity and elasticity of the damping support are changed, the solutions of application numbers CN201620022210.5 and CN201720501765.2 can only be realized by changing the hardness of the rubber, and at this time, the creep resistance of the rubber will also vary, and although the solution of application No. CN202011049540.0 mentions adjusting the stiffness by providing through slots and through holes (paragraph 43 of the description), when the range of rigidity adjustment is very limited, especially for small-volume rubber pads, if the rigidity adjustment is carried out in a slightly large range, the hardness of the rubber needs to be changed at the same time, in addition, this method can make the forming mold of the rubber mat complicated in structure and inconvenient in processing, that is, when the use environment changes, above-mentioned scheme can seriously influence the damping of rubber pad and support effect and life, consequently can only be used for in single environment. At present, due to the universality of the use range of the rubber pad, different use requirements such as different load requirements and different rigidity requirements exist in different environments, and the existing structure is difficult to meet the use requirements, so that the rubber pad suitable for different places is formed by a method capable of adjusting the performance, and the requirement of generalization is met.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for adjusting the bearing performance of a rubber pad and a composite rubber pad, aiming at solving the problem that the current rubber pad cannot meet different use requirements.
The technical means adopted by the invention to solve the problems are as follows: a method for adjusting the bearing performance of a rubber pad is characterized in that the bearing capacity and rigidity of the rubber pad are improved in a mode of vulcanizing wave springs in the rubber body of the rubber pad consisting of a metal plate and the rubber body, and the bearing performance of the rubber pad is adjusted by changing the number, size, shape and placement mode of the wave springs so as to meet different use requirements.
Further, the adjustment of the bearing performance of the rubber pad by changing the size of the wave spring means that the bearing capacity and rigidity of the rubber pad are changed by changing the outer diameter, the inner diameter and the thickness of the wave spring.
Further, the adjustment of the bearing performance of the rubber pad by changing the shape of the wave spring means that the bearing capacity and rigidity of the rubber pad are changed by changing the wavelength and amplitude of the wave spring.
Further, adjusting the bearing performance of the rubber pad by changing the placement of the wave springs means changing the stiffness of the rubber pad by vulcanizing more than two wave springs in the rubber body in a manner of superposing in the same direction and/or vulcanizing more than two wave springs in the rubber body in a manner of opposing in opposite directions.
The utility model provides a compound rubber pad, includes the metal sheet and sets up the rubber body in metal sheet one side department, vulcanizes in the rubber body has wave spring, and wave spring's quantity is more than two.
Furthermore, more than two wave springs are mutually close to each other in the same direction, are superposed and vulcanized in the rubber body.
Furthermore, more than two wave springs are separated by a gap and vulcanized in the rubber body in the same direction.
Further, two or more wave springs are adjacent to each other in opposite directions and are relatively closely vulcanized in the rubber body.
Furthermore, more than two wave springs are divided into more than two groups, the wave springs in each group are mutually close to each other in the same direction, are superposed and vulcanized in the rubber body, and the wave springs between each adjacent group are relatively close to each other in the opposite direction and are vulcanized in the rubber body.
Furthermore, the number of the wave springs is more than four, the wave springs are even, the wave springs are averagely divided into two groups, the wave springs in each group are mutually close to each other in the same direction, are superposed and vulcanized in the rubber body, and the wave springs between the two groups are relatively close to each other in the opposite direction and are vulcanized in the rubber body.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention only adjusts the wave spring to realize the change of the bearing capacity and rigidity of the whole rubber pad, and the rubber can not be changed in a lower hardness state all the time, thereby realizing the change of the bearing capacity and rigidity on the premise of ensuring the service life of the rubber body.
2. The invention can adjust the performance of the rubber pad from multiple aspects by changing the number, the shape and the placing mode of the wave springs, so that the rubber pads with different bearing capacities and different rigidities can meet the requirements under different using conditions, the using range of the rubber pad is expanded, and the large-range rigidity adjustment of the rubber pad can be realized under the conditions of small volume and large volume.
3. The invention improves the bearing capacity of the rubber pad by arranging a plurality of wave springs in the rubber pad instead of increasing the thickness of a single wave spring, not only ensures that the thickness of each wave spring is smaller and the wave springs are convenient to process into different wavelengths and amplitudes, but also ensures that a plurality of wave springs can be vulcanized in the rubber body in different modes, and greatly improves the rigidity adjusting range between the rubber pads.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a wave spring according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a rubber pad according to an embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a second rubber pad of the embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a third rubber pad of the embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the four rubber mats of the embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an expanded structure of five wave springs according to the embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an expanded wave spring according to the fifth embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an expanded structure of six wave springs according to an embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of an expanded structure of the seven wave springs of the embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an expanded structure of the eight-wave spring according to the embodiment;
FIG. 11 is one of the schematic size indicators for the nine individual wave springs of the embodiment;
FIG. 12 is a second schematic view of the embodiment showing the dimension of a single wave spring;
in the figure: 1. the spring comprises a wave spring, 2 a metal plate, 3 a rubber body, 4 a bottom plate, 5 an assembly body, 6 an installation hole, 7 a gap, 8 a positioning hole and 9 a pin shaft.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustration only and are shown by way of illustration only and not in actual form, and are not to be construed as limiting the present patent; to better illustrate the embodiments of the present invention, some parts of the drawings may be omitted, enlarged or reduced, and do not represent the size of an actual product; it will be understood by those skilled in the art that certain well-known structures in the drawings and descriptions thereof may be omitted. As shown in FIG. 1, the wave springs described in this application are single-layer metal thin circular rings with several peaks and valleys, and the adjustment of the load-bearing performance of the rubber pad includes the adjustment of the load-bearing capacity (i.e., load) and the stiffness (i.e., elasticity) of the rubber pad.
Example one
A composite rubber pad, as shown in figure 2, includes metal sheet 2 and bottom plate 4 to and the rubber body 3 of setting between metal sheet 2 and bottom plate 4, vulcanize in the rubber body 3 has wave spring 1, wherein metal sheet 2 is L type structure, and still is equipped with round pin axle 9 at metal sheet 2, and rubber body 3 preferably vulcanizes between metal sheet 2 and bottom plate 4, of course also can adopt modes such as gluing, bolt fastening etc.. Through holes are formed in the middle positions of the metal plate 2, the rubber body 3 and the bottom plate 4, and all the through holes are connected to form a positioning hole 8.
Example two
In a composite rubber pad preferably provided in a cylindrical shape as a whole, as shown in fig. 3, the composite rubber pad structure of the present embodiment includes a metal plate 2, a bottom plate 4, and a rubber body 3 provided between the metal plate 2 and the bottom plate 4, and a wave spring 1 is vulcanized in the rubber body 3. The rubber body 3 is preferably vulcanized between the metal plate 2 and the bottom plate 4 to ensure the overall connection strength, and of course, gluing, bolting, etc. may be used. Moreover, when the rubber pad is placed on a metal or a hard object and does not move with the surface of the object to generate friction in the use process, the bottom plate 4 is not needed, and only consists of the metal plate 2 and the rubber body 4.
In this embodiment, a screw hole, a pin hole, or other mounting structures (not shown) may be further disposed on the surface of the metal plate 2, so as to fixedly connect the rubber pad and the object to be supported.
EXAMPLE III
The rubber pad of this embodiment is a modification of the second embodiment, and as shown in fig. 4, through holes are provided between the metal plate 2 and the rubber body 3, and when there is a bottom plate 4, through holes are also provided between the bottom plate 4, and all the through holes are connected to form a mounting hole 6, and in the using process, the support is inserted into the mounting hole 6 and connected with the rubber pad.
Example four
The composite rubber body of the embodiment is integrally in a round table shape, as shown in fig. 5, when viewed from an axial cross sectional view, the metal plate 2 is in two symmetrical L-shaped structures, the L-shaped rubber bodies 3 are arranged on the inner side and the lower side of the metal plate 2, the wave spring 1 is arranged in the rubber bodies 3, the assembly bodies 5 penetrating through the rubber bodies 3 are arranged in the middle of the rubber bodies 3, annular gaps 7 are formed between the assembly bodies 5 and the rubber bodies 3, one sides of the gaps 7 are in contact with the assembly bodies 5, one ends of the gaps are communicated with the outside, the other sides of the gaps and the other ends of the gaps are in contact with the rubber bodies 3, and corner parts of the gaps 7 in contact with the rubber bodies 8 are in arc 71 transition. Meanwhile, the surface of the assembly body 5 in contact with the gap 7 is provided with a draft angle, so that the die insert in the gap 7 is easy to demould.
In this embodiment, a bottom plate 4 may be disposed at the bottom end of the rubber body 3 to protect the bottom end of the rubber body 3 from friction.
The above embodiments are all illustrations of the overall shape structure of the rubber pad, the wave springs 1 in the schematic drawings do not represent the actual arrangement number and mode, but the following embodiments adjust the bearing capacity and rigidity of the rubber pad through the arrangement of the wave springs, and the first to fourth embodiments can be used in any combination with one or more structures between the fifth to ninth embodiments according to the actual situation.
EXAMPLE five
In the rubber pad of the present embodiment, as shown in fig. 6, a plurality of wave springs 1 are vulcanized in close proximity to each other in the same direction in a rubber body 3, and as shown in fig. 7, three wave springs 1 are used in fig. 6, and the wave springs 1 having a short wavelength may be used. Moreover, the number, wavelength and amplitude of the wave springs 1 can be selected according to the specific situation of use. If the bearing capacity is required to be improved, the method can be realized by selectively increasing the number of the wave springs 1, reducing the wavelength of the wave springs 1 and increasing the amplitude of the wave springs 1; on the contrary, when the requirement of the bearing capacity is low, the method can be realized by selectively reducing the number of the wave springs 1, increasing the wavelength of the wave springs 1 and reducing the amplitude of the wave springs 1. When the rigidity requirement is improved, the method can be realized by selectively increasing the number of the wave springs 1, reducing the wavelength of the wave springs 1 and increasing the amplitude of the wave springs 1; on the contrary, when the requirement of the bearing capacity is low, the method can be realized by selectively reducing the number of the wave springs 1, increasing the wavelength of the wave springs 1 and reducing the amplitude of the wave springs 1. The specific choice needs to be considered according to the size of the used space, for example, when the used space is narrow and the rubber pad structure is small, the use of the wave spring 1 with short wavelength and large amplitude is more convenient to realize the increase of the bearing capacity and the rigidity than the increase of the number of the wave spring 1.
EXAMPLE six
The number of the wave springs 1 in the rubber pad in the embodiment is more than two, as shown in fig. 8, the adjacent wave springs 1 are vulcanized in the rubber body 3 at a certain distance in the same direction, and similarly, the number, wavelength and amplitude of the wave springs 1 can be selected as described in the fifth embodiment, compared with the fifth embodiment, when the number and size of the wave springs in the two structures are completely the same, the bearing capacity of the wave springs is equal, but the structural rigidity in the embodiment is smaller, so that the rubber pad is suitable for places requiring larger elasticity.
EXAMPLE seven
The wave springs 1 in the rubber pad in the embodiment are two or more, as shown in fig. 9, the two or more wave springs 1 are divided into two or more groups, as shown in fig. 9, the six wave springs 1 in fig. 9 are divided into six groups, and two adjacent wave springs 1 are relatively close to each other in the opposite direction and vulcanized in the rubber body 3. Also, the total number of the wave springs 1, the number of groups, the number of the wave springs 1 in each group, and the wavelength and amplitude of the wave springs in the present embodiment can be selected according to the actual use situation.
Example eight
The number of the wave springs 1 in the rubber pad in the embodiment is more than four, and as shown in fig. 10, all the wave springs 1 are divided into two groups on average, all the wave springs 1 in each group are mutually close to each other in the same direction and vulcanized in the rubber body 3, and the wave springs 1 in the two groups are relatively close to each other in the opposite direction and vulcanized in the rubber body 3. Also, the number of the wave springs 1 in each group in the present embodiment may be selected according to actual use.
Example nine
In this embodiment, the bearing capacity and stiffness of the wave spring 1 in the rubber pad can be adjusted by changing the size of the wave spring 1, as shown in fig. 11 and 12, when the requirement on the bearing capacity and stiffness of the rubber pad is high, the adjustment can be achieved by one or more of increasing the outer diameter D, decreasing the inner diameter D, increasing the width W and increasing the thickness H of the wave spring 1, of course, in order to make the adjustment of the bearing capacity and stiffness of the rubber pad more flexible and make the wave spring 1 easier to process, it is better to control the width W and the thickness H of the wave spring 1 in a smaller range, so that the bearing capacity and stiffness of the rubber pad are easier to control, and the processing of the wave springs 1 with different wavelengths and amplitudes is easier to achieve.
As can be seen from the above embodiments, the present invention also relates to a method for adjusting the load-bearing capacity of a rubber mat, in which the load-bearing capacity and rigidity of the rubber mat are improved by vulcanizing the wave springs 1 into the rubber body 3 in the rubber mat composed of at least the metal plate 2 and the rubber body 3, and the load-bearing capacity and rigidity of the rubber mat are changed by changing the number, size, shape and placement of the wave springs 1. If the bearing capacity is required to be improved, the method can be realized by increasing the number of the wave springs 1, shortening the wavelength of the wave springs 1 and increasing the outer diameter, the width, the thickness and the amplitude of the wave springs 1, and meanwhile, different rigidities can be realized by adopting a mode of closely superposing the wave springs 1 in the same direction, superposing the wave springs in the same direction at intervals and arranging the wave springs 1 in a close way in the opposite direction, so that the rubber pads with the same bearing capacity can be realized in different rigidities, the requirements of different bearing capacities and different rigidities can be met, the requirements of different bearing capacities and the same rigidity can also be met, the requirements of the same bearing capacity and different rigidities can also be met, the rubber pads can be designed into a small structure and a large structure, and the application range of the rubber pads is greatly expanded.
The above embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes only and not for limiting the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and therefore all equivalent technical solutions should fall within the scope of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention should be defined by the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for adjusting the bearing performance of a rubber pad is characterized in that: the bearing capacity and the rigidity of the rubber pad are improved by vulcanizing the wave springs (1) in the rubber body (3) of the rubber pad consisting of the metal plate (2) and the rubber body (3), and the bearing performance of the rubber pad is adjusted by changing the number, the size, the shape and the placement mode of the wave springs (1) so as to meet different use requirements.
2. The method for adjusting the bearing performance of a rubber mat as recited in claim 1, wherein: the rubber pad bearing performance is adjusted by changing the size of the wave spring (1), namely the bearing capacity and rigidity of the rubber pad are changed by changing the outer diameter, the inner diameter and the thickness of the wave spring (1).
3. The method for adjusting the bearing performance of a rubber mat as recited in claim 1, wherein: the rubber pad bearing performance is adjusted by changing the shape of the wave spring (1), namely the bearing capacity and rigidity of the rubber pad are changed by changing the wavelength and amplitude of the wave spring (1).
4. The method for adjusting the bearing performance of a rubber mat as recited in claim 1, wherein: the rubber pad bearing performance is adjusted by changing the placement mode of the wave springs (1), namely the rigidity of the rubber pad is changed by vulcanizing more than two wave springs (1) in the rubber body (3) in a mode of superposing the same direction and/or vulcanizing more than two wave springs (1) in the rubber body (3) in a mode of oppositely facing.
5. A composite rubber mat for realizing the method of adjusting the load-bearing performance of a rubber mat according to claim 1, comprising a metal plate (2) and a rubber body (3) provided at one side of the metal plate (2), characterized in that: the rubber body (3) is internally vulcanized with wave springs (1), and the number of the wave springs (1) is more than two.
6. The composite rubber mat of claim 5, wherein: more than two wave springs (1) are mutually close to each other in the same direction, are superposed and vulcanized in the rubber body (3).
7. The composite rubber mat of claim 5, wherein: more than two wave springs (1) are separated by a gap and vulcanized in the rubber body (3) in the same direction.
8. The composite rubber mat of claim 5, wherein: more than two wave springs (1) are close to each other in opposite directions and vulcanized in the rubber body (3).
9. The composite rubber mat of claim 5, wherein: the more than two wave springs (1) are divided into more than two groups, the wave springs (1) in each group are mutually close to each other in the same direction and are superposed and vulcanized in the rubber body (3), and the wave springs (1) between each adjacent group are relatively close to each other in the opposite direction and are vulcanized in the rubber body (3).
10. The composite rubber mat of claim 9, wherein: the quantity of the wave springs (1) is more than four and even number, the wave springs are evenly divided into two groups, the wave springs (1) in each group are mutually close to each other in the same direction and are superposed and vulcanized in the rubber body (3), and the wave springs (1) between the two groups are relatively close to each other in the opposite direction and are vulcanized in the rubber body (3).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110565961.7A CN113294469A (en) | 2021-05-24 | 2021-05-24 | Rubber pad bearing performance adjusting method and composite rubber pad |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110565961.7A CN113294469A (en) | 2021-05-24 | 2021-05-24 | Rubber pad bearing performance adjusting method and composite rubber pad |
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| CN113294469A true CN113294469A (en) | 2021-08-24 |
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Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1098438A (en) * | 1965-11-19 | 1968-01-10 | Carlo Tondato | Rubber-metal spring device |
| CN102341613A (en) * | 2009-03-04 | 2012-02-01 | 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 | Bushing assembly |
| CN205605710U (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2016-09-28 | 东莞市华尔赛弹簧制造有限公司 | Multilayer wave spring |
| CN109910938A (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2019-06-21 | 株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司 | V-type rubber pile component and its stiffness design method and application |
| CN210034257U (en) * | 2019-04-09 | 2020-02-07 | 浙江力升弹簧股份有限公司 | Wave spring for elevator |
| CN210068816U (en) * | 2019-05-28 | 2020-02-14 | 厦门昕力弹簧制造有限公司 | Novel high stress wave spring |
| CN110816574A (en) * | 2019-11-11 | 2020-02-21 | 株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司 | Method and device for improving stability and bearing capacity of steel spring of vehicle suspension system |
-
2021
- 2021-05-24 CN CN202110565961.7A patent/CN113294469A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1098438A (en) * | 1965-11-19 | 1968-01-10 | Carlo Tondato | Rubber-metal spring device |
| US3416783A (en) * | 1965-11-19 | 1968-12-17 | Firgat S N C | Rubber-metal spring device |
| CN102341613A (en) * | 2009-03-04 | 2012-02-01 | 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 | Bushing assembly |
| CN205605710U (en) * | 2016-04-11 | 2016-09-28 | 东莞市华尔赛弹簧制造有限公司 | Multilayer wave spring |
| CN109910938A (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2019-06-21 | 株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司 | V-type rubber pile component and its stiffness design method and application |
| CN210034257U (en) * | 2019-04-09 | 2020-02-07 | 浙江力升弹簧股份有限公司 | Wave spring for elevator |
| CN210068816U (en) * | 2019-05-28 | 2020-02-14 | 厦门昕力弹簧制造有限公司 | Novel high stress wave spring |
| CN110816574A (en) * | 2019-11-11 | 2020-02-21 | 株洲时代新材料科技股份有限公司 | Method and device for improving stability and bearing capacity of steel spring of vehicle suspension system |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| 张东文: "《弹簧设计与制造工艺新技术及质量监控实用手册 第2卷》", 31 August 2003, 中国科学文化音像出版社 * |
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