CN113288385A - Method for preparing bionic lumbar pedicle screw by continuous carbon fibers - Google Patents
Method for preparing bionic lumbar pedicle screw by continuous carbon fibers Download PDFInfo
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- CN113288385A CN113288385A CN202110534716.XA CN202110534716A CN113288385A CN 113288385 A CN113288385 A CN 113288385A CN 202110534716 A CN202110534716 A CN 202110534716A CN 113288385 A CN113288385 A CN 113288385A
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- carbon fiber
- pedicle screw
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
- A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
- A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
- A61B17/70—Spinal positioners or stabilisers ; Bone stabilisers comprising fluid filler in an implant
- A61B17/7001—Screws or hooks combined with longitudinal elements which do not contact vertebrae
- A61B17/7032—Screws or hooks with U-shaped head or back through which longitudinal rods pass
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/02—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/58—Measuring, controlling or regulating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D1/00—Producing articles with screw-threads
- B29D1/005—Producing articles with screw-threads fibre reinforced
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/58—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2043/5808—Measuring, controlling or regulating pressure or compressing force
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/58—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2043/5816—Measuring, controlling or regulating temperature
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
- D10B2101/10—Inorganic fibres based on non-oxides other than metals
- D10B2101/12—Carbon; Pitch
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing a bionic lumbar pedicle screw by continuous carbon fibers, which comprises the following steps: (1) weaving, weaving carbon fibers into carbon fiber fabrics according to a preset weaving process; (2) stacking, namely stacking a layer of carbon fiber fabric and a layer of polyether-ether-ketone to form a stacking assembly; (3) molding, molding the stacked assembly to form a carbon fiber composite; (4) blanking, namely blanking the carbon fiber composite to form a blank; (5) and cutting the blank to form the bionic lumbar pedicle screw. The lumbar pedicle screw prepared based on the invention has relatively easy guarantee of the strength.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a preparation method of a bionic lumbar pedicle screw.
Background
In recent years, the incidence rate of limb trauma shows a rapid growth trend, wherein the highest disability rate is the limbs and the spine, and accounts for about 75-90% of the total trauma. To improve the cure rate, a strong internal fixation operation is a stable and effective treatment means. At present, the clinical orthopedic internal fixation material is mainly titanium alloy (Ti 6Al 4V), and the application of the orthopedic internal fixation material is mature, but the material has the following problems due to the metal property:
(1) has a shielding effect on rays (such as X-rays) and causes the following effects: firstly, the visual field loss (or artifact) in the imaging examination (such as CT and MRI) causes that the pathological tissues (such as bone tumor) in the sheltered area are difficult to be correctly diagnosed;
(2) the elastic modulus (110-135 GPa) is far higher than that of human cortical bone (17-20 GPa), and a remarkable stress shielding effect can be generated, so that adverse effects on the healing of bone wounds are generated, and the fracture part is osteoporosis;
(3) the precipitated metal ions can also cause local osteoporosis due to electrolytic reaction;
(4) the conductive and heat-polymerization effects of the metal material may adversely affect the postoperative rehabilitation therapy.
Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) is a new-generation bone induction repair implant material due to the advantages of good biocompatibility, no ray shielding, close elastic modulus and bone tissue, no conductivity, no electrolytic reaction and the like. However, the pure PEEK material has low physical and mechanical properties (such as compressive strength, bending strength, and the like, such as bending strength greater than or equal to 140MPa, tensile strength greater than or equal to 93MPa, and impact strength (gap) of 60-80J/m), so it cannot be directly used for bone-induced repair implants with load-bearing function, such as bone plates, bone screws, pedicle screw internal fixation systems, and the like, but may be a polyaryl ether polymer condensed with aromatic dihydric phenol to improve the matrix strength.
In order to solve the problems that the traditional metal (such as titanium alloy) orthopedic implant generates artifacts in the imaging and the pure PEEK material has insufficient strength, in some implementations, short fibers are added into the PEEK to prepare the load-bearing bone-induced repair implant, so that the strength of the load-bearing bone-induced repair implant reaches the medical strength, and the artifact phenomenon in the imaging examination and the shielding effect on mechanical stress are eliminated.
Typically, as shown in chinese patent document CN111419377A, a carbon fiber pedicle screw and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed, wherein chopped fibers and polyetheretherketone powder are used as raw materials, a twin-screw granulator is used to produce granules, then an injection molding machine is used to perform injection molding, and then the injection molded blank is processed to form the carbon fiber pedicle screw. It is known that carbon fibers have relatively high strength, and the fibrous nature of carbon is one of the main characteristics, in addition to the properties of carbon itself. The chopped fibers destroy the continuity of the carbon fibers, so that the strength of the composite material prepared by taking the chopped fibers as a matrix material is difficult to ensure.
Disclosure of Invention
In the embodiment of the invention, the continuous fibers are used for replacing the chopped fibers, so that the method for preparing the bionic lumbar pedicle screw by means of the continuous fibers is provided, and the strength of the prepared lumbar pedicle screw is relatively easy to ensure.
In an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing a biomimetic lumbar pedicle screw from continuous carbon fibers, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) weaving, weaving carbon fibers into carbon fiber fabrics according to a preset weaving process;
(2) stacking, namely stacking a layer of carbon fiber fabric and a layer of polyether-ether-ketone to form a stacking assembly;
(3) molding, molding the stacked assembly to form a carbon fiber composite;
(4) blanking, namely blanking the carbon fiber composite to form a blank;
(5) and cutting the blank to form the bionic lumbar pedicle screw.
Optionally, the weaving process is a plain weaving process, a twill weaving process, a satin weaving process, or a three-position five-item weaving process.
Optionally, the carbon fiber fabric is acidified prior to stacking.
Optionally, the process parameters of the molding step are:
firstly, heating a stacking assembly filled into a die cavity to a first target temperature at a heating rate of 6 ℃/min, and then, preserving heat for 0.5 h;
further, heating the stacking assembly to a second target temperature at a heating rate of 3 ℃/min, and then preserving heat for 30 min;
in the heating process, the mould pressing pressure is kept between 5 and 30 MPa;
and after the molding is finished, cooling and demolding.
Optionally, the first target temperature is 300 ℃ and the second target temperature is 340-380 ℃;
wherein the level of the second target temperature is positively correlated with the thickness of the stacked assembly.
Optionally, the cooling is water cooling.
Alternatively, the demold temperature is 100 ℃.
Optionally, the thickness direction of the blank corresponding to the carbon fiber composite is the radial direction of the bionic lumbar pedicle screw.
Optionally, during blanking, milling is adopted for blanking, and forced cooling or low-speed feeding is assisted to ensure that the temperature of the processing area is lower than 143 ℃.
Optionally, after the bionic lumbar pedicle screw is formed, micro-nano textures are processed on the surface of the screw head and the surface of the polished rod part.
In the embodiment of the invention, the carbon fiber composite material is adopted to prepare the bionic lumbar pedicle screw, namely the carbon fiber composite material is firstly prepared, then the blank is formed by blanking, and then the blank is processed to form the bionic lumbar pedicle screw.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a bionic lumbar pedicle screw in one embodiment.
Fig. 2 is a structural schematic diagram of a bionic lumbar pedicle screw assembly.
In the figure: 1. the screw thread section comprises a polished rod 2, a nail head 3, a lock hole 4, a U-shaped opening 5, an internal thread 6 and a connecting rod 7.
Detailed Description
The polyether-ether-ketone is a high polymer consisting of a repeating unit containing one ketone bond and two ether bonds in a main chain structure, and belongs to a special high polymer material. The high-temperature-resistant and chemical-corrosion-resistant composite material has physical and chemical properties such as high temperature resistance and chemical corrosion resistance, is a semi-crystalline high polymer material, has a melting point of 343 ℃, a softening point of 168 ℃ and a tensile strength of 132-148 MPa, can be used as a high-temperature-resistant structural material and an electrical insulating material, and can be compounded with glass fibers or carbon fibers to prepare a reinforcing material.
The carbon fiber material is a short term for carbon fiber composite material, and is a composite material of carbon fiber and other substances, and most of the other substances are polymers such as resin, and even metal. In the embodiment of the present invention, the material compounded with the carbon fiber is PEEK, i.e. polyetheretherketone, which is a common polymer capable of being compounded with the carbon fiber at present, and for the compounding itself, it belongs to the common general knowledge in the art, and is not described herein again.
As described in the background section, in some current implementations, it is equivalent to crush carbon fibers, mix the carbon fibers with peek powder uniformly, and then perform injection molding by using an injection molding process, during which the fiber properties of the carbon fibers are destroyed, and the fiber properties are the basic conditions for the carbon fibers to have high strength. In the embodiment of the invention, the relative continuity of the fibers in the monomer bionic lumbar pedicle screw is ensured, so that the strength of the bionic lumbar pedicle screw is easy to ensure.
In the embodiment of the invention, the carbon fiber composite material plate is prepared firstly, then the carbon fiber composite material plate is loaded and unloaded, and then the blank obtained after unloading is machined to prepare the bionic lumbar pedicle screw.
Furthermore, in the method for preparing the bionic lumbar pedicle screw by using the continuous carbon fibers in the embodiment of the invention, the carbon fiber fabric is woven according to a desired mode, the requirement on compactness of the carbon fiber fabric is not high, the carbon fiber fabric is suitable for carrying and is not scattered, the carbon fiber fabric is generally a single-layer fabric, such as the simplest warp and weft fabrics, and the carbon fibers form the warp and weft yarns in the warp and weft fabrics.
In addition, as the carbon fiber fabric, a plain weave process, a twill weave process, a satin weave process, or a three-position five-weave process may also be used as a weaving process that can be used.
When compounded, for example polyetheretherketone, at least in the softened state, the carbon fibres are embedded in polyetheretherketone by a given pressure. In addition, in view of the fact that the composite process of carbon fiber and polyetheretherketone belongs to the conventional process, the process is not described herein again.
Based on the characteristic of mould pressing, the carbon fiber fabric only needs to meet the requirement of being suitable for compounding, and the fiber proportion meets the design requirement.
As a conventional process, carbon fiber fabrics are formed by weaving, and before die pressing, a layer of carbon fiber fabrics needs to be laid, specifically, a layer of carbon fiber fabrics is separated by a layer of polyetheretherketone thin plates, a stacked assembly is formed after the layers are stacked, the stacked assembly is transferred into a die arranged on a hot press for hot pressing, the process is called die pressing, and after die pressing, a plate material is generally formed, or the shape of the plate material can be a cylinder shape, for example.
In an embodiment of the invention, the material that is compression molded is a sheet material, referred to collectively as a carbon fiber composite.
The material is then cut into individual blanks by means of a mechanical concept, namely blanking, wherein the blanks can be of a cylindrical structure, a regular quadrangular prism structure or a quadrangular prism with a rectangular bottom surface.
And further cutting the blank to form the bionic lumbar pedicle nail, wherein the shape of the bionic lumbar pedicle nail can be seen in an attached drawing 1 in the specification, the bionic lumbar pedicle nail comprises a nail head 3 and a nail rod, a thread section 1 and a polished rod 2 in the drawing form the nail rod, the outline of the nail head is cylindrical and is milled into a fish-mouth structure, specifically, the nail head 3 is provided with a U-shaped mouth 5, the nail head 3 is provided with an inner outline which is cylindrical and is provided with internal threads 6 for connecting with a rear bolt 8 shown in the attached drawing 2.
The rear bolt 8 is a hexagon socket head cap screw to be embedded into the U-shaped opening 5, thereby reducing the influence of biocompatibility.
The thread of the rear bolt 8 is a self-locking thread, but for locking, a side hole, i.e. the locking hole 4 shown in fig. 1, is also provided on the stud 3, and the rear bolt 8 can be locked by using a set screw, for example.
In order to improve the strength of the bond, the carbon fiber fabric is acidified before stacking. In some embodiments, the woven fiber, i.e., the carbon fiber fabric, is subjected to an acidification treatment, specifically, acetone cleaning is performed to remove the bonding glue on the surface of the carbon fiber, and then the carbon fiber fabric is steamed at a temperature of 50-80 ℃ for 2 hours by a nitric acid reflux device, so as to enhance the bonding force between the carbon fiber and the polyetheretherketone.
Alternatively, the process parameters of the molding step are as follows:
firstly, heating a stacking assembly loaded into a die cavity to a first target temperature at a heating rate of 6 ℃/min, and then, preserving heat for 0.5 h to ensure that the stacking assembly is fully heated;
further, heating the stacking assembly to a second target temperature at a heating rate of 3 ℃/min, and then preserving heat for 30 min to fully and thoroughly heat the stacking assembly;
in the heating process, the mould pressing pressure is kept between 5 and 30 MPa;
and after the molding is finished, cooling and demolding.
The two-step heating is adopted, so that the occurrence of thermal barriers can be effectively avoided based on the step heating, the stacking assembly is fully heated, and the homogeneity of heat seal is better.
Further, the first target temperature is 300 ℃, since the softening point of the polyetheretherketone is 143 ℃, when the first target temperature is reached, the polyetheretherketone has better fluidity and better composite conditions.
The second target temperature is 340-380 deg.C, because the melting point of polyetheretherketone is 343 deg.C, when it is 340 deg.C, polyetheretherketone is close to the critical point of melting, and when it is 380 deg.C, it is melted under normal pressure, because in the heat-sealing process, polyetheretherketone receives a great pressure, specifically 5-30MPa, even if the temperature is higher, because the pressure is higher, polyetheretherketone is close to the semi-fluid state.
Further, the second target temperature is a range, and the range is selected to adjust the thickness of the stack assembly according to the thickness of the stack assembly, specifically, the level of the second target temperature is positively correlated to the thickness of the stack assembly, that is, the larger the thickness of the stack assembly is, the higher the required second target temperature is.
In some embodiments, the material is cooled after the sealing is finished by water cooling, so as to improve the working efficiency.
Demoulding is not carried out after complete cooling, preferably at a demoulding temperature of 100 ℃ to obtain good demoulding conditions.
In addition, in order to obtain better mechanical properties, the blank is radial for bionical lumbar vertebrae arcus radicis nail corresponding to carbon-fibre complex's thickness direction, can guarantee at least that the direction of part carbon fiber is roughly parallel with bionical lumbar vertebrae arcus radicis nail's radial to make bionical lumbar vertebrae arcus radicis nail's intensity higher relatively.
During blanking, a milling mode is adopted for blanking, and a forced cooling or low-speed feeding mode is assisted to ensure that the temperature of a processing area is lower than 143 ℃, so that the polyether-ether-ketone is prevented from being accumulated at a fracture.
Similarly, during machining, a low-speed mode is adopted for feeding, for example, when threads are machined, the rotating speed of a main shaft is 3000-5000r/min, and the feeding amount is generally 0.10-0.20 mm/r, so that the machined carbon fiber composite material has good mechanical property, and the phenomenon that polyether-ether-ketone is accumulated at a fracture caused by thermal effect is avoided.
In order to avoid the accumulation of polyetheretherketone at the fracture, it is preferable to feed at a low speed rather than to forcibly cool the product, which is relatively brittle.
In some embodiments, after the bionic lumbar pedicle screw is formed, micro-nano textures are processed on the surface of the screw head 3 and the surface of the polished rod 2, and the micro-nano textures are represented as a micropore array in the figures as can be seen from fig. 1 and 2.
The process for preparing the micro-nano texture comprises the following steps: the bionic coating can be prepared by femtosecond laser, picosecond laser, a laser engraving machine and the like, and the bionic texture is prepared at the contact part of the periphery of the self-defense lumbar pedicle screw and muscle tissue.
The unit shape of the bionic texture is round, triangular, rhombic, V-shaped and other bionic textures, wherein the bionic textures can be single patterns or the patterns are compounded.
The principle of bionics is that bionics is carried out according to the research of a large number of organisms and animals, such as sharks, snakes, beetles and the like, and the organisms generally have excellent functions of desorption, assistance reduction and wear resistance.
For example, the texture units of the snake surface are mostly triangular after being enlarged, and bowling balls are mostly circular, so that the bowling balls can adapt to various living environments and are related to the texture of the surface of the bowling balls.
The bionic texture has the density of 5% -15%, and if the bionic texture is too high, the mechanical property of the material can be affected. When the texture amount exceeds 20%, good biomimetic effect is not achieved.
The size of the micro-nano texture is generally uniformly distributed, the calculation is carried out according to the integral surface area of the surface, and then the distance between the transverse direction and the longitudinal direction is basically equal.
According to different shapes, the depth of the micro-nano texture is generally lower, and is generally 200-1000 mu m, if a sustained-release drug is required to be loaded, the depth can be increased, and is generally 1-3 mm.
The processing technology of the bionic texture comprises the following steps: taking a laser engraving machine as an example, the preparation process is as follows:
the repetition power is 500-700mm/s, the frequency is 30 KHz, the current is 1A, the light spot distance is 100 mu m, and the prepared partial bionic texture is obtained.
Texture and density of different shapes the following table (table 1) gives the data by performing the frictional wear test: the test results of the comparative group are the results of the surface without any treatment, and the data of the experimental group are the results of the surface with triangles, circles, diamonds and different densities.
TABLE 1
Obviously, the friction coefficient can be obviously improved by carrying out micro-nano texture on the surface, and a certain wear-resisting effect is achieved. Meanwhile, the surface is subjected to micro-nano texture, so that the surface roughness can be improved, the contact between tissue cells and the composite material implant can be improved due to the improvement of the surface roughness, and the surface micro-nano texture can enhance the adhesion of the cells as proved by medical experiments.
Meanwhile, the embodiment of the invention also protects the implant from generating allergic inflammation after entering the human body, and a layer of medicine, such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, ibuprofen granules and the like, can be sprayed on the texture. The anti-allergic reaction of the implant in the human body can be achieved by loading the drug on the surface.
If the initial processing of the blank adopts laser engraving, the laser processing generally adopts 50-80W of average power, 0.2-0.6 MHz of repetitive power and 1m/s of scanning speed according to the requirement of size, the lumbar pedicle screw is prepared by laser cutting, the cutting direction is based on the weaving direction, and more fiber damages are avoided.
For further evaluation, Table 2 shows the mechanical properties of the continuous carbon fiber molding process compared with other processes for preparing fibers.
TABLE 2
As can be seen from table 2, the lumbar pedicle screw manufactured by continuous carbon fiber molding has superior mechanical strength, and although the hardness and compressive strength are slightly poor, it has little effect on the use of the lumbar pedicle screw.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preparing a bionic lumbar pedicle screw by continuous carbon fibers is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) weaving, weaving carbon fibers into carbon fiber fabrics according to a preset weaving process;
(2) stacking, namely stacking a layer of carbon fiber fabric and a layer of polyether-ether-ketone to form a stacking assembly;
(3) molding, molding the stacked assembly to form a carbon fiber composite;
(4) blanking, namely blanking the carbon fiber composite to form a blank;
(5) and cutting the blank to form the bionic lumbar pedicle screw.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the weaving process is a plain weaving process, a twill weaving process, a satin weaving process, or a three-position five-knit weaving process.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon fiber fabric is acidified prior to stacking.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process parameters of the embossing step are:
firstly, heating a stacking assembly filled into a die cavity to a first target temperature at a heating rate of 6 ℃/min, and then, preserving heat for 0.5 h;
further, heating the stacking assembly to a second target temperature at a heating rate of 3 ℃/min, and then preserving heat for 30 min;
in the heating process, the mould pressing pressure is kept between 5 and 30 MPa;
and after the molding is finished, cooling and demolding.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first target temperature is 300 ℃ and the second target temperature is 340 ℃ to 380 ℃;
wherein the level of the second target temperature is positively correlated with the thickness of the stacked assembly.
6. A method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the cooling is performed by water cooling.
7. A method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the demolding temperature is 100 ℃.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness direction of the blank corresponding to the carbon fiber composite is radial to the biomimetic lumbar pedicle screw.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the blanking is performed by milling and forced cooling or low-speed feeding to ensure the temperature of the processing zone is less than 143 ℃.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein after forming the bionic lumbar pedicle screw, micro-nano textures are processed on the surface of the screw head and the surface of the polished rod part.
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