CN113270207B - Short-life-period air-cooled micro-reactor performance optimization structure - Google Patents
Short-life-period air-cooled micro-reactor performance optimization structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN113270207B CN113270207B CN202110333098.2A CN202110333098A CN113270207B CN 113270207 B CN113270207 B CN 113270207B CN 202110333098 A CN202110333098 A CN 202110333098A CN 113270207 B CN113270207 B CN 113270207B
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- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000748 Gd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001093 Zr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910026551 ZrC Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Zr] Chemical compound [C].[Zr] OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002251 gadolinium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 abstract description 21
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000000921 Gadolinium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 241000013033 Triso Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/30—Assemblies of a number of fuel elements in the form of a rigid unit
- G21C3/32—Bundles of parallel pin-, rod-, or tube-shaped fuel elements
- G21C3/326—Bundles of parallel pin-, rod-, or tube-shaped fuel elements comprising fuel elements of different composition; comprising, in addition to the fuel elements, other pin-, rod-, or tube-shaped elements, e.g. control rods, grid support rods, fertile rods, poison rods or dummy rods
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Abstract
The invention discloses a short-life gas-cooled micro-reactor performance optimizing structure, which comprises a fuel reactor coreThe method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The fuel reactor core is provided with a gadolinium-containing combustible poison rod; the gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod does not contain boron element. The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the invention provides a performance optimization structure suitable for a short-life gas-cooled micro-stack, which solves the problem of B by arranging a gadolinium-containing combustible poison rod in a fuel assembly 4 For low power and short life gas cooled micro-stacks, 10 the neutron absorption section of the reactor core is too small, so that the problem of great reactivity punishment is caused, the residual reactivity of the reactor core of the short-life gas-cooled micro reactor can be effectively controlled, the reactivity punishment can not be generated at the end of the life, the reactor core can be ensured to realize automatic shutdown by only relying on temperature negative feedback, and the realization of the intrinsic safety of the reactor core is ensured. Meanwhile, the optimized structure adopts the form of gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod, so that the problem of greatly improving the process requirement of fuel manufacturing caused by arranging gadolinium-containing poison in the fuel core of the ceramic cladding is avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of nuclear industry, and particularly relates to a short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimization structure.
Background
The gas-cooled micro-reactor is a small modular prismatic high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, has the design characteristics of 'intrinsic safety, intelligence, flexibility and simplicity', and belongs to an advanced reactor type of a fourth generation nuclear energy system. The reactor core fuel of the gas-cooled micro reactor adopts high-temperature ceramic micro-encapsulated fuel, and the fuel adopts TRISO coated fuel dispersed in a silicon carbide matrix, so that the fuel structure forms a nearly impermeable nuclide release barrier, and the risks of radioactive leakage of fission products and the like and corrosion of the fuel are avoided. The reactor core coolant uses single-phase inert gas helium, and has no coupling relation between the state of the coolant and the reactivity, and can not react with cladding, fuel, structural materials and the like chemically and energy. Graphite is both a neutron moderator and a core structural material and a reflective layer material. The graphite reactor core has large heat capacity, can accommodate large heat, has slow temperature transient state and can bear high temperature. In addition, the graphite core enables the power density of the whole core to be lower, and the safety of the core is further improved. Therefore, the gas-cooled micro-stack has excellent inherent safety and technical maturity, and has great development potential and wide application market in the fields of remote area power supply, seabed charging, island power supply, aerospace and the like.
The burnable poison is an important means for controlling the reactivity of the gas-cooled micro-reactor, and the proper burnable poison arrangement not only can effectively control the residual reactivity of the reactor core and reduce the quantity requirement of control rod groups, and simplifies the reactor structure, but also can not cause larger reactivity penalty at the end of the service life, so that the shortening of the core life is avoided, and meanwhile, the arrangement of the burnable poison is also an important guarantee for realizing the inherent safety of the gas-cooled micro-reactor, so that the reactor core can realize automatic shutdown by only relying on temperature negative feedback under the accident condition.
In high temperature gas cooled reactor, the common burnable poison is B 4 C, but for low power, short life gas cooled micro-stacks, 10 b is too small in neutron absorption cross section, which causes a significant reactivity penalty and is not suitable.
In pressurized water reactors in general, gadolinium is used as a burnable poison, and Gd is mainly used 2 O 3 Powder is often associated with UO 2 The fuel is mixed and sintered into an integral poison form of a fuel pellet.
However, the fuel of the gas-cooled micro-stack takes the form of coated fuel particles dispersed in a silicon carbide matrix, UO of the coated fuel particles 2 The fuel nuclear size is only a few hundred microns if Gd is to be used 2 O 3 Placement of poisons in the fuel core will greatly increase the process requirements of fuel manufacture and may also affect fuel performance, which is not desirable.
In view of this, the present invention has been made.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a short-life gas-cooled micro-reactor performance optimization structure, and the scheme can not adversely affect the fuel of the gas-cooled micro-reactor, can effectively control the residual reactivity of the reactor core and ensure the realization of the intrinsic safety of the reactor core.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimization structure comprises a fuel core; the fuel reactor core is provided with a separated gadolinium-containing combustible poison rod; the separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod does not contain boron.
Further, in the short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimization structure, the separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod comprises an absorber material and a matrix material, and the absorber material contains gadolinium.
Further, according to the short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimization structure, the gadolinium element accounts for 0.1% -99.9% of the total mass of the combustible poison rod material.
Further, the short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimizing structure is characterized in that gadolinium element exists in the form of gadolinium simple substance or gadolinium alloy or gadolinium compound.
Further, in the short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimization structure, the matrix material is one or more of graphite, alumina, zirconia, magnesia, silicon carbide, zirconium carbide and titanium carbide.
Further, in the short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimization structure, a cladding tube is arranged outside the separated gadolinium-containing combustible poison rod, and the cladding tube is made of graphite or zirconium alloy or stainless steel.
Further, in the short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimization structure, the fuel assemblies of the fuel reactor core are in a hexagonal prism shape, and each fuel assembly is uniformly provided with a plurality of separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rods in the circumferential direction.
Further, in the short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimizing structure, each fuel assembly is provided with 3 separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rods.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
the invention provides a performance optimization structure suitable for a short-life gas-cooled micro-reactor, which solves the problem of B by arranging a separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod in a fuel assembly 4 For low power and short life gas cooled micro-stacks, 10 b has too small neutron absorption section, causes the problem of great reactivity penalty, and can effectively control the residual reactor core of the short-life gas-cooled micro-reactorThe reactor core can automatically shut down by only relying on temperature negative feedback, and the intrinsic safety of the reactor core is ensured.
Meanwhile, the optimized structure adopts a separated gadolinium-containing combustible poison rod form, so that the problem that the gadolinium-containing poison is arranged in the fuel core of the ceramic cladding to greatly improve the technological requirements of fuel manufacturing is avoided.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of an arrangement of a short-lived gas cooled micro-stack.
FIG. 2 is a schematic layout of a short-lived gas cooled micro-stack performance optimizing structure of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph of core burnup characteristics for an arrangement of gadolinium-containing burnup rods.
FIG. 5 is a graph of the temperature reactivity coefficient change of the fuel according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a graph of the temperature reactivity coefficient change of the core graphite of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the temperature reactivity coefficient change of the reflective layer graphite according to the present invention.
In the above figures: 1. a fuel assembly; 2. a control rod assembly; 3. a side reflection layer; 4. a fuel rod; 5. a coolant flow passage; 6. a burnable poison rod; 7. a cladding tube.
Description of the embodiments
Embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
as shown in fig. 1, the reactor core is a short-life gas-cooled micro-reactor core with the thermal power of 5MW and the life of 1 year, and mainly comprises a fuel assembly 1, a control rod assembly 2 and a reflecting layer 3. The fuel assembly 1 is divided into 4 areas in the radial direction according to different positions, namely zones 1-zone 4; the layer is divided into 6 layers in the axial direction, namely layers 1-6 from top to bottom.
The air-cooled micro-reactor is different from the existing high-temperature air-cooled reactor and pressurized water reactor.
In the prior high-temperature gas cooled reactor, the common burnable poison is B 4 C, but such burnable poison is of low power and short lifeIn the case of a gas-cooled micro-stack, 10 b is too small in neutron absorption cross section, which causes a significant reactivity penalty and is not suitable.
Whereas in pressurized water reactors in general gadolinium is the burnable poison, mainly Gd 2 O 3 Powder is often associated with UO 2 The fuel is mixed and sintered into an integral poison form of a fuel pellet. However, for a short-lived gas cooled micro-stack as shown in FIG. 1, the fuel is in the form of coated fuel particles dispersed in a silicon carbide matrix, UO of the coated fuel particles 2 The fuel nuclear size is only a few hundred microns if Gd is to be used 2 O 3 The placement of poisons in the fuel core will greatly increase the process requirements of fuel manufacture and may also affect fuel performance, and thus this form is also unsuitable for short-lived gas cooled micro-stacks.
The technical scheme of the invention is a performance optimization structure for the short-life air-cooled micro-reactor core. As shown in FIG. 2, the short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimization structure provided by the invention comprises a fuel reactor core; the fuel reactor core is provided with a separated gadolinium-containing combustible poison rod; the separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod does not contain boron. The fuel core in fig. 2 comprises a plurality of fuel assemblies 1 and control rod assemblies 2; the periphery of the reactor core is covered by a side reflecting layer 3, and part of the control rod assembly 2 is arranged on the side reflecting layer 3. The fuel assemblies 1 of the fuel core are in a hexagonal prism shape, and a plurality of separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rods 6 are uniformly arranged on each fuel assembly 1 in the circumferential direction. In the fuel assembly 1, the fuel rods 4 and the coolant flow passages 5 are arranged at intervals. In fig. 2, separate gadolinium-containing burnable poison rods 6 are arranged at the edge positions of fuel assemblies in the radial zone1 region of the short-life gas cooled micro-stack, and 3 poison rods are arranged per fuel assembly.
The invention provides a performance optimization structure suitable for a short-life gas-cooled micro-reactor, which solves the problem of B by arranging a separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod in a fuel assembly 4 For low power and short life gas cooled micro-stacks, 10 b has too small neutron absorption section, causes the problem of great reactivity penalty, can effectively control the residual reactivity of the reactor core of the short-life gas-cooled micro reactor, does not generate reactivity penalty at the end of the life,the reactor core can be automatically shut down by only relying on temperature negative feedback, and the intrinsic safety of the reactor core is ensured. Meanwhile, the optimized structure adopts a separated gadolinium-containing combustible poison rod form, so that the problem that the gadolinium-containing poison is arranged in the fuel core of the ceramic cladding to greatly improve the technological requirements of fuel manufacturing is avoided.
The separated gadolinium-containing combustible poison rod 6 comprises an absorber material and a matrix material, wherein the absorber material contains gadolinium, and the gadolinium accounts for 0.1% -99.9% of the total mass of the combustible poison rod material. As a different embodiment of the present invention, the gadolinium element may be present in the form of a gadolinium simple substance or gadolinium alloy or gadolinium compound, and the base material may be selected from one or more of graphite, alumina, zirconia, magnesia, silicon carbide, zirconium carbide and titanium carbide. In the embodiment shown in fig. 3, the separate gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod 6 is composed of Gd 2 O 3 A solid rod composed of graphite material, wherein the mass ratio of gadolinium element is 0.87%, the radius of the rod is 0.5cm, and the length is 30cm; the rod body is provided with a cladding tube 7, which cladding tube 7 may be of graphite or a zirconium alloy or stainless steel, in this embodiment a thin annular layer of graphite material with a thickness of 0.2cm.
FIG. 4 is a graph of core burnup characteristics when gadolinium-containing burnup rods are arranged. It can be seen that the arrangement of the gadolinium-containing burnable poison rods can effectively control the residual reactivity of the reactor core, and the poison is consumed at the end of the life, so that the reactivity penalty is hardly generated. Maximum core k within 1 year of life eff 1.02557, the minimum is 1.01219, namely the residual reactivity of the reactor core fluctuates between 1212pcm and 2525 pcm. According to the change curve of the core reactivity coefficient shown in fig. 5-7, the fuel temperature coefficient is between-2.5 pcm/K to-6 pcm/K, and the core graphite temperature coefficient is between-3 pcm/K to-6 pcm/K; the graphite temperature coefficient of the reflecting layer is a smaller positive value and is 0-1 pcm/K; therefore, the total temperature coefficient is between-5.5 pcm/K to-10 pcm/K. When the reactor core is in normal operation, the temperature of the reactor core is about 750 ℃, under the accident condition, the temperature can be introduced into 2750pcm by only depending on negative temperature feedback, the temperature rises by 500 ℃, the automatic shutdown is realized, and the temperature of the reactor core is far lower than the temperature limit value of 1600 ℃ at the moment, thereby ensuring thatIntegrity of the core and fuel. Therefore, the arrangement of the separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rods ensures the realization of the inherent safety of the gas-cooled micro-reactor core in a short life period.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention also include such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof. The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the present invention, and the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms or with other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The described embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention should be indicated by the appended claims, and any changes that are equivalent to the intent and scope of the claims are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A short-lived gas cooled micro-stack performance optimization architecture, said lifetime being 1 year, comprising a fuel core; the fuel reactor core is provided with a separated gadolinium-containing combustible poison rod; the separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod does not contain boron.
2. The short-lived gas cooled micro-stack performance optimizing structure of claim 1 wherein said split gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod comprises an absorber material and a matrix material, said absorber material comprising gadolinium.
3. The short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimization structure according to claim 2, wherein gadolinium accounts for 0.1% -99.9% of the total mass of the burnable poison rod material.
4. The short-lived gas cooled micro-stack performance optimizing structure of claim 1 wherein the gadolinium element is in the form of elemental gadolinium or gadolinium alloy or gadolinium compound.
5. The short-life gas cooled micro-stack performance optimizing structure of claim 2, wherein the matrix material is one or more of graphite, alumina, zirconia, magnesia, silicon carbide, zirconium carbide and titanium carbide.
6. The short-life gas-cooled micro-stack performance optimizing structure according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a cladding tube is arranged outside the separated gadolinium-containing burnable poison rod, and the cladding tube is made of graphite or zirconium alloy or stainless steel.
7. The short-lived gas cooled micro-stack performance optimizing structure of any one of claims 1-5 wherein the fuel assemblies of the fuel core are hexagonally prismatic, each fuel assembly having a plurality of split gadolinium-containing burnable poison rods disposed circumferentially uniformly.
8. The short-life gas cooled micro-stack performance optimizing structure of claim 7, wherein each fuel assembly is provided with 3 separate gadolinium-containing burnable poison rods.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1647993A2 (en) * | 2004-10-14 | 2006-04-19 | Westinghouse Electric Company LLC | Use of boron or enriched boron 10 in UO2 |
| CN103366836A (en) * | 2013-04-01 | 2013-10-23 | 中科华核电技术研究院有限公司 | Nuclear fuel pellet and manufacturing method thereof, and nuclear reactor |
| CN105976879A (en) * | 2016-05-09 | 2016-09-28 | 中国科学院上海应用物理研究所 | Assembly type molten salt reactor |
| CN112420223A (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2021-02-26 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | Long-circulation refueling loading method for pressurized water reactor core based on gadolinium enrichment |
-
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- 2021-03-29 CN CN202110333098.2A patent/CN113270207B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1647993A2 (en) * | 2004-10-14 | 2006-04-19 | Westinghouse Electric Company LLC | Use of boron or enriched boron 10 in UO2 |
| CN103366836A (en) * | 2013-04-01 | 2013-10-23 | 中科华核电技术研究院有限公司 | Nuclear fuel pellet and manufacturing method thereof, and nuclear reactor |
| CN105976879A (en) * | 2016-05-09 | 2016-09-28 | 中国科学院上海应用物理研究所 | Assembly type molten salt reactor |
| CN112420223A (en) * | 2020-11-18 | 2021-02-26 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | Long-circulation refueling loading method for pressurized water reactor core based on gadolinium enrichment |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| 颗粒型弥散可燃毒物反应性控制分析;娄磊等;科技创新导报;全文 * |
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