CN113265679A - Nano-structured electrocatalytic membrane - Google Patents
Nano-structured electrocatalytic membrane Download PDFInfo
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- CN113265679A CN113265679A CN202110517282.2A CN202110517282A CN113265679A CN 113265679 A CN113265679 A CN 113265679A CN 202110517282 A CN202110517282 A CN 202110517282A CN 113265679 A CN113265679 A CN 113265679A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an electrocatalytic membrane with a flow-reaction synergistic in-situ structure nano structure. The precursor solution for synthesizing the nano material enters the membrane pore canal in a seepage mode and reacts in the membrane pore canal to synthesize the catalyst nano particles. Finally, the nano material is uniformly and fixedly carried in all membrane pore channels along the thickness direction of the membrane, and the electrocatalytic membrane with the nano structure is obtained. Electrocatalytic membranes can be used in either a batch or flow-through membrane continuous reaction mode. The electrocatalysis membrane with the nano structure can effectively strengthen the electrocatalysis reaction process and improve the electrocatalysis reaction rate due to the dispersion strengthening contact and the limited region strengthening mass transfer of the catalyst.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electrocatalytic membranes, in particular to an electrocatalytic membrane with a flow-reaction synergistic in-situ structure nano structure.
Background
The nano material has a large specific surface area and high catalytic activity, so that the nano material has been widely concerned in the electrocatalysis technology. The powdery nano material is involved in the separation and recovery problems in the use process, and in the electrocatalytic process, the nano catalytic material is often supported on a carrier to form an electrode and is used in a batch reaction mode. In this case, the mass transfer rate at the electrode surface is small, and tends to limit the reaction rate of the entire process, resulting in low current efficiency. The immobilization of the nano catalytic material and the strengthening of the electrocatalytic mass transfer process are one of the important ways to improve the electrocatalytic efficiency.
Has good conductive porous membrane, and is an ideal choice for loading the nano material with electrocatalytic function. The tortuous pore structure of the conductive porous membrane can effectively improve the stability of the nano material. The dispersibility of the nanomaterial can also be improved by uniformly distributed membrane pores and large membrane pore surface area. The high degree of nanomaterial dispersibility will effectively enhance the contact between the reactants and the nanomaterial. The micro-nano confinement space of the membrane pores can effectively reduce a flow boundary layer and enhance the mass transfer process from reactants to the surface of the nano material [1,2 ]. The electrochemical reaction rate is governed by both the electrochemical step and diffusion. If the mass transfer process of the diffusion step is enhanced, the overall electrochemical reaction rate is necessarily improved. In particular, for advanced electrocatalytic oxidation, hydroxyl radicals (. OH) generated at the catalyst surface are quenched in a short time and they are present only in a narrow region (<1.0mm) adjacent to the electrode surface [3 ]. When the nano material is loaded on a narrow membrane pore channel, the contact between reactants and hydroxyl radicals can be strengthened, so that the electrocatalytic process is strengthened. Therefore, the electrocatalytic membrane with the nano structure can effectively strengthen the electrocatalytic reaction process due to the dispersion strengthening contact and the limited region strengthening mass transfer of the electrocatalysts, thereby realizing faster reaction rate and higher reaction rate constant.
Electrocatalytically active nanomaterials are typically supported on some conductive substrate by sol-gel, thermal decomposition, electrodeposition or chemical vapor deposition [4 ]. When the supported nanoparticles are prepared by depositing precursor reactants on a substrate by the above method, a high-temperature calcination treatment process is usually accompanied, or the action of an external field is required to carry out the support of the catalyst. When loading nanomaterials by these methods, harsh reaction conditions are often required, with associated higher energy consumption. In addition, it is required to improve the dispersibility and stability of the catalyst by controlling the interface structure. The applicant previously invented a flow-reaction synergy method to immobilize nanomaterials in situ within membrane channels [5-7 ]. Under the action of external force, the reactant solution is uniformly and slowly introduced into the membrane pore canal, and then another reactant solution is introduced into the membrane pore canal to synthesize the catalyst nano-particles in situ. According to the deep filtration principle, the nano particles synthesized in situ in the membrane pores are intercepted and adsorbed at the positions close to the pore wall surfaces through inertial collision and Brownian motion, and finally can be uniformly and stably fixed on the pore walls. The flow-reaction synergistic method is used for preparing the electrocatalytic membrane, and the nano material can be fixedly loaded in the whole membrane pore channel along the thickness direction of the membrane, so that the electrocatalytic membrane with the nano structure is prepared.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide an electrocatalytic film with a flow-reaction synergistic in-situ structure nano structure, which has good stability and can strengthen the electrocatalytic process.
The nano-structured electrocatalytic membrane of the invention loads the nano-material with electrocatalytic function in the conductive microporous membrane by a flow-reaction cooperative in-situ construction method. The structure is that the nanometer material with electrocatalysis function is uniformly loaded in the film pore channel along the thickness direction of the film. The size of the nano material will be limited to be smaller than the pore size of the membrane without agglomeration larger than the pore size of the membrane. The membrane pore canal with uniform distribution and large specific surface area of the membrane pore canal can effectively improve the dispersibility of the nano material. The high degree of dispersion of the nanomaterial will effectively enhance the contact between the reactant and the nanomaterial. The confined space of the membrane pores is similar to a microreactor, so that the thickness of a boundary layer is further reduced, and the mass transfer process of reactants to the surface of an electrocatalyst is enhanced. Therefore, the dispersion strengthening contact of the nano material and the strengthening mass transfer of the pore space of the membrane are cooperated to strengthen the electrocatalytic reaction process.
In order to fix the nano material in the membrane pore canal of the conductive microporous membrane, a precursor solution of the nano material enters the membrane pore canal in a seepage way by adopting a seepage way, so that the whole pore canal is ensured to be soaked by a reactant solution. And drying the film to deposit a precursor solution in the film pore. Then another precursor solution is introduced into the film pore channel to synthesize the catalyst nano-particles in situ. Finally obtaining the nano materials such as metal simple substances, bimetal, metal oxides, metal alloys, MOFs and the like. And (3) controlling the loading content of the nano material in the membrane pore passage by repeating the flow synthesis step.
The microporous membrane adopted by the invention is formed by the following conductive materials, such as: foamed stainless steel, foamed titanium, carbon, and the like. The porous base membrane can be formed by, but not limited to, high-temperature sintering, bonding and electrostatic spinning sintering. The aperture of the conductive microporous membrane is in the range of 0.1-10 μm, and the porosity is in the range of 20-80%.
The prepared nano material with the electrocatalysis function has the particle size within the range of 1nm-100nm, and is uniformly and fixedly carried in the film pore channel of the whole conductive microporous film along the film thickness direction. The nano material immobilized in the conductive microporous membrane has uniform particle size and uniform distribution. The electrochemical performance of the nanomaterial is significantly influenced by the crystal structure of the nanomaterial, and the nanomaterial with different crystal morphologies including but not limited to nanospheres, nanosheets, nanowires and the like can be prepared in the pores of the membrane. In addition, the change of the structure of the nano material influences the performance of the nano material such as specific surface area, electron transfer rate and the like, and the nano material with different structures can be prepared in the membrane pores, wherein the structure can be a core-shell structure, a hollow structure, a solid structure and the like.
The structured nanostructured electrocatalytic film can be used in general electrocatalytic reaction processes, such as electrocatalytic oxidation reaction using the electrocatalytic film as an anode, or electrocatalytic reduction reaction using the electrocatalytic film as a cathode. Including but not limited to organic wastewater treatment (e.g., phenolic wastewater, organic waste water, etc.)Organic dyes, etc.) and organic synthesis (e.g., oxidation of hydroxy compounds), CO2Reduction, N2Reduction, electrolysis to produce hydrogen, etc. In the electrocatalysis reaction process, the electrocatalysis membrane can be used as a conventional electrode for carrying out the electrocatalysis process in an intermittent reaction mode, and also can be used as a porous membrane electrode for carrying out the electrocatalysis process in a flow-through reaction mode.
Compared with the common electrode, the nano material with electrocatalytic activity is not required to be fixed on the electrode through bonding. By the flow-reaction synergistic in-situ construction method, the synthesized nano catalytic material has small particle size and uniform size distribution, and is stably and fixedly carried in the membrane pore channel of the microporous conductive membrane. If the electrocatalytic membrane with the nano structure is used as a conventional electrode to react in an intermittent reaction mode, the nano material is prevented from agglomerating in the range of the dimension larger than the pore channel of the membrane due to the dispersion effect of the pore channels of the membrane, the surface utilization rate of the nano material is improved, the contact between a reaction fluid and the surface of a catalyst is strengthened in the electrocatalytic reaction process, and the electrocatalytic reaction process is effectively strengthened. When the nano-structured electrocatalytic membrane is used as a porous membrane electrode to react in a flow-through reaction mode, reaction fluid also flows through the electrocatalytic membrane in a forced convection mode, and reaction sites in the whole membrane thickness direction are fully utilized. In the process of flowing through the membrane, reactant fluid is limited in the membrane pore canal of nanometer level for reaction, and the heat and mass transfer process in the membrane pore canal is effectively strengthened, thereby strengthening the electrocatalytic reaction process.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a nanostructured electrocatalytic membrane
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of a cross section of a nanostructured electrocatalytic film
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a catalytic reaction of a nanostructured electrocatalytic film.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples, and various modifications and implementations are included within the technical scope of the present invention without departing from the content and scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
this implementationIn the examples, the pore diameter is 5 μm, the porosity is 40%, and the external surface area is 39cm2The porous Stainless Steel (SS) tubular membrane is taken as a carrier, MnO2Preparation of MnO with nano material as catalyst2@ SS nanostructured electrocatalytic membranes. For testing MnO2The catalytic performance of the @ SS catalytic membrane is that the electrocatalytic oxidation of phenol is selected as a reaction model. The specific implementation steps are as follows:
(1) one end of the pretreated porous stainless steel tubular membrane is connected with a peristaltic pump. The tube body is immersed in 0.4mol/L manganese sulfate solution, and under the action of a peristaltic pump, MnSO is added4The solution slowly permeates through the membrane. Subsequently, the tubular membrane is placed into a 135 ℃ oven to be dried for 2 h;
(2) immersing a porous stainless steel tubular membrane with manganese sulfate crystals deposited in membrane pores in 0.1mol/L KMnO4In solution, KMnO under the action of peristaltic pump4The solution slowly permeates through the membrane and the MnSO deposited in the pores of the membrane4Reaction, in situ synthesis of MnO2And (3) nano materials. Then, putting the porous stainless steel membrane into a 135 ℃ oven for drying for 2 h;
and (3) repeating the steps (1) and (2) until MnO2The load reaches the expected value to obtain MnO2@ SS nanostructured electrochemical membranes;
(4) MnO to be prepared2The @ SS nano-structure electrocatalytic membrane is used as an anode, the graphite electrode is used as a cathode, the electrochemical workstation outputs a stable direct current power supply, and the wire is connected with the electrode and the power supply to form a loop. The operating conditions were as follows: anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na) with voltage maintained at 2V, 15g/L2SO4) As a supporting electrolyte, the initial concentration of phenol was 500 mg/L.
(5) Study of MnO in flow-through reaction mode2The electrocatalytic properties of @ SS. MnO2@ SS is immersed in the phenol solution, and the open end is connected with a peristaltic pump. The solution is pumped from the MnO under negative pressure by a peristaltic pump2The @ SS tube was infiltrated into the tube outside the tube, and the solution downstream of the membrane was collected with a beaker. The residence time of the solution is controlled by adjusting the rotation speed of the peristaltic pump. Measuring the concentration of phenol in a downstream solution by using a 4-aminoantipyrine-spectrophotometry, and calculating the removal rate of phenol;
(6) meterCalculating to obtain MnO2When the solution residence time of the @ SS nano electro-catalytic membrane is 5.34min, the removal rate of phenol reaches 97.94%.
Example 2:
in this embodiment, the pore diameter is 3 μm, the porosity is 30%, and the external surface area is 47cm2As a support, MnO2The nano material is used as an electrocatalyst. For testing MnO2The catalytic performance of the @ Ti electro-catalytic membrane is that n-propanol is oxidized to generate n-propionic acid as a reaction model. The specific implementation steps are as follows:
(1) MnO was prepared according to the procedure described in example 12Nano particles are loaded in the film pore channels of the porous titanium film in situ;
(2) MnO to be prepared2The @ Ti nano-structure electrocatalytic membrane is used as an anode, the graphite electrode is used as a cathode, the electrochemical workstation outputs a stable direct current power supply, and the wire is connected with the electrode and the power supply to form a loop. The operating conditions were as follows: the voltage is maintained at 4V, 15g/L of Na2SO4As a supporting electrolyte, the initial concentration of n-propanol is 160 mmol/L;
(3) study of MnO in flow-through reaction mode2The electrocatalytic properties of @ Ti. MnO2@ Ti is immersed in n-propanol solution, and the open end is connected with a peristaltic pump. The solution is pumped from the MnO under negative pressure by a peristaltic pump2The @ Ti tube was infiltrated outside the tube into the tube and the solution downstream of the membrane was collected with a beaker. The residence time of the solution is controlled by adjusting the rotation speed of the peristaltic pump. Measuring the concentration of the product in the downstream solution by using gas chromatography, and calculating the yield of the n-propionic acid;
(4) calculating to obtain MnO2When the dwell time of the @ Ti nano electro-catalytic membrane in the solution is 8.54min, the conversion rate of the n-propanol reaches 30 percent, and the selectivity of the n-propionic acid reaches 75 percent.
Example 3:
in this example, the pore diameter is 5 μm, the porosity is 40%, and the external surface area is 39cm2The porous stainless steel tubular membrane is used as a carrier, and the ZIF-67 nano material is used as a catalyst to prepare the ZIF-67@ SS nano-structure electro-catalytic membrane. In order to test the catalytic performance of the ZIF-67@ SS electrocatalytic membrane, electrocatalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) is selected as a reaction model. The specific implementation steps are as follows:
(1) one end of the pretreated porous stainless steel tubular membrane is connected with a peristaltic pump. The tube body is immersed in 0.05mol/L cobalt nitrate solution, and the cobalt nitrate solution slowly permeates through the membrane under the action of a peristaltic pump. Then, the tubular membrane is placed into a 60 ℃ oven to be dried for 2 hours;
(2) immersing the stainless steel tubular membrane with the cobalt nitrate crystals deposited in the membrane holes in 0.4 mol/L2-methylimidazole solution, slowly permeating the 2-methylimidazole solution through the membrane under the action of a peristaltic pump, reacting with the cobalt nitrate deposited in the membrane holes, and synthesizing the ZIF-67 nano material in situ. Then, putting the porous stainless steel membrane into a 60 ℃ oven to be dried for 2 h;
(3) repeating the steps (1) and (2) until the load of the ZIF-67 reaches a desired value, so as to obtain the ZIF-67@ SS nano-structure electrocatalytic membrane;
(4) the prepared ZIF-67@ SS nanostructure electro-catalysis film is used as a cathode, a graphite electrode is used as an anode, a stable direct current power supply is output by an electrochemical workstation, and a wire is connected with the electrode and the power supply to form a loop. The operating conditions were as follows: na with voltage maintained at-1V, 15g/L2SO4For supporting the electrolyte, the initial concentration of p-NP was 0.25 mmol/L.
(5) The electrocatalytic properties of ZIF-67@ SS were studied in a batch reaction mode. The ZIF-67@ SS was immersed in 300mL of p-NP solution, samples were taken at 2min intervals and the remaining concentration of p-NP in the solution was determined using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Calculating the removal rate of the p-NP;
(6) and calculating to obtain the p-NP removal rate of the ZIF-67@ SS nano electro-catalytic membrane which reaches 99% when the solution reaction time is 10 min.
1.B.Qiu,S.Fan,Y.Wang,J.Chen,Z.Xiao,Y.Wang,Y.Chen,J.Liu,Y.Qin,S.Jian,Catalytic membrane micro-reactor with nano ZIF-8immobilized in membrane pores for enhanced Knoevenagel reaction of Benzaldehyde and Ethyl cyanoacetate,Chemical Engineering Journal 400(2020).
2.Y.Chen,Z.Mai,S.Fan,Y.Wang,B.Qiu,Y.Wang,J.Chen,Z.Xiao,Synergistic enhanced catalysis of micro-reactor with nano MnO2/ZIF-8immobilized in membrane pores by flowing synthesis,Journal of Membrane Science 628(2021).
3.B.P.Chaplin,Critical review of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for water treatment applications,Environ Sci Process Impacts 16(2014)1182-203.
4.Y.Yang,J.Li,H.Wang,X.Song,T.Wang,B.He,X.Liang,H.H.Ngo,An electrocatalytic membrane reactor with self-cleaning function for industrial wastewater treatment,Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 50(2011)2148-50.
5.Y.Qin,S.Jian,K.Bai,Y.Wang,Z.Mai,S.Fan,B.Qiu,Y.Chen,Y.Wang,Z.Xiao,Catalytic Membrane Reactor of Nano(Ag+ZIF-8)@Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)Built by Deep-Permeation Synthesis Fabrication,Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research 59(2020)9890-9899.
6.Y.Qin,Z.Xiao,S.Jian,Y.Wang,S.Fan,Y.Wang,B.Qiu,J.Liu,Z.Wang,Q.Wan,Deep-Permeation Nanocomposite Structure of ZIF-8 inside Porous Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)by Flow Synergistic Synthesis,Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research 58(2019)23083-23092.
7.B.Qiu,S.Fan,Y.Chen,J.Chen,Y.Wang,Y.Wang,J.Liu,Z.Xiao,Micromembrane absorber with deep-permeation nanostructure assembled by flowing synthesis,AIChE Journal.10.1002/aic.17272(2021)。
Claims (10)
1. An electrocatalytic membrane with a nano structure is characterized in that a nano material with an electrocatalytic function is loaded in a conductive porous membrane by a flow-reaction synergistic method to prepare the electrocatalytic membrane with the nano structure.
2. According to the claim 1, the nanomaterial precursor solution with electrocatalytic function seeps into the membrane pore channels of the conductive porous membrane, reacts in the confined space to synthesize the nano electrocatalytic material, and is uniformly distributed in the membrane pore channels along the thickness direction of the membrane.
3. According to claim 2, the nano-materials with electrocatalytic function include, but are not limited to, elementary metals, bi-metals, metal oxides, metal alloys, MOFs, etc.
4. According to claim 2, the nanomaterial has a size in the range of 1nm to 100nm and the topography includes, but is not limited to, nanospheres, nanoplatelets, nanowires, and the like.
5. According to claim 2, the structure of the electrocatalytic nanomaterial can be a core-shell structure, a hollow structure, a solid structure and the like.
6. According to claim 1, the conductive porous membrane material includes but is not limited to a foamed stainless steel membrane, a foamed titanium membrane, a carbon membrane, and the like, and the structure of the membrane includes but is not limited to a tubular membrane and a flat membrane.
7. According to claim 6, the conductive porous film has a pore size in the range of 0.1 μm to 10 μm.
8. According to claim 1, the electrocatalytic membrane can be used as an anode for electrocatalytic oxidation reactions or as a cathode for electrocatalytic reduction reactions.
9. According to claim 8, the application of the electrocatalytic membrane includes but is not limited to organic wastewater treatment, organic synthesis, CO2Reduction, N2Reduction, electrolysis to produce hydrogen, etc.
10. According to claim 8, the electrocatalytic membrane can be used as an electrode for electrocatalytic reactions in a batch reaction mode or a flow-through reaction mode.
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