Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide a security element, a security article, a detection method and apparatus, a detection device, and a storage medium.
According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a security element comprising: the pattern layer is provided with a conductive pattern and a non-conductive pattern; the conductive pattern can change the capacitance distribution of the touch screen in a state that the conductive pattern is in contact with the touch screen; and under the condition that the non-conductive pattern is in contact with the touch screen, the non-conductive pattern cannot change the capacitance distribution of the surface layer of the touch screen.
Optionally, the conductive pattern and the non-conductive pattern are provided on one pattern layer at the same time.
Optionally, the conductive pattern and the non-conductive pattern are respectively disposed on different pattern layers.
Optionally, the conductive pattern and the non-conductive pattern have the same or similar color.
Optionally, the conductive pattern and the non-conductive pattern at least partially overlap.
Optionally, the non-conductive pattern overlies the conductive pattern.
Optionally, the transparency of the conductive pattern in the visible light range is greater than a transparency threshold, wherein the transparency threshold comprises: transparency of 10%.
Optionally, the conductive pattern contains at least one conductive material therein, wherein the conductive material includes: at least one of metal powder, sheet metal, conductive carbon black, silver paste, nano silver, conductive polymer and two-dimensional conductive material.
Optionally, the conductive pattern and/or the non-conductive pattern are formed in a manner including: printing, coating, spin coating, evaporation or etching.
According to a second aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a security article comprising: a security element as described above.
Optionally, the security article is a foldable or rollable security article comprising: securities, documents, banknotes.
According to a third aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a method of detecting a security article as described above, comprising: acquiring capacitance distribution change data of a conductive pattern of the anti-counterfeiting element on the touch screen in a state that the anti-counterfeiting element of the security article is in contact with the touch screen; wherein the conductive pattern is capable of altering a capacitance profile of the touch screen; determining contact point information corresponding to the conductive pattern according to the capacitance distribution change data; and comparing the contact information with preset inspection standard information, and identifying the authenticity of the anti-counterfeiting element based on a comparison result.
Optionally, the inspection standard information includes: standard pattern information; the contact information includes: detecting pattern information corresponding to the conductive pattern; the identifying the authenticity of the anti-counterfeiting element based on the comparison result comprises the following steps: if the detection pattern information is the same as the detection pattern information, determining that the anti-counterfeiting element is a true anti-counterfeiting element; and if the detection pattern information is different from the detection pattern information, determining that the anti-counterfeiting element is a false anti-counterfeiting element.
Optionally, during verification, generating detection prompt information for the anti-counterfeiting element; wherein the detecting the prompt message comprises: and simultaneously or sequentially pressing a plurality of pattern layers of the anti-counterfeiting element on the touch screen.
Optionally, the standard pattern information and the detection pattern information include: relative position and distance between the contacts, contact area, change information of charge signal distribution, and corresponding pressure value information.
According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus for detecting a security article as described above, comprising: the signal acquisition module is used for acquiring capacitance distribution change data of the conductive patterns of the anti-counterfeiting element on the touch screen under the state that the anti-counterfeiting element of the security article is in contact with the touch screen; wherein the conductive pattern is capable of altering a capacitance profile of the touch screen; the data extraction module is used for determining contact information corresponding to the conductive patterns according to the capacitance distribution change data; and the data processing module is used for comparing the contact information with preset inspection standard information and identifying the authenticity of the anti-counterfeiting element based on a comparison result.
Optionally, the inspection standard information includes: standard pattern information; the contact information includes: detecting pattern information corresponding to the conductive pattern; the data processing module is specifically configured to determine that the anti-counterfeiting element is a true anti-counterfeiting element if the detection pattern information is the same as the detection pattern information; and if the detection pattern information is different from the detection pattern information, determining that the anti-counterfeiting element is a false anti-counterfeiting element.
Optionally, the detection prompting module is configured to generate detection prompting information for the anti-counterfeiting element during verification; wherein the detecting the prompt message comprises: and simultaneously or sequentially pressing a plurality of pattern layers of the anti-counterfeiting element on the touch screen.
According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure there is provided an apparatus for detecting a security article as described above, comprising: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory, the processor configured to perform the method as described above based on instructions stored in the memory.
According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a detection apparatus comprising: touch screen, device for detecting a security article as described above.
Optionally, the detection device is an intelligent terminal or a wearable device.
According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer readable storage medium storing computer instructions for execution by a processor to perform the method as described above.
The anti-counterfeiting element, the safety article, the detection method and device, the detection equipment and the storage medium collect capacitance distribution change data of the conductive pattern of the anti-counterfeiting element on a touch screen, and determine contact information corresponding to the conductive pattern; comparing the contact information with the inspection standard information to identify the authenticity of the anti-counterfeiting element; the anti-counterfeiting element can be detected by using various devices with touch screens, and the detection method is simple and convenient to popularize and promote; the anti-counterfeiting method has the characteristics that the anti-counterfeiting element is easy to identify and difficult to forge, the counterfeiting threshold is improved, the safety is improved, and the user experience is improved.
Detailed Description
Example embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely a subset of the embodiments of the present disclosure and not all embodiments of the present disclosure, with the understanding that the present disclosure is not limited to the example embodiments described herein.
It should be noted that: the relative arrangement of the components and steps, the numerical expressions, and numerical values set forth in these embodiments do not limit the scope of the present disclosure unless specifically stated otherwise.
It will be understood by those of skill in the art that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the embodiments of the present disclosure are used merely to distinguish one element from another, and are not intended to imply any particular technical meaning, nor is the necessary logical order between them.
It is also understood that in embodiments of the present disclosure, "a plurality" may refer to two or more than two and "at least one" may refer to one, two or more than two.
It is also to be understood that any reference to any component, data, or structure in the embodiments of the disclosure, may be generally understood as one or more, unless explicitly defined otherwise or stated otherwise.
In addition, the term "and/or" in the present disclosure is only one kind of association relationship describing the associated object, and means that there may be three kinds of relationships, such as a and/or B, and may mean: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" in the present disclosure generally indicates that the former and latter associated objects are in an "or" relationship.
It should also be understood that the description of the various embodiments of the present disclosure emphasizes the differences between the various embodiments, and the same or similar parts may be referred to each other, so that the descriptions thereof are omitted for brevity.
Meanwhile, it should be understood that the sizes of the respective portions shown in the drawings are not drawn in an actual proportional relationship for the convenience of description.
The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses.
Techniques, methods, and apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may not be discussed in detail but are intended to be part of the specification where appropriate.
It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, further discussion thereof is not required in subsequent figures.
As shown in fig. 1, the present disclosure provides a security element 1 including a pattern layer 11, and a conductive pattern 111 and a non-conductive pattern 112 are disposed on the pattern layer 11. In a state where the conductive pattern 111 is in contact with the touch screen, the conductive pattern 111 can change capacitance distribution of the touch screen; in a state where the non-conductive pattern 112 is in contact with the touch screen, the non-conductive pattern 112 cannot change the capacitance distribution of the surface layer of the touch screen.
In one embodiment, the identification of the security element is performed using capacitive technology and through a touch screen. The number of the pattern layers 11 of the security element 1 may be one or more, and the number of the conductive patterns 111 and the non-conductive patterns 112 may be one or more. When the conductive pattern 111 contacts the touch screen, the surface capacitance distribution of the touch screen can be changed through the conductive pattern 111, so that the touch screen generates response; the non-conductive pattern 112 does not cause the touch screen to respond when it contacts the touch screen. The touch screen is set to an activated state in which touch point data can be recorded.
The touch screen can be various existing capacitive touch screens. For example, the capacitive touch screen is a four-layer composite glass screen, the inner surface and the interlayer of the glass screen are respectively coated with a layer of ito (indium Tin oxides) to form a capacitor, and four electrodes are led out from four corners of the capacitive touch screen.
When a finger of a person directly or a material with better conductivity and the like contacts the surface of the capacitive touch screen, a coupling capacitor is formed by the finger or the conductive material and a working surface due to a human body electric field, a small current is absorbed by the finger or the conductive material due to the fact that a high-frequency signal is connected to the working surface, the current respectively flows out of electrodes on four corners of the capacitive touch screen, theoretically, the current flowing through the four electrodes is proportional to the distance from the finger to the four corners of the capacitive touch screen, and the controller calculates the contact position of the conductive pattern and the surface of the screen through precise calculation of the proportion of the four currents to generate response.
The conductive pattern 111 is made of a material with good conductivity, and when the conductive pattern 111 contacts the capacitive touch screen, the conductive pattern 111 can change the capacitance distribution on the surface of the touch screen, so that the touch screen generates response.
When the non-conductive pattern 112 contacts the capacitive touch screen, since the conductivity of the material of the non-conductive pattern 112 contacting the surface of the capacitive touch screen is not high enough, the non-conductive pattern 112 and the surface of the capacitive touch screen cannot form an effective coupling capacitance, the high-frequency current on the surface of the capacitive touch screen cannot be changed, and the touch screen cannot respond.
One or more conductive patterns 111 and non-conductive patterns 112 may be simultaneously disposed on one pattern layer 11. The conductive pattern 111 and the non-conductive pattern 112 may be respectively disposed on different pattern layers 11. The conductive pattern 111 and the non-conductive pattern 112 have the same or similar color.
Various methods can be used to determine whether the conductive pattern 111 and the non-conductive pattern 112 are similar in color. For example, a first gray value of the color of the conductive pattern 111 is obtained, a second gray value of the color of the non-conductive pattern 112 is obtained, and if the difference between the first gray value and the second gray value is smaller than a preset difference threshold, the colors of the conductive pattern 111 and the non-conductive pattern 112 are determined to be similar.
In one embodiment, the conductive pattern 111 and the non-conductive pattern 112 may be on the same pattern layer and formed in the same process, with the same or similar color. The conductive pattern 111 and the non-conductive pattern 112 may be formed on different pattern layers sequentially in the same or different processes, and have the same or different appearance colors. For example, the conductive pattern 111 is formed before the non-conductive pattern 112.
The conductive pattern 111 and the non-conductive pattern 112 at least partially overlap, and the non-conductive pattern 112 may also cover the conductive pattern 111. The transparency of the conductive pattern 111 in the visible light range is greater than a transparency threshold, which may be a transparency of 10%, etc. For example, the conductive pattern 111 has a transparency of not less than 10% in the visible light range.
Conductive pattern 111 contains at least one conductive material, which includes: at least one of metal powder, sheet metal, conductive carbon black, silver paste, nano silver, conductive polymer and two-dimensional conductive material. The conductive pattern and/or the non-conductive pattern can be formed by printing, coating, spin coating, evaporation, etching, or the like. The material contained in the non-conductive pattern 112 includes an insulating or semiconductor material, such as a non-metallic material, printing ink, and the like.
In one embodiment, the conductive pattern 111 and the non-conductive pattern 112 are on the same pattern layer, but formed by different processes, and have different colors, wherein the non-conductive pattern area is a transparent photo-curing adhesive, the transparent pattern with grooves is formed on the transparent substrate after coating and nano-imprinting, the conductive pattern area is silver paste, the non-conductive pattern is filled into the grooves in a coating or blade coating manner after the non-conductive pattern is formed, the non-transparent conductive pattern is formed in the grooves, and the transparency of the anti-counterfeiting element is still not less than the transparency threshold.
In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a security article comprising a security element as in any of the embodiments above. The security article is a foldable or rollable security article, including securities, documents, banknotes, etc.
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of one embodiment of a detection method for a security article according to the present disclosure, as shown in FIG. 2:
step 201, acquiring capacitance distribution change data of a conductive pattern of an anti-counterfeiting element on a touch screen under the state that the anti-counterfeiting element of a safety article is in contact with the touch screen; the conductive patterns can change capacitance distribution of the touch screen.
In one embodiment, the detection standard information of the anti-counterfeiting element to be detected is preserved in advance, and the contact point information of the conductive pattern on the touch screen can be determined through the touch screen by using the capacitance information. Partially folding and/or curling the detected security article prior to detection; upon detection, one or more patterned layers (areas) on the security article are pressed against the touch screen simultaneously or sequentially according to the detection method prompted by the device.
In the state where the forgery prevention element is in contact with the touch screen, various methods can be employed to acquire data concerning changes in capacitance distribution of the touch screen. For example, when the anti-counterfeiting element is in contact with a screen, only the area with the conductive image-text can enable the corresponding contact position to generate current change in the whole contact area, so that touch response is caused; the non-conductive areas do not respond as described above and therefore data of the change in capacitance at the contact location can be recorded by the device for determination.
The security element is flexible and rollable, wherein the distribution and communication of the conductive patterns is determined according to the design. The detection method for the anti-counterfeiting element comprises the following steps: the finger does not directly press the screen; when in detection, the two sides of the anti-counterfeiting element are held by hands, the anti-counterfeiting element is curled, and at least one position of a finger is contacted with one part of the conductive image-text in the element, so that the micro-current of a human body is conducted to the communication area of the whole conductive image-text; and then the curled anti-counterfeiting element enables specific pictures and texts in the anti-counterfeiting element to be in contact with the screen according to the prompt given on the screen.
If the conductive images and texts of the conductive circuits need to be detected respectively, the equipment prompts in sequence to change the contact position of the finger and the anti-counterfeiting element or the contact image and text position of the anti-counterfeiting element and the screen.
The touch screen can be set to an activated state capable of recording contact data, and response data of the conductive pattern on the touch screen, which is acquired by the capacitive sensor, is acquired, namely capacitance distribution change data of the conductive pattern on the touch screen.
In step 202, contact information corresponding to the conductive pattern is determined according to the capacitance distribution change data.
In one embodiment, the conductive pattern can change capacitance distribution of the touch screen and can cause capacitance change when the anti-counterfeiting element is in contact with the touch screen, and the capacitance sensor collects corresponding electrical signals and converts the electrical signals into contact information corresponding to the conductive pattern.
Step 203, comparing the contact information with preset inspection standard information, and identifying the authenticity of the anti-counterfeiting element based on the comparison result.
In one embodiment, conductive pattern feature data which should be possessed by the security article is stored in advance in the detection device with the touch screen as the check standard information. And comparing the collected contact information with the inspection standard information to identify the authenticity of the safe article.
The inspection standard information comprises standard pattern information, and the contact information comprises detection pattern information corresponding to the conductive pattern; the standard pattern information and the detection pattern information include relative positions and distances between the contacts, contact areas, change information of charge signal distribution, and corresponding pressure value information, and the like. For example, the standard pattern information and the detection pattern information include information on relative positions and distances between different contacts, a change in current signal distribution, a change in charge signal distribution, a pressure value, a contact area, and the like. If the detection pattern information is the same as the detection pattern information, determining the anti-counterfeiting element as a true anti-counterfeiting element; and if the detection pattern information is different from the detection pattern information, determining that the anti-counterfeiting element is a false anti-counterfeiting element.
Various methods can be used to obtain the standard pattern information and the detection pattern information. For example, when a touch signal is sensed by a screen of the capacitive touch screen, coordinate values (x, y) of a touch point in the screen can be recorded, so that when multiple touch points are touched, the relative position and distance of each point can be calculated; by acquiring basic data in the capacitance sensor by software, such as the coordinates and number of pixels in which the charge distribution changes, the pressure value of the pressure sensor in the coordinates, and the like, information such as the contact area can be calculated.
During verification, detection prompt information for the anti-counterfeiting element is generated, and the detection prompt information can be displayed in a dialog box or other forms. The detection prompt message comprises: and pressing a plurality of pattern layers of the anti-counterfeiting element on the touch screen simultaneously or sequentially to obtain the information. The user can contact the anti-counterfeiting element of the security article with the touch screen by adopting a corresponding method according to the detection prompt information displayed by the dialog box and the like.
As shown in fig. 3, the anti-counterfeit element of the security article to be detected is pressed on the touch screen in the activated state by a finger, the capacitance distribution change data of the touch screen can be read, the distribution situation of the conductive patterns in the anti-counterfeit element is calculated based on the capacitance distribution change data, and the contact information of the finger region with a larger pressure value is removed, so that the authenticity can be identified. Various methods can be used to calculate the distribution of the conductive patterns in the security element. For example, according to the number of contacts in the capacitive screen, the position and the area of each contact, the trend of the conductive image-text in the area where the element is in contact with the screen can be drawn, similar to the trend of the current.
As shown in fig. 4, the anti-counterfeit element of the security article to be detected is pressed on the touch screen in the activated state, and slides, so that the capacitance distribution of the touch screen and the real-time change data of the contact area can be read, and the contact information of the finger area with a larger pressure value is removed, thereby calculating the distribution of the conductive patterns in the anti-counterfeit element, and performing authenticity identification.
As shown in fig. 5, after the security article to be detected is curled by one hand, the anti-counterfeiting element is pressed on the touch screen in an activated state, so that capacitance distribution change data of the touch screen can be read, and the distribution situation of the conductive patterns in the anti-counterfeiting element is calculated based on the capacitance distribution change data, thereby performing authenticity identification.
As shown in fig. 6, two hands contact two ends of the security article to be detected, and the anti-counterfeiting element is pressed on the touch screen in an activated state, so that capacitance distribution change data of the touch screen can be read, and the distribution situation of the conductive patterns in the anti-counterfeiting element is calculated based on the capacitance distribution change data, thereby performing authenticity identification.
In one embodiment, as shown in fig. 7, the present disclosure provides an apparatus 50 for detecting a security article as in any of the above embodiments, comprising: a signal acquisition module 51, a data extraction module 52, a data processing module 53 and a detection prompt module 54.
The signal acquisition module 51 acquires capacitance distribution change data of the conductive patterns of the anti-counterfeiting element on the touch screen in a state that the anti-counterfeiting element of the security article is in contact with the touch screen; the conductive patterns can change capacitance distribution of the touch screen. After the conductive pattern changes the capacitance distribution of the touch screen, the signal acquisition module 51 continuously acquires the capacitance distribution change data of the contact area between the anti-counterfeiting element and the touch screen through the capacitive sensor, wherein the acquisition times are not less than preset times, for example, 10 times.
The data extraction module 52 determines contact information corresponding to the conductive pattern from the capacitance distribution change data. The data processing module 53 compares the contact information with the preset inspection standard information, and identifies the authenticity of the anti-counterfeiting element based on the comparison result. The anti-counterfeiting element can be detected through a touch screen, a capacitive sensor and the like arranged in the detection equipment, and authenticity identification can be carried out.
In one embodiment, the verification criterion information includes standard pattern information; the contact information includes detection pattern information and the like corresponding to the conductive pattern. If the detected pattern information is the same as the detected pattern information, the data processing module 53 determines that the anti-counterfeiting element is a true anti-counterfeiting element; if the detected pattern information is different from the detected pattern information, the data processing module 53 determines that the security element is a false security element.
The detection prompt module 54 generates detection prompt information for the anti-counterfeiting element during verification; the detection prompt information comprises prompt information that a plurality of pattern layers of the anti-counterfeiting element are pressed on the touch screen simultaneously or sequentially.
In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a detection device for a security article, which may include a memory 61, a processor 62, a communication interface 63, and a bus 64, as shown in fig. 8. The memory 61 is used for storing instructions, the processor 62 is coupled to the memory 61, and the processor 62 is configured to execute the detection method for the security article based on the instructions stored in the memory 61.
The memory 61 may be a high-speed RAM memory, a non-volatile memory (non-volatile memory), or the like, and the memory 61 may be a memory array. The storage 61 may also be partitioned and the blocks may be combined into virtual volumes according to certain rules. The processor 62 may be a central processing unit CPU, or an application Specific Integrated circuit asic, or one or more Integrated circuits configured to implement the detection method for a security article of the present disclosure.
In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a detection apparatus comprising a touch screen, a device for detecting a security article as in any of the above embodiments. The detection device is an intelligent terminal or wearable device and the like, and the intelligent terminal can be an intelligent mobile phone, a tablet personal computer, an intelligent watch and the like.
In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a computer-readable storage medium storing computer instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement a method as in any one of the above embodiments.
A computer-readable storage medium may employ any combination of one or more readable media. The readable medium may be a readable signal medium or a readable storage medium. A readable storage medium may include, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or a combination of any of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the readable storage medium may include: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable disk, a hard disk, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
The foregoing describes the general principles of the present disclosure in conjunction with specific embodiments, however, it is noted that the advantages, effects, etc. mentioned in the present disclosure are merely examples and are not limiting, and they should not be considered essential to the various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the foregoing disclosure of specific details is for the purpose of illustration and description and is not intended to be limiting, since the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the specific details so described.
In the anti-counterfeiting element, the security article, the detection method and device, the detection device and the storage medium in the above embodiments, capacitance distribution change data of the conductive pattern of the anti-counterfeiting element to the touch screen is collected, and contact information corresponding to the conductive pattern is determined; comparing the contact information with the inspection standard information to identify the authenticity of the anti-counterfeiting element; the anti-counterfeiting element can be detected by using various devices with touch screens, so that the anti-counterfeiting element is convenient to popularize and promote for consumers; the anti-counterfeiting method has the characteristics that the anti-counterfeiting element is easy to identify and difficult to forge, the counterfeiting threshold is improved, the safety is improved, and the user experience is improved.
In the present specification, the embodiments are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same or similar parts in the embodiments are referred to each other. For the system embodiment, since it basically corresponds to the method embodiment, the description is relatively simple, and for the relevant points, reference may be made to the partial description of the method embodiment.
The block diagrams of devices, apparatuses, systems referred to in this disclosure are only given as illustrative examples and are not intended to require or imply that the connections, arrangements, configurations, etc. must be made in the manner shown in the block diagrams. These devices, apparatuses, devices, and systems may be connected, arranged, configured in any manner, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Words such as "including," comprising, "having," and the like are open-ended words that mean "including, but not limited to," and are used interchangeably therewith. The words "or" and "as used herein mean, and are used interchangeably with, the word" and/or, "unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The word "such as" is used herein to mean, and is used interchangeably with, the phrase "such as but not limited to".
The methods and apparatus of the present disclosure may be implemented in a number of ways. For example, the methods and apparatus of the present disclosure may be implemented by software, hardware, firmware, or any combination of software, hardware, and firmware. The above-described order for the steps of the method is for illustration only, and the steps of the method of the present disclosure are not limited to the order specifically described above unless specifically stated otherwise. Further, in some embodiments, the present disclosure may also be embodied as programs recorded in a recording medium, the programs including machine-readable instructions for implementing the methods according to the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure also covers a recording medium storing a program for executing the method according to the present disclosure.
It is also noted that in the devices, apparatuses, and methods of the present disclosure, each component or step can be decomposed and/or recombined. These decompositions and/or recombinations are to be considered equivalents of the present disclosure.
The previous description of the disclosed aspects is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to these aspects, and the like, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
The foregoing description has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. Furthermore, the description is not intended to limit embodiments of the disclosure to the form disclosed herein. While a number of example aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain variations, modifications, alterations, additions and sub-combinations thereof.