CN113253538A - Wide-frequency tuning path entanglement and frequency entanglement chip based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer - Google Patents
Wide-frequency tuning path entanglement and frequency entanglement chip based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The sum frequency is tuned based on the mach-zehnder interferometer wide-rate tuning path. The chip for generating the wide-frequency tuning path entanglement and the frequency entanglement of the Mach-Zehnde interferometer based on multi-period polarization and electro-optic regulation comprises a waveguide light path, a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator, a multi-period polarization area and an MZ interferometer which are sequentially connected; the multicycle polarization area is composed of a plurality of ferroelectric domains with different cycles, and the wide-tuning second-order nonlinear photon frequency conversion is realized; the waveguide optical path consists of a single-mode waveguide, an inverted cone waveguide and a waveguide beam splitter, and realizes linear processing on light or photons generated from a periodic polarization region; the waveguide electro-optic phase modulator is characterized in that an electrode is manufactured on a waveguide, and an electric field is applied to the electrode to change the refractive index in the waveguide so as to modulate the phase of photons; the MZ interferometer consists of a single-mode waveguide, a waveguide beam splitter and a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator, and the electro-optic phase modulator is used for realizing the accurate control of the beam splitting ratio of the MZ interferometer under different frequencies. And forming the chip type electronic control wide-frequency tuning quantum light source.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the fields of quantum information technology, photoelectronic technology and nonlinear optics, in particular to a quantum light source for realizing chip by using integrated optical technology and thinking. In particular to a wide frequency tuning path entanglement and frequency entanglement generation chip based on multi-period polarization and electro-optical regulation Mach-Zehnder (Mach-Zehnder) interferometer.
Background
The quantum light source comprises a single photon source, an all-homophoton source, an entangled light source and the like, and is a core resource in quantum information technology such as quantum communication and quantum computation. Therefore, how to prepare quantum light sources, especially adjustable, efficient, stable and portable quantum light sources, has been a difficult point and a hotspot in the field of quantum information research. Historically, methods for generating quantum photon pairs have been: (1) atomic cascade transition [1 ]; (2) four-wave mixing process [2] in atomic systems; (3) silicon-based [3, 4] or silicon-based [5, 6] in optical fiber; (4) optical parametric down-conversion processes in second order nonlinear crystals [7, 8 ]. The atomic cascade transition process is adopted at the initial stage of quantum optical experiment, and is abandoned later because the generated state is not ideal enough, and the atomic ensemble is complex and large, so that the method is not a portable method for conveniently acquiring entangled photons. Now, the latter two schemes are adopted, and the optical parametric process based on the nonlinear crystal is a second-order nonlinear process, which is stronger than the third-order nonlinear effect in the optical fiber and the silicon-based waveguide by many orders of magnitude, so that the photon pair yield has high yield, and meanwhile, the entangled photons in the crystal can cover wider wavelength, so that the optical parametric process becomes one of the most common methods for generating entangled photon pairs at present.
In the second-order parametric down-conversion process based on the nonlinear crystal, one high-frequency pump photon can be split into a pair of low-frequency down-conversion photons, which are respectively called as a signal photon and an idle photon, and are also called as an entangled photon pair. The process needs to satisfy the energy conservation and momentum conservation conditions. Nonlinear crystals generating entangled photon pairs are classified according to the realization condition of momentum conservation, one is uniform birefringence matching crystal, and the other is quasi-phase matching material based on periodic ferroelectric phase reversal. In contrast, quasi-phase matching has the advantages of higher nonlinear coefficient, more flexible phase matching mode, wider entangled photon coverage band, easy realization of control of degrees of freedom such as spectral momentum and the like [9-12 ]. In particular, quasi-phase matching materials such as lithium niobate can be processed into waveguides, the photon pair generation efficiency is further improved [13, 14], the realization possibility of the realization of quantum light source chip is provided, the defects of complex, huge, unstable and difficult expansion of bulk optical paths and the like can be overcome, and the integrated chip type quantum light source output is realized.
In recent years, chip-type quantum light sources based on lithium niobate waveguide light paths have been reported by researchers at home and abroad, for example, the inventor subject group has successfully developed the first international electrically-controlled lithium niobate path entanglement source [15] in 2014, and has also developed related photon pairs [16, 17, 18] in lithium niobate thin film waveguides in recent years by international and the same lines, and the inventor subject group has shown the basic advantages of the lithium niobate waveguide chip for generating photons, including high photon yield, low loss, capability of electro-optical regulation and the like. But all have major disadvantages, such as:
1) the lithium niobate thin film waveguide [16-18] chip has a simpler structure, is a single-mode waveguide or a single micro-ring structure, can only generate basic associated photon pairs, cannot directly generate entanglement on the chip, does not have an integrated electro-optical modulator to adjust the photon phase, and does not have programmability and dynamic adjustment performance. In addition, the lithium niobate thin film has a single polarization period, can only generate photons with a single wave band, and cannot generate photon pairs covered by a wide wave band.
2) The device design in the first lithium niobate optical quantum chip [15] completed in 2014 by the inventor of the invention has no robustness, core devices such as a waveguide coupler and the like are greatly influenced by process disturbance, and the 50: 50 splitting ratio is difficult to obtain, and the best 46: 54 splitting ratio in multiple batches is adopted in published texts at that time for experiments. Therefore, the device design performance was low at that time, and the device had no practical applicability. In addition, the chip design only comprises a planning period, only a narrow photon pair in a specific section can be generated, the requirement of simultaneous working or tuning of a plurality of wave bands cannot be met, and the chip design can not be applied to the technical fields of quantum storage with wavelength selection or wavelength adjustment requirements, quantum communication WDM channels, quantum detectors with absolute efficiency standard and the like, and the fields of quantum simulation and quantum calculation which cannot be qualified for dynamic switching of quantum states.
Reference documents:
1.A.Aspect，P.Grangier，and G.Roger，Phys.Rev.Let.49，91(1982).
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D.A.Braje，P.Kolchin，G.Y.Yin，and S.E.Harris，Phys.Rev.Lett.94，183601(2005).
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4J.E.Sharping，K.F.Lee，M.A.Foster，A.C.Turner，B.S.Schmidt，M.Lipson，A.L.Gaeta，and P.Kumar，Opt.Exp.14，12388，(2006).
5.J.E.Sharping，M.Fiorentino，and P.Kumar，Opt.Lett.26，367-369(2001).
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11.M.C.Booth,M.Atatüre,G.Di Giuseppe,B.E.A.Saleh,A.V.Sergienko,and M.C.Teich,Phys.Rev.A 66,023815(2002).
12.X.Q.Yu,P.Xu,Z.D.Xie,J.F.Wang,H.Y.Leng,J.S.Zhao,S.N.Zhu,N.B.Ming,Phys Rev.Lett.101,233601(2008).
13.S.Tanzilli,H.De Riedmatten,H.Tittel,H.Zbinden,P.Baldi,M.De Micheli,D.B.Ostrowsky,andN.Gisin,Electron.Lett.37,26(2001).
14.K.Sanaka,K.Kawahara,and T.Kuga,Phys.Rev.Lett.86,5620(2001).
15.H.Jin,F.M.Liu,P.Xu,J.L.Xia,M.L.Zhong,Y.Yuan,J.W.Zhou,Y.X.Gong,W.Wang,and S.N.Zhu,Phys.Rev.Lett.113,103601(2014).
16.J.Chen,Y.M.Sua,Z.Ma,C.Tang,Z.Li,and Y.P.Huang,,OSA Continuum 2,2914-2924(2019).
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18.Z.Ma,J.Y.Chen,Z.Li,C.Tang,Y.M.Sua,H.Fan,and Y.P.Huang,Phys.Rev.Lett.125,263602(2020).
disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems mentioned above, and provides a quantum light source chip based on multi-period polarization and MZ interferometer and a setting method thereof, and a chip and a setting method for generating entanglement of a wide frequency tuning path and entanglement of a frequency based on multi-period polarization and electro-optical regulation Mach-Zehnder (Mach-Zehnder) interferometer. Therefore, the quantum light source with the tunable frequency and the multiple types including the path bunching state, the path anti-bunching state, the frequency entanglement state and the like is realized, and the setting method of the chip type electric control multifunctional quantum light source is provided. The invention utilizes the thought and the technology of integrated optics to improve the expansibility, the integration, the stability, the portability, the practicability and the like of the quantum light source.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the wide frequency tuning path entanglement and frequency entanglement generation chip based on the multi-period polarization and electro-optic regulation Mach-Zehnder interferometer comprises a waveguide light path, a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator, a multi-period polarization area and a waveguide Mach-Zehnde (MZ) interferometer which are sequentially connected; the multicycle polarization area is composed of a plurality of ferroelectric domains with different periods and periodically reversed, and the wide-tuning second-order nonlinear photon frequency conversion is realized; the waveguide optical path consists of a single-mode waveguide, an inverted cone waveguide and a waveguide beam splitter, and realizes linear processing on light or photons generated from a periodic polarization region;
the waveguide electro-optic phase modulator is characterized in that an electrode is manufactured on a waveguide, and an electric field is applied to the electrode to change the refractive index in the waveguide so as to modulate the phase of photons; the waveguide MZ interferometer consists of a single-mode waveguide, a waveguide beam splitter and a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator, and the precise control of the beam splitting ratio of the MZ interferometer under different frequencies is realized through the waveguide electro-optic phase modulator; combining a multi-period polarization area, a waveguide optical path, a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator and an MZ interferometer with an accurate splitting ratio to realize multi-type output of photons in a quantum interference loop, wherein the multi-type output comprises a wide-frequency-tuned path entanglement bunching state, a wide-frequency-tuned anti-bunching state and a wide-frequency-tuned frequency entanglement state;
a waveguide interference optical path is processed on a single crystal which takes ferroelectric materials such as lithium niobate and the like as matrix materials, and a multi-period polarization area is processed by carrying out domain inversion on partial area.
The chip adopts the integration of a multi-period polarization area, a waveguide light path, a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator and a waveguide MZ interferometer. The waveguide optical path splits the entering pump light through a waveguide beam splitter, and the split pump light enters a multi-period polarization region to be subjected to frequency down-conversion to obtain an entangled photon pair. The different periodic polarization regions will produce different frequency entangled photon pairs. Entangled photon pairs of different frequencies then continue into the MZ interferometer for quantum interference. The phase of the MZ interferometer is controlled by a waveguide electro-optic modulator built in the chip. By adjusting the voltage in the MZ interferometer, the MZ interferometer is accurately controlled to become a balanced beam splitter under different frequencies, so that the BRHOM interference can be generated on the parameter light of different frequencies. By adjusting the phase of the pump light, several wide-tuning high-quality quantum light sources are obtained. The multicycle polarization region is especially composed of a plurality of periodically reversed ferroelectric domains with different cycles, and the wide-tuning second-order nonlinear photon frequency conversion is realized.
The chip setting method of the invention comprises the following steps: the whole chip is divided into three areas in sequence; region I is the processing of classical pump light, splitting and phase modulation of the pump light. The region II is a domain inversion region, also called a nonlinear region, the inversion structure comprises a multi-period structure such as a plurality of polarization periods or a non-period structure, and the upper and lower pump lights are converted into a plurality of entanglement of different wave bandsPhoton pairs which produce a path bunching state forming a wide tuning of frequency from the upper or lower path
Region III is an MZ interferometer consisting of two identical waveguide splitters and a built-in electro-optic phase modulator. The phase of the parametric photon is adjusted by a built-in electro-optical modulator, so that the MZ interferometer can achieve a beam splitting ratio of accurate balance for the parametric light with degeneracy or nondegeneration of wide tuning frequency, and further generate balance time reversal Hong-Ou-Mandel (BRHOM) interference. If the phase difference between the upper path and the lower path in the path bunching state generated in the II area satisfies
And the transmissivity of the first and second waveguide beam splitters in relation to frequency
Under the condition of frequency degeneracy, the path entanglement bunching state is subjected to interference light path to obtain an anti-bunching state
Under the condition of nondegenerate frequency, the frequency entanglement state is obtained after passing through an interference optical path
For having a phase difference
Under the condition of frequency degeneracy, obtaining the path entanglement bunch state after interference, namely
Under the condition of non-degenerate frequency, the path entanglement bunching state is obtained after the interference
Preparing a waveguide light path (region I), a periodic polarization region (region II) of a nonlinear region and an interference region (region III) for processing entangled photons on a Z-cut lithium niobate substrate; a first waveguide 3 for inputting the pump light 1 into the waveguide optical path by an optical fiber 2; then the first waveguide 3 is input into the second and third waveguides 6, 7, respectively, via the waveguide Y-splitter; the Y-beam splitter, the first waveguide, the second waveguide and the third waveguide are single-mode waveguides aiming at the frequency of the pump light; then, a fourth waveguide 11 and a fifth waveguide 12 are arranged and connected with the second waveguide and the third waveguide respectively to convert the second waveguide and the third waveguide into wider parametric optical wavelength single-mode waveguides, namely, a sixth waveguide 13 and a seventh waveguide 14; electrodes 8, 9 and 10 of a first electro-optical modulator are arranged above the second waveguide 6 and the third waveguide 7 or above the sixth waveguide and the seventh waveguide and are used for adjusting the phase difference between the two paths of pump light; the sixth waveguide 11 and the seventh waveguide 12 are respectively connected with eighth waveguide 13 and ninth waveguide 14, regions II contain periodic polarization structures, the periodic polarization structures further include non-periodic structures or multi-periodic structures, the multi-periodic structures are divided into N polarization regions, namely a first polarization region 15, a second polarization region 16, a third polarization region 17, and a fourth polarization region 18. The region II is followed by a region III, the photon pair enters the region III, a first waveguide beam splitter 20-25 arranged in the region III realizes the interference of the photon pair, in the waveguide beam splitter, 20 and 21 are 2 curved waveguides which are used for closing the waveguides far away from the uncoupled waveguide into parallel waveguides 22 and 23 which can be coupled, and 24 and 25 are curved waveguides which are used for separating the two waveguides close to the waveguide in reverse. The effective coupling waveguide length of the parallel waveguides 22 and 23 is designed to be half of the coupling length of a certain parametric optical frequency, the tenth waveguide and the eleventh waveguide 26 and 27 are respectively connected behind the first waveguide beam splitter, and the tenth waveguide and the eleventh waveguide are provided with electrodes 28,29 and 30 of a second electro-optic modulator, so that the parametric optical phase adjustment is realized; then the photon pair passes through a second beam splitter 31-36 which is completely the same as the first beam splitter for second interference, and the setting of 31-36 is completely the same as that of 21-25; the interfered photons are output into the twelfth and thirteenth waveguides 37, 38 and are coupled into (output from) the second and third optical fibers 39, 40.
The interferometer is an MZ interferometer and consists of a first waveguide beam splitter, a second waveguide beam splitter and a second electro-optical modulator, the second electro-optical modulator controls the MZ interferometer to realize accurate balanced beam splitting or other specific beam splitting ratios applicable to multiple wavelengths, and then the multi-type high-quality quantum light source is obtained. The waveguide interferometer comprises a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, a complex interference light path consisting of a cascade structure of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and other equivalent interferometers, and the phase regulation and control of the interferometers are realized through an electro-optic effect.
The first electro-optical modulator electrode structure and the second electro-optical modulator electrode structure adopt a push-pull structure, namely, the directions of electric fields applied in the two parallel waveguides are opposite, so that the phase of one path is increased while the phase of the other path is reduced by the same amount.
The multi-period polarization region structure of the region II comprises a plurality of polarization periods, namely a non-periodic structure or a plurality of cascade periodic structures, wherein the non-periodic structure is a non-periodic function when a polarization function is designed and comprises a plurality of parameters of different periods, the cascade periodic structure means that single-period structures of different periods are connected in series in space, photon pairs of different frequencies are generated in different polarization periods corresponding to the same pumping frequency, and degenerate photon pairs are generated in respective periods corresponding to different pumping light frequencies.
All waveguide turns (bends) in fig. 1 should actually be realized with curved waveguides having a certain curvature, and here the simplification is only illustrated as obtuse angle turns.
The invention mainly comprises the steps of carrying out waveguide processing by taking ferroelectric materials such as lithium niobate and the like as matrix materials and carrying out multi-period polarization on partial regions, so that a chip can generate parameter photon pairs with wide frequency tuning, and realizing BRHOM interference (HOM refers to Hong-Ou-Mandel interference, is an important technology in quantum optical experiments, is used for measuring the arrival time difference between two photons generated in the conversion process under spontaneous parameters at first and then is gradually applied to the fields of quantum key distribution, linear optical quantum calculation and the like by adjusting an electro-optic modulator and a MZ interferometer on the chipme-reversed HOM, which is the reverse process of HOM interference); several controllable high-quality quantum light sources with wide frequency tuning are obtained. The whole chip is divided into three areas; the region I is used for processing classical pump light and mainly used for splitting and modulating the phase of the pump light; the region II is a nonlinear region, and the multi-period polarization regions in the upper path and the lower path convert the pump light into a frequency-tunable parametric photon pair; the photons are generated from the upper path or the lower path to form a path entangled bunch state
Zone iii processes the photon pairs, interfering on a MZ interferometer consisting of two waveguide splitters and an electro-optic modulator. If the phase difference between the upper path and the lower path in the path entanglement bunching state generated by the area II satisfies
And the transmissivity of the first and second waveguide beam splitters in relation to frequency
Under the condition of frequency degeneracy, the path entanglement bunching state is subjected to interference light path to obtain an anti-bunching state
Under the condition of nondegenerate frequency, the frequency entanglement state is obtained after passing through an interference optical path
For having a phase difference
Under the condition of frequency degeneracy, obtaining the path entanglement bunch state after interference, namely
Under the condition of non-degenerate frequency, the path entanglement bunching state is obtained after the interference
The invention has two key points: (1) a multi-period polarization area is arranged in the waveguide optical path, and a plurality of parameter photon pairs with different frequencies are generated by converting pump optical parameters in the area; (2) the structure of the waveguide MZ interferometer is equivalently used for realizing an accurate beam splitter, and the voltage of an internal electro-optic modulator of the MZ interferometer is controlled for realizing the dynamic switching of quantum light sources of different frequencies and different types. The invention combines a multicycle polarization area, a waveguide optical path, a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator and an MZ interferometer with an accurate splitting ratio to realize the accurate regulation and control of photon states and the multi-type output of the photon states in a quantum interference loop, wherein the multi-type output comprises a wide-frequency tuning path bunching state, a wide-frequency tuning path anti-bunching state and a wide-frequency tuning frequency entanglement state. The invention provides a chip type electronic control multi-type wide-frequency tuning quantum light source which has the characteristics of high stability, portability, configurability and the like.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method is mainly based on the characteristics of a lithium niobate material and a waveguide MZ interferometer: (1) the lithium niobate material has a higher second-order nonlinear optical coefficient, and the nonlinear coefficient can be manually regulated (a multicycle polarization region consists of a plurality of periodically reversed ferroelectric domains with different periods, and reference can be made to the prior patent of the applicant). Therefore, the high-efficiency quasi-phase matching optical frequency conversion, such as the optical parametric down-conversion process, is realized, bright parametric photon pairs are obtained, the frequency of the parametric photon pairs can be flexibly designed by changing the period of the structure, and a plurality of periods correspond to a plurality of photon pairs with different frequencies; (2) the lithium niobate material has a large electro-optic coefficient, can realize rapid and accurate photon phase regulation, the modulation rate of the titanium diffusion waveguide is about 40GHz generally, the laboratory demonstration can reach 100GHz, and the existing lithium niobate thin-film electro-optic modulator is higher and can exceed 100 GHz; (3) the lithium niobate can be processed into a waveguide by methods such as proton exchange, titanium diffusion, ion implantation film and the like, so that the generation efficiency of entangled photons can be further improved. (4) The waveguide MZ interferometer has compact structure and brings stable phase-sensitive interference. (5) The waveguide MZ interferometer is suitable for photons with different frequencies in a wide waveband, and can be controlled to become a balanced beam splitter for wide-frequency operation through a waveguide electro-optic modulator inside the interferometer. Based on the advantages of the lithium niobate system and the waveguide MZ interferometer, the invention designs the high-quality quantum light source chip with tunable frequency based on the optical superlattice waveguide based on the lithium niobate material, and provides a multi-type quantum light source which is in chip, stable, practical, portable, frequency tunable.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an electro-optic modulator of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a related arrangement of an MZ interferometer equivalent to a balanced beam splitter; fig. 3(a) is a graph showing a change in transmittance with wavelength of the first beam splitter; FIG. 3(b) is a graph of the wavelength interval and corresponding V required to enable an MZ interferometer to be a balanced beam splitter at different frequenciesc；
FIG. 4 is a graph of the frequency doubled operating wavelength of the multicycle polarization region in region II;
FIG. 5 on-chip BRHOM interference of degenerate photon pairs resulting from different pump light wavelengths; a in FIG. 51,b1,c1Detection curves for BRHOM interference output term 20 (both photons in a beamed state on one path), 02 (both photons in a beamed state on the other path), and 11 (both photons in an anti-beamed state on both paths), respectively, for a photon pair wavelength of 1523.6nm, graph a2,b2,c2Detection curves for BRHOM interference output terms 20, 02, and 11, respectively, for photon pair wavelength 1564nm, plot a3,b3,c3Detection curves for BRHOM interference output terms 20, 02, and 11, respectively, for photons versus 1601nm wavelength.
FIG. 6 on-chip BRHOM interference of non-degenerate photon pairs. A in FIG. 61,b1,c1、a2,b2,c2、a3,b3,c3The detection curves of BRHOM interference output items 20, 02 and 11 when the wavelength difference of the photons is 20nm, 40nm and 60nm respectively.
FIG. 7 is an off-chip HOM interference case of the anti-bunching state of the photon pairs generated in 19-15 after they pass through the MZ interferometer again. FIGS. 7(a) - (e) are the HOMs of degenerate photon pairs, and FIGS. 7(f) - (h) are the HOMs of non-degenerate photon pairs.
Detailed Description
The following is a detailed description of the chip structure. Taking lithium niobate materials as an example, a quantum light source chip based on lithium niobate multi-period polarization and MZ interferometer is provided. The Z-cut lithium niobate substrate is divided into a waveguide light path, a multi-period polarization area and an MZ interferometer area. Region i is the processing of classical pump light, splitting and phase modulation of the pump light. The region II is a multi-period polarization region, also called inversion region or called nonlinear region, and can convert two paths of pump light into frequency-wide-tuned entangled photon pairs, and the photon pairs are generated from the upper path or the lower path to form a frequency-wide-tuned path entangled bunching state
Zone iii, 41, is an MZ interferometer, consisting of two identical waveguide splitters and an electro-optic phase modulator. The phase of the parametric photons is adjusted through the electro-optical modulator, so that the interferometer can achieve balanced beam splitting on the parametric light with degeneracy or nondegeneration of wide tuning frequency, and further balanced time reversal BRHOM interference occurs. If the phase difference between the upper path and the lower path in the path entanglement bunching state generated by the area II satisfies
And the transmissivity of the first and second waveguide beam splitters in relation to frequency
Under the condition of frequency degeneracy, the path entanglement bunching state is subjected to interference light path to obtain an anti-bunching state
Under the condition of nondegenerate frequency, the frequency entanglement state is obtained after passing through an interference optical path
For having a phase difference
Under the condition of frequency degeneracy, obtaining the path entanglement bunch state after interference, namely
Under the condition of non-degenerate frequency, the path entanglement bunching state is obtained after the interference
The various elements of the chip of fig. 1 are numbered. A first waveguide 3 for inputting the pump light 1 into the waveguide optical path by an optical fiber 2; then respectively inputting a second waveguide 6 and a third waveguide 7 through a waveguide Y-beam splitter; the Y-beam splitter, the first waveguide, the second waveguide and the third waveguide are single-mode waveguides aiming at the frequency of the pump light; then, a fourth waveguide 11 and a fifth waveguide 12 are arranged to respectively convert the second waveguide and the third waveguide into wider parametric optical wavelength single mode waveguides, namely, a sixth waveguide 13 and a seventh waveguide 14; first electro-optical modulator electrodes 8, 9 and 10 are arranged above the first waveguide 6 and the second waveguide 7 or above the sixth waveguide and the seventh waveguide and are used for adjusting the phase difference between the two paths of pump light; the eighth and ninth waveguides 13 and 14, the region II, include periodic polarization, the polarization structure is a non-periodic structure or a multi-periodic structure, the multi-periodic structure is divided into N polarization regions, which are the first polarization region 15, the second polarization region 16, the third polarization region 17, and the fourth polarization region 18.. the nth polarization region 19, respectively, and the N polarization regions generate parametric photon pairs with different frequencies; the photon pair enters a third area, reaches a first waveguide beam splitter 20-25 for interference, the length of the waveguide beam splitter is designed to be half of the coupling length of a certain parametric optical frequency, and then the photon pair passes through tenth and eleventh waveguides 26 and 27, and three electrodes 28,29 and 30 of a second electro-optical modulator are arranged above the tenth and eleventh waveguides, so that the parametric optical phase adjustment is realized; then the photon pair undergoes a second interference by a second beam splitter 31-36 identical to the first beam splitter; the interfered photons are output into the twelfth and thirteenth waveguides 37, 38 and coupled into the second and third optical fibers 39, 40. All waveguide turns in fig. 1 should actually be realized with curved waveguides having a certain curvature, here illustrated as obtuse angle turns for simplicity. After the entangled photons are output from 39 and 40, a fiber Bragg grating or an interference filter is needed to further attenuate the pump light to extract the parametric light. A silicon dioxide buffer layer covers the whole lithium niobate chip to protect a waveguide light path, so that surface scratches are reduced, and loss is reduced.
Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the first phase modulator of fig. 1. The electrode 9 is grounded on or above the waveguide 6. The electrodes 8, 10 are connected to a dc voltage. The electrode 10 is above the waveguide 7. 42, 43, 44 are silicon dioxide buffer layers, and the buffer layers 45, 46 between the electrode pairs are etched away to reduce dc drift. A second electro-optic modulator having the same structure as in figure 2 is added to the 26, 27 waveguides as part of the MZ interferometer.
Example 1: the titanium diffusion lithium niobate waveguide chip based on multicycle polarization and MZ interferometer:
the interval between the two parallel waveguides 22, 23 in the first waveguide beam splitter is 4 μm and the length thereof is 850 μm, the parameter settings of the two parallel waveguides 33,34 in the second waveguide beam splitter are identical to those of the first waveguide beam splitter, the incident pump light is 1250 nm 1640nm, the wavelength increases with 10nm, and the transmittance (T) of the first beam splitter is measured2). The second set of electrodes 28,29,30 is set to be 5mm long. When the voltage of the second group of electrodes is VcIn time, the MZ interferometer achieves balanced splitting of different frequencies. FIG. 3(a) is a graph showing a variation of transmittance with wavelength of the first beam splitter; FIG. 3(b) shows the wavelength interval and the corresponding V needed to make the MZ interferometer a balanced beam splitter (50: 50 splitting) at different frequenciesc. The results show that>Within the tuning range of 200nm, photons of different frequencies can be precisely measured by the MZ interferometer by 50: 50 beam splitting achieves the original design purpose of the invention.
The design of the periodically poled II regions 15-19 is as follows. Designing quasi-phase matching condition beta with period satisfying spontaneous parametric down-conversion in waveguidep-βs-β i2 pi/Λ, wherein βp,βs,βiFundamental mode propagation constants for pump, signal and idler light, respectively, by dispersion of lithium niobate material and waveguideThe processing technology is jointly determined. For a proton exchange waveguide, only e-light can propagate, and the largest nonlinear coefficient d can be used33. By selecting a proper waveguide preparation process, the period range of the design of the polarization region 19-15 in the region II is 14.6-16.2 μm (increasing by taking 0.4 μm as a step size), and parametric photon pairs of five frequency bands near 1550 can be prepared. According to the process conditions, the parametric photon pairs corresponding to different frequencies are output in different periodic polarization regions by changing the frequency of the pump light. In fig. 4, we have tested the frequency doubling working frequency at 30 ℃, the inverse process is the parametric photon generation process, the corresponding pumping frequency is half of the fundamental frequency in the frequency doubling process in the figure, the frequency for generating degenerate parametric photons is the fundamental frequency in frequency doubling, and the parametric photon pairs with different frequencies can be generated on a single chip by adjusting the pumping frequency.
In FIG. 5, we tested the BRHOM interference of degenerate photon pairs generated by different pump lights, first according to V in FIG. 3cThe control MZ interferometer is equivalent to 50: 50 balanced beam splitters, then adjusted
Switching between the bunched and unbundled states is seen. After pump filtering of the 39,40 coupled-out fibers, the evolution of the quantum states is observed by coincidence measurement of the photons (39 and 39,40 and 40, 39 and 40) coupled into the second and third fibers. FIG. 5 (a)1)-(a3),(b1)-(b3) The interference of a photon generated in the first polarization region 15 with a BRHOM; FIG. 5 (c)1)-(c3) The BRHOM interference of the photon pairs generated in the third and fifth polarization regions (17 and 19) is observed by coincidence measurement output fibers (39 and 40), respectively. The contrast is obtained by fitting each curve in fig. 5, and from the results, it is judged that the frequency-tunable BRHOM interference effect is good, wherein the contrast of the interference curve of the degenerate photon pair reaches over 99%. The above results demonstrate that indeed MZ interferometers can achieve the exact 50: 50 splitting (wavelength and voltage pair according to fig. 3)Response relationship), thereby greatly improving the contrast of quantum interference and improving the quality of the quantum light source in a path bunching state, a reverse bunching state and the like. These results are fundamentally different than the work in 2014 of this subject group, and the device performance is greatly improved.
FIG. 6 (a)1)-(a3),(b1)-(b3) Is the case of interference of a BRHOM by the nondegenerate photon generated in 15; FIG. 6 (c)1)-(c3) The BRHOM interference of the photon pairs generated in 17 th and 19 th, respectively, was observed by coincidence measurements (39 and 40), as above. The contrast is obtained by fitting each curve in FIG. 6, and from the results, it is judged that the BRHOM interference effect with tunable frequency is good, and the nondegenerate photon pair reaches 98%
In fig. 7, we tested the off-chip HOM interference in the anti-bunching state under the frequency tuning effect, and first controlled the MZ interferometer to be equivalent to a balanced beam splitter with a specific wavelength according to Vc in fig. 3, and then adjusted
Until fixed at the anti-bunching state at a particular wavelength. After pump filtering is performed on the optical fibers coupled out by 39 and 40, the optical fibers respectively enter the coupling end (one end of which is provided with a fiber delay device) of the fiber splitter, the coupling end of the fiber splitter is subjected to coincidence measurement to observe the quality of the anti-bunching state, and fig. 7(a) - (h) show the HOM interference condition of the anti-bunching state after photon pairs generated in 19-15 pass through the MZ interferometer. From the results of obtaining contrast by fitting to each curve in fig. 7, it was determined that the frequency tunable anti-bunching state works well, where the degenerate photon pairs (fig. 7(a) - (e)) all reached 99% and the non-degenerate photon pairs all reached 96% (fig. 7(f) - (h), with the central wavelengths of the photon pairs differing by 20nm, 40nm, and 60nm, respectively). These results are fundamentally different than the work in 2014 of this subject group, and the device performance is greatly improved.
Claims (7)
1. The wide frequency tuning path entanglement and frequency entanglement generation chip based on the multi-period polarization and electro-optic regulation Mach-Zehnder interferometer is characterized by comprising a waveguide light path, a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator, a multi-period polarization area and a waveguide Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer which are sequentially connected; the multicycle polarization area is composed of a plurality of ferroelectric domains with different periods and periodically reversed, and the wide-tuning second-order nonlinear photon frequency conversion is realized; the waveguide optical path consists of a single-mode waveguide, an inverted cone waveguide and a waveguide beam splitter, and realizes linear processing on light or photons generated from a periodic polarization region;
the waveguide electro-optic phase modulator is characterized in that an electrode is manufactured on a waveguide, and an electric field is applied to the electrode to change the refractive index in the waveguide so as to modulate the phase of photons; the waveguide MZ interferometer consists of a single-mode waveguide, a waveguide beam splitter and a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator, and the precise control of the beam splitting ratio of the MZ interferometer under different frequencies is realized through the waveguide electro-optic phase modulator; the multi-type output of photons in a quantum interference loop is realized by combining a multi-period polarization area, a waveguide optical path, a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator and an MZ interferometer, and the multi-type output comprises a wide-frequency-tuned path entanglement bunching state, a wide-frequency-tuned anti-bunching state and a wide-frequency-tuned frequency entanglement state;
a waveguide light path is processed on a single crystal using ferroelectric materials such as lithium niobate and the like as matrix materials, and a multi-period polarization region is processed by performing domain inversion on partial regions.
2. The chip of claim 1, wherein the integration of a waveguide optical path, a multi-period polarization region, a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator, and a waveguide MZ interferometer is adopted, the waveguide optical path splits the incoming pump light by a waveguide beam splitter, and the split pump light enters the multi-period polarization region to undergo frequency down-conversion to obtain entangled photon pairs; different periods of the polarization regions will produce different frequency entangled photon pairs; entangled photon pairs of different frequencies then continue into the MZ interferometer for quantum interference. The phase of the MZ interferometer is controlled by a waveguide electro-optic modulator built in the chip. By adjusting the voltage in the MZ interferometer, the MZ interferometer is accurately controlled to become a balanced beam splitter under different frequencies, so that the BRHOM interference can be generated on the parameter light of different frequencies. By adjusting the phase of the pump light, several wide-tuning high-quality quantum light sources are obtained.
3. The chip of claim 2, wherein the chip is prepared by preparing a waveguide light path (region I), a periodic polarization region (region II) of a nonlinear region, and an interference region (region III) for entangled photon treatment on a Z-cut lithium niobate substrate, wherein the region III is an MZ interferometer comprising two identical waveguide beam splitters and a built-in electro-optic phase modulator; in the region I, a first waveguide (3) is arranged, wherein the optical fiber (2) inputs the pump light (1) into the waveguide light path; the first waveguide is then fed into second and third waveguides (6, 7) respectively via a waveguide Y-splitter; the Y-beam splitter, the first waveguide, the second waveguide and the third waveguide are single-mode waveguides aiming at the frequency of the pump light; then, a fourth waveguide (11) and a fifth waveguide (12) are arranged and connected with the second waveguide and the third waveguide respectively to convert the second waveguide and the third waveguide into wider parametric optical wavelength single-mode waveguides, namely, a sixth waveguide (13) and a seventh waveguide (14); electrodes (8, 9, 10) of a first electro-optical modulator are arranged above the second waveguide and the third waveguide (6, 7) or the sixth waveguide and the seventh waveguide and are used for adjusting the phase difference between the two paths of pump light; the sixth waveguide (11) and the seventh waveguide (12) are respectively connected with the eighth waveguide (13) and the ninth waveguide (14), the region II comprises a periodic polarization structure, namely a region II, the periodic polarization structure further comprises a non-periodic structure or a multi-periodic structure, the multi-periodic structure is divided into N polarization regions, namely a first polarization region (15), a second polarization region (16), a third polarization region (17) and a fourth polarization region (18). the. The area II is a third area, the photon pair enters the third area, a first waveguide beam splitter (20-25) arranged in the third area realizes the interference of the photon pair, and waveguides (20, 21) in the waveguide beam splitter are two bent waveguides which are used for closing the waveguides far away from the uncoupled waveguide into parallel waveguides (22, 23) which can be coupled; the effective coupling waveguide length of the parallel waveguides (22, 23) is designed to be half of the coupling length of a certain parametric optical frequency, the tenth waveguide and the eleventh waveguide (26, 27) are respectively connected behind the first waveguide beam splitter, and electrodes (28, 29, 30) of the second electro-optic modulator are arranged on the tenth waveguide and the eleventh waveguide to realize the parametric optical phase adjustment; then the photon pair undergoes a second interference through a second beam splitter (31-36) identical to the first beam splitter; the interfered photons are output to twelfth and thirteenth waveguides (37, 38) and coupled into second and third (output) optical fibers.
4. The method of chip placement according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the entire chip is divided into three regions in sequence; the region I is used for processing classical pumping light, and carrying out beam splitting and phase modulation on the pumping light; the region II is a domain inversion region, also called a nonlinear region, the inversion structure comprises a multi-periodic structure such as a plurality of polarization periods or a non-periodic structure, the upper and lower pump lights are converted into a plurality of entangled photon pairs with different wave bands, and the photon pairs generate a path bunching state forming wide frequency tuning from the upper path or the lower path
The area III is an MZ interferometer which comprises two identical waveguide beam splitters and a built-in electro-optic phase modulator, and the built-in electro-optic phase modulator is used for adjusting the phase of a parameter photon, so that the MZ interferometer can achieve a precise balanced splitting ratio to degenerate or non-degenerate parameter light of a wide tuning frequency, and further generates balanced time reversal Hong-Ou-Mandel (BRHOM) interference; if the phase difference between the upper path and the lower path in the path bunching state generated in the area II meets the requirement
And the transmissivity of the first and second waveguide beam splitters in relation to frequency
Under the condition of frequency degeneracy, the path entanglement bunching state is subjected to interference light path to obtain an anti-bunching state
Under the condition of nondegenerate frequency, the frequency entanglement state is obtained after passing through an interference optical path
For having a phase difference
Under the condition of frequency degeneracy, obtaining the path entanglement bunch state after interference, namely
Under the condition of non-degenerate frequency, the path entanglement bunching state is obtained after the interference
5. The setting method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the interferometer is an MZ interferometer which is composed of a first waveguide beam splitter, a second waveguide beam splitter and a second electro-optical modulator, and the second electro-optical modulator controls the MZ interferometer to realize accurate balanced beam splitting or other specific beam splitting ratios applicable to multiple wavelengths, so as to obtain multiple types of high-quality quantum light sources; the waveguide interferometer comprises a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, a complex interference light path consisting of a cascade structure of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and other equivalent interferometers, and the phase regulation and control of the interferometers are realized through an electro-optic effect.
6. A method according to claim 4 or 5 wherein the first and second electro-optic modulator electrode structures are push-pull structures in which the electric fields applied to the two parallel waveguides are in opposite directions so that one path increases in phase while the other path decreases in phase by the same amount.
7. The setting method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the multi-period polarization region structure of the region II comprises a plurality of polarization periods, that is, an aperiodic structure or a plurality of cascaded periodic structures, the aperiodic structure is an aperiodic function when designing the polarization function and comprises a plurality of parameters of different periods, the cascaded periodic structures refer to that single periodic structures of different periods are connected in series in space, different polarization periods correspond to photon pairs of different frequencies generated under the same pumping frequency, and degenerate photon pairs are respectively generated in respective periods corresponding to different pumping frequencies.
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