CN113231070B - Preparation method and application of composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst - Google Patents

Preparation method and application of composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst Download PDF

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CN113231070B
CN113231070B CN202110436826.2A CN202110436826A CN113231070B CN 113231070 B CN113231070 B CN 113231070B CN 202110436826 A CN202110436826 A CN 202110436826A CN 113231070 B CN113231070 B CN 113231070B
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李峰
王浩
范国利
杨兰
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Beijing University of Chemical Technology
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Abstract

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of a composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst. The invention adopts a coprecipitation method assisted by a micro-liquid film reactor and uses NaBH 4 Adding a precipitant and a reducing agent, copper nitrate, cerium nitrate, zirconium nitrate and a surfactant solution into a micro liquid film reactor at the same time for explosive rapid nucleation, then transferring the obtained suspension into a high-pressure reaction kettle for hydrothermal crystallization, and then washing, drying, roasting and reducing to obtain the composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst. Application of the catalyst to CO 2 In the reaction of synthesizing the methanol by hydrogenation, the pressure is 3MPa, and the space velocity is 18000h ‑1 At the temperature of 220-260 ℃, the conversion rate reaches 8% -20%, the selectivity reaches 68% -90%, and the catalyst still shows good stability in the reaction for 72 hours, and has wide application prospects in the fields of industrial catalysis, novel energy and chemical industry and the like.

Description

Preparation method and application of composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of catalyst preparation, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst.
Background
In recent years, with the emission of a large amount of carbon dioxide, not only the greenhouse effect is more serious, but also the waste of resources is caused. The efficient use of carbon dioxide is a promising topic and currently some important advances are being made. It has been shown that CO 2 Can be converted into some high-value products, such as methane, methanol and olefin. Methanol is an important chemicalIndustrial raw materials and promising liquid fuels, CO 2 Conversion to methanol is of more practical significance. In CO 2 In the hydrogenation reaction, copper-based and noble metal-based catalysts have been studied to some extent. Compared with noble metal-based catalysts, copper-based catalysts have been widely studied due to their low cost, good activity, and high practicability. On the other hand, researchers are becoming aware of the importance of supports that not only facilitate improved dispersion of the active metal, enhance the interaction between the metal and the support, but also modify the surface chemical state of the catalyst (oxygen vacancies, surface acidity and basicity).
Supported catalyst in CO 2 Hydrogenation is widely used, and the interaction and interface effect between active metal and carrier are especially important to catalytic performance. Traditional supported catalysts are often prepared by a coprecipitation method and an impregnation method, however, in the methods, metal salt precursors are used as active components to be loaded on the surface of a carrier, the contact between the active metals and the carrier is not tight enough, the formed interface is deficient, the interface interaction is weak, the active components are easy to agglomerate and grow in the preparation process or sinter at high temperature, the dispersion is more uneven, the stability is poor, and the catalytic performance is affected.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method and application of a composite metal oxide solid solution supported copper inverse catalyst.
In the composite metal oxide solid solution copper-supported reverse catalyst of the present invention, zrO of small particles 2 -CeO 2 The composite metal oxide solid solution is uniformly dispersed around the copper active nano particles with large particle size, the average particle size of the copper active nano particles is 7-10nm, zrO is added into the composite metal oxide solid solution 2 -CeO 2 The average particle diameter of the composite metal oxide solid solution is 5-7nm, the mass fraction of copper is 20-40%, the molar ratio of Ce to Zr is 0.33-3, and the BET specific surface area of the catalyst is 80-200m 2 /g。
The preparation method of the composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst comprises the following steps: adopting a coprecipitation method assisted by a micro-liquid film reactor and using NaBH 4 Adding a precipitant and a reducing agent, copper nitrate, cerium nitrate, zirconium nitrate and a surfactant solution into a micro liquid film reactor at the same time for explosive rapid nucleation, then transferring the obtained suspension into a high-pressure reaction kettle for hydrothermal crystallization, and then washing, drying, roasting and reducing to obtain the composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst.
The preparation method of the composite metal oxide solid solution loaded copper inverse catalyst comprises the following specific operation steps:
(1) 0.5-2g of copper nitrate, 0.5-2g of zirconium nitrate, 0.5-2g of cerium nitrate and 0.3-1.8g of surfactant are weighed and dissolved in 30-60mL of deionized water, wherein the total concentration of metal ions is 0.2-0.3mol/L, ce 4+ With Zr 4+ The molar ratio of (A) is 0.33-3, and the mass of the surfactant is 1-5 times of that of Cu;
(2) Preparing 30-60mL of sodium borohydride solution with the concentration of 2-10 mol/L;
(3) Adding the prepared solutions in the steps (1) and (2) into a micro liquid film reactor at the same time, stirring for 2-5min at the rotating speed of 3000-4000rpm/min, transferring the obtained suspension into a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container of a high-pressure hydrothermal kettle, carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 12-36h at 120-180 ℃, cooling to room temperature, filtering and washing with deionized water to be neutral, drying and grinding the precipitate;
(4) Putting the product obtained in the step (3) into a muffle furnace, and roasting at 300-500 ℃ for 2-6h to obtain a catalyst precursor ZrO 2 -CeO 2 /CuO；
(5) And (3) placing the catalyst precursor in a tubular furnace, and carrying out reduction reaction for 1-4h at 200-500 ℃ in a mixed atmosphere of hydrogen and nitrogen to obtain the composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst.
The surfactant is selected from one or more of polyvinylpyrrolidone, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
The prepared composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst is applied to catalyzing CO 2 In the reaction of synthesizing methanol by hydrogenation. Said catalytic CO 2 The specific conditions of the reaction for synthesizing the methanol by hydrogenation are as follows: using a high pressure fixed bed for micro-reactionWeighing 0.1-0.5g of composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst and 0.1-0.5g of quartz sand, uniformly mixing, filling into a stainless steel reaction tube, heating to 300-500 ℃ at the speed of 2-5 ℃/min in a mixed atmosphere of hydrogen and nitrogen, and carrying out reduction reaction for 1-3h; after the temperature is reduced to room temperature, the reaction is switched to CO 2 、H 2 And the mixed reaction gas of Ar is heated to 220-260 ℃ for reaction.
The composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst prepared by the invention is small-particle ZrO 2 -CeO 2 The composite metal oxide solid solution is uniformly dispersed around the copper active nano particles with large particle size, so that ZrO can be obviously increased 2 -CeO 2 The contact area of the solid solution and the Cu particles forms a richer Cu-metal oxide interface active area, which is beneficial to the adsorption and further activation of carbon dioxide; on the other hand, the agglomeration of the active components in the preparation process and the sintering in high-temperature reaction can be inhibited; the surfactant is added in the reaction, so that the solid solution particles and the Cu particles of the composite metal oxide can be dispersed more uniformly. Application of the catalyst to CO 2 In the reaction for synthesizing the methanol by hydrogenation, the pressure is 3MPa, and the space velocity is 18000h -1 In the temperature range of 220-260 ℃, the conversion rate reaches 8% -20%, and the selectivity reaches 68% -90%, which exceeds most literature reports. And the catalyst shows good stability in reaction for 72 hours, and has wide application prospect in the fields of traditional industrial catalysis, novel energy and chemical industry and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows ZrO in example 1 2 -CeO 2 XRD spectrum of the/Cu catalyst.
FIG. 2 shows ZrO in example 1 2 -CeO 2 HRTEM image of/Cu catalyst.
FIG. 3 shows ZrO in example 1 2 -CeO 2 N of/Cu catalyst 2 -adsorption-desorption curve.
FIG. 4 shows ZrO in examples 1 and 2 2 -CeO 2 The result of characterization of O1s in XPS for the/Cu catalyst.
FIG. 5 shows Zr in example 1O 2 -CeO 2 Stability curves of the Cu catalysts.
Detailed Description
Example 1
1.2708g of Cu (NO) was weighed 3 ) 2 ·3H 2 O, 1.0291g Ce (NO) 3 ) 4 ·6H 2 O, 1.0175g Zr (NO) 3 ) 4 ·5H 2 O and 0.3366g PVP was dissolved in 40mL deionized water and designated solution A. 3.795g of sodium borohydride was weighed into 40mL of deionized water and designated as solution B.
Slowly pouring the solutions A and B along two sides of the inner wall of the micro-liquid membrane reactor, stirring at 3500rpm/min for 3min, transferring the suspension into a high-pressure hydrothermal kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container, carrying out hydrothermal treatment at 150 ℃ for 24h, cooling to room temperature, and filtering and washing with deionized water to neutrality. The precipitate was dried in an oven at 60 ℃ overnight. Fully grinding the obtained solid precipitate, placing the solid precipitate in a muffle furnace, and roasting the solid precipitate for 4 hours at the temperature of 400 ℃ to obtain a catalyst precursor ZrO 2 -CeO 2 and/CuO. The catalyst precursor was placed in a tube furnace and mixed with hydrogen and nitrogen (10% H) 2 ) Reducing for 2h at the temperature of 300 ℃ to obtain the composite metal oxide solid solution loaded copper reverse catalyst ZrO 2 -CeO 2 and/Cu. Wherein the average size of Cu particles is 8.2nm, the average size of solid solution particles is 5.5nm, the mass fraction of the catalyst Cu is 30wt%, and the specific surface area of the catalyst is 141m 2 /g。
FIG. 1 shows ZrO in example 1 2 -CeO 2 XRD spectrogram of/Cu reverse catalyst sample has diffraction peak at 29.8 deg. between CeO 2 (111) Crystal face and ZrO 2 (011) 2 theta values of crystal planes are due to Zr 4+ Has a small radius and can be embedded into CeO 2 In the crystal lattice, ceO is formed 2 Is contracted to form ZrO 2 -CeO 2 And (4) compounding phases. And the diffraction peak at about 43.5 ℃ is attributed to the Cu (111) crystal face, the average size of Cu particles is 14.3nm through calculation of a Sherle formula, zrO particles are uniformly distributed on the Cu (111) crystal face, and the ZrO particles are distributed on the surface of the Cu particles 2 -CeO 2 The diffraction peak intensity of the composite phase is lower than the Cu (111) plane, and it is likely that the particles of the composite phase are smaller, as demonstrated later by TEM characterization.
FIG. 2 isZrO in example 1 2 -CeO 2 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) of the Cu-based reverse catalyst sample shows that the composite metal oxide solid solution particles with small particle size are uniformly dispersed around the copper active nanoparticle component with large particle size. Wherein the average particle size of the solid solution is 6.5nm and the particle size of the copper is 8.2nm. In the figure, it was observed that the lattice stripe (0.209 nm) on the Cu (111) crystal plane and the lattice stripe (0.301 nm) on the composite phase (101) crystal plane were closely surrounded with the Cu (111) crystal plane, and it was confirmed that the small-particle metal oxide solid solution was closely surrounded with the Cu particles to form ZrO 2 -CeO 2 a/Cu-based inverse catalyst.
FIG. 3 is a view showing ZrO in example 1 2 -CeO 2 N of Cu-based inverse catalyst sample 2 Adsorption-desorption curve, the sample being a type IV adsorption isotherm and being at P/P 0 And a hysteresis loop is arranged between 0.6 and 1.0, so that the existence of a mesoporous structure in the catalyst is proved.
FIG. 4 shows ZrO in examples 1 and 2 2 -CeO 2 XPS characterization of Cu-based inverse catalyst samples shows that the O1s orbital can be divided into three peaks, and the band around 530.1eV is assigned to lattice oxygen (O) α ) The band around 531.9eV is assigned to defective oxygen (O) β ) Band around 533.2eV is assigned to oxygen (O) in hydroxyl group γ ). It can be seen that the catalysts prepared in examples 1 and 2 have rich interfacial oxygen defect structure, and the catalyst O in example 1 β /O α (0.68) is greater than example 2 (0.57), demonstrating that the catalyst containing Ce: zr 1:1 has a richer interface structure.
And (3) testing the application of the catalyst:
CO on catalyst samples using high pressure fixed bed microreactors 2 The performance of the hydrogenated methanol is tested. 0.2g of a catalyst sample and the same mass of quartz sand were weighed. After being mixed uniformly, the mixture was filled into a stainless steel reaction tube (inner diameter: 8 mm). Then by 10% v/v H 2 /N 2 Heating to 300 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the atmosphere (100 mL/min), and reducing for 2h. After the temperature is reduced to room temperature, the volume ratio is switched to CO 2 ：H 2 ：Ar＝24:75363 and the reaction gas of 2:4, under the conditions of temperature of 220-240 ℃, pressure of 3MPa and airspeed of 18000, the performance evaluation is carried out. CO after 6h of reaction 2 The highest conversion is 9.73 percent, and the highest selectivity is 83.11 percent.
FIG. 5 shows ZrO in example 1 2 -CeO 2 Stability testing of/Cu-based reverse catalyst samples, it was found that CO was present in up to 72 hours of testing 2 The conversion rate is improved to a certain extent within 0-8h, because the catalyst is activated at high temperature, the catalyst is basically kept unchanged within the rest 8-72h, and the selectivity is also kept in a stable state, which proves that the catalyst has good stability within a longer time and wider application prospect, and provides possibility for industrialization.
Example 2
1.3168g of Cu (NO) was weighed 3 ) 2 ·3H 2 O, 1.4816g Ce (NO) 3 ) 4 ·6H 2 O, 0.4883g Zr (NO) 3 ) 4 ·5H 2 Dissolving O and 0.3366g CTAB in 40mL of deionized water, and marking as a solution A; 7.59g of sodium borohydride was weighed out and dissolved in 40mL of deionized water and identified as solution B.
Slowly pouring the solutions A and B along two sides of the inner wall of the micro-liquid membrane reactor, stirring at 3500rpm/min for 3min, transferring the suspension into a high-pressure hydrothermal kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container, carrying out hydrothermal treatment at 150 ℃ for 24h, cooling to room temperature, and filtering and washing with deionized water to neutrality. The precipitate was dried in an oven at 60 ℃ overnight. Fully grinding the obtained solid precipitate, placing the solid precipitate in a muffle furnace, and roasting the solid precipitate for 4 hours at 400 ℃ to obtain a catalyst precursor ZrO 2 -CeO 2 and/Cu. The catalyst precursor was placed in a tube furnace and mixed with hydrogen and nitrogen (10% H) 2 ) Reducing for 2h at the temperature of 300 ℃ to obtain a catalyst sample. Wherein the average size of Cu particles is 9.1nm, the average size of solid solution particles is 6.3nm, the mass fraction of the catalyst Cu is 30wt%, and the specific surface area of the catalyst is 109m 2 /g。
CO on catalyst samples using high pressure fixed bed microreactors 2 The performance of the hydrogenated methanol is tested. 0.2g of a catalyst sample and the same mass of quartz sand were weighed. After being mixed uniformly, the mixture was filled into a stainless steel reaction tube (inner diameter: 8 mm). However, the device is not suitable for use in a kitchenAfter 10% v/v H 2 /N 2 Heating to 300 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the atmosphere (100 mL/min), and reducing for 2h. After the temperature is reduced to room temperature, the volume ratio is switched to CO 2 ：H 2 : ar =24, and the reaction gas of Ar = 72, under the conditions of temperature 220-240 ℃, pressure 3MPa, and space velocity 18000, the performance evaluation is carried out. CO after 6h of reaction 2 The conversion is 11.48 percent at most, and the selectivity is 69.43 at most.
Example 3
1.2708g of Cu (NO) was weighed 3 ) 2 ·3H 2 O, 1.0291g Ce (NO) 3 ) 4 ·6H 2 O, 1.0175g Zr (NO) 3 ) 4 ·5H 2 Dissolving O and 0.3366g SDBS in 40mL deionized water, and marking as a solution A; 3.795g of sodium borohydride was weighed into 40mL of deionized water and designated as solution B.
Slowly pouring the solutions A and B along two sides of the inner wall of the micro-liquid membrane reactor, stirring at 3500rpm/min for 3min, transferring the suspension into a high-pressure hydrothermal kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container, carrying out hydrothermal treatment at 150 ℃ for 12h, cooling to room temperature, and filtering and washing with deionized water to neutrality. The precipitate was dried in an oven at 60 ℃ overnight. Fully grinding the obtained solid precipitate, placing the solid precipitate in a muffle furnace, and roasting the solid precipitate for 4 hours at 500 ℃ to obtain a catalyst precursor ZrO 2 -CeO 2 and/Cu. The catalyst precursor was placed in a tube furnace and mixed with hydrogen and nitrogen (10% H) 2 ) Reducing for 2h at the temperature of 300 ℃ to obtain a catalyst sample. Wherein the average size of Cu particles is 9.5nm, the average size of solid solution particles is 6.8nm, the mass fraction of the catalyst Cu is 30wt%, and the specific surface area of the catalyst is 93m 2 /g。
CO on catalyst samples using high pressure fixed bed microreactors 2 The performance of the hydrogenated methanol is tested. 0.2g of a catalyst sample and the same mass of quartz sand were weighed. After being mixed uniformly, the mixture was filled into a stainless steel reaction tube (inner diameter: 8 mm). Then in 10% v/v H 2 /N 2 The temperature is increased to 300 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the atmosphere of (100 mL/min), and the mixture is reduced for 2h. After the temperature is reduced to room temperature, the volume ratio is switched to CO 2 ：H 2 : ar =24And under the condition of the space velocity of 18000, performance evaluation is carried out. CO after 6h of reaction 2 The conversion is up to 9.75%, and the selectivity is up to 68.08%.
Example 4
1.2708g of Cu (NO) was weighed 3 ) 2 ·3H 2 O, 1.0291g Ce (NO) 3 ) 4 ·6H 2 O, 1.0175g Zr (NO) 3 ) 4 ·5H 2 Dissolving O and 0.6732g PVP in 40mL of deionized water, and marking as a solution A; 3.795g of sodium borohydride was weighed into 40mL of deionized water and designated as solution B.
Slowly pouring the solutions A and B along two sides of the inner wall of the micro-liquid membrane reactor, stirring at 3500rpm/min for 3min, transferring the suspension into a high-pressure hydrothermal kettle with a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container, carrying out hydrothermal treatment at 120 ℃ for 24h, cooling to room temperature, and filtering and washing with deionized water to be neutral. The precipitate was dried in an oven at 60 ℃ overnight. Fully grinding the obtained solid precipitate, placing the solid precipitate in a muffle furnace, and roasting the solid precipitate for 4 hours at the temperature of 400 ℃ to obtain a catalyst precursor ZrO 2 -CeO 2 and/Cu. Placing the catalyst precursor in a tube furnace, mixing with hydrogen and nitrogen (10% 2 ) Reducing for 2h at the temperature of 400 ℃ to obtain a catalyst sample. Wherein the average size of Cu particles is 7.8nm, the average size of solid solution particles is 5.1nm, the mass fraction of the catalyst Cu is 30wt%, and the specific surface area of the catalyst is 158m 2 /g。
CO on catalyst samples using high pressure fixed bed microreactors 2 The performance of the hydrogenated methanol is tested. 0.2g of a catalyst sample and the same mass of quartz sand were weighed. The mixture was uniformly mixed and filled in a stainless steel reaction tube (inner diameter 8 mm). Then in 10% v/v H 2 /N 2 Heating to 300 ℃ at the speed of 5 ℃/min under the atmosphere (100 mL/min), and reducing for 2h. After the temperature is reduced to room temperature, the volume ratio is switched to CO 2 ：H 2 : ar =24, and the reaction gas of Ar = 72, under the conditions of temperature 220-240 ℃, pressure 3MPa, and space velocity 18000, the performance evaluation is carried out. CO after 6h of reaction 2 The conversion is 8.34% at the highest and the selectivity is 78.31% at the highest.

Claims (5)

1. Composite metal oxideA method for preparing a copper-supported solid solution inverse catalyst, characterized in that in the catalyst, small-particle ZrO is present 2 -CeO 2 The composite metal oxide solid solution is uniformly dispersed around the copper active nano particles with large particle size, the average particle size of the copper active nano particles is 7-10nm 2 -CeO 2 The average grain diameter of the composite metal oxide solid solution is 5-7nm, the mass fraction of copper is 20-40%, the molar ratio of Ce to Zr is 0.33-3, and the BET specific surface area of the catalyst is 80-200m 2 /g；
The preparation method comprises the following steps: adopting a coprecipitation method assisted by a micro-liquid film reactor and using NaBH 4 Adding the precipitant and the reducer, copper nitrate, cerium nitrate, zirconium nitrate and a surfactant solution into a micro liquid film reactor at the same time for explosive rapid nucleation, then transferring the obtained suspension into a high-pressure reaction kettle for hydrothermal crystallization, and then washing, drying, roasting and reducing to obtain the composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst.
2. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the specific operation steps of the preparation method are as follows:
(1) 0.5 to 2g copper nitrate, 0.5 to 2g zirconium nitrate, 0.5 to 2g cerium nitrate and 0.3 to 1.8g surfactant are weighed and dissolved in 30 to 60mL deionized water, wherein the total concentration of metal ions is 0.2 to 0.3mol/L, ce is added 4+ With Zr 4+ The molar ratio of (A) is 0.33-3, and the mass of the surfactant is 1-5 times of that of Cu;
(2) Preparing a sodium borohydride solution with the concentration of 2-10mol/L from 30-60 mL;
(3) Adding the prepared solutions in the steps (1) and (2) into a micro-liquid membrane reactor at the same time, stirring for 2-5min at the rotating speed of 3000-4000rpm/min, transferring the obtained suspension into a polytetrafluoroethylene inner container of a high-pressure hydrothermal kettle, carrying out hydrothermal reaction at 120-180 ℃ for 12-36h, cooling to room temperature, filtering and washing with deionized water to be neutral, drying and grinding the precipitate;
(4) Placing the product obtained in the step (3) in a muffle furnace, and roasting the product at 300-500 ℃ for 2-6h to obtain a catalyst precursor ZrO 63 2 -CeO 2 /CuO；
(5) And (3) placing the catalyst precursor in a tubular furnace, and carrying out reduction reaction at 200-500 ℃ in a mixed atmosphere of hydrogen and nitrogen for 1-4h to obtain the composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded inverse catalyst.
3. The preparation method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the surfactant is one or more selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
4. Application of composite metal oxide solid solution copper-supported reverse catalyst prepared by the method according to claim 1 or 2 in catalyzing CO 2 Application in the reaction of synthesizing methanol by hydrogenation.
5. Use according to claim 4, wherein the catalytic CO is 2 The specific conditions of the reaction for synthesizing the methanol by hydrogenation are as follows: weighing 0.1-0.5-g composite metal oxide solid solution copper-loaded reverse catalyst and 0.1-0.5-g quartz sand by adopting a high-pressure fixed bed microreactor, uniformly mixing, filling into a stainless steel reaction tube, heating to 300-500 ℃ at the speed of 2-5 ℃/min in a mixed atmosphere of hydrogen and nitrogen, and carrying out reduction reaction on 1-3h; after the temperature is reduced to room temperature, the reaction is switched to CO 2 、H 2 And the mixed reaction gas of Ar is heated to 220-260 ℃ for reaction.
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