CN113215508A - Electric pulse treatment method for improving defect or tissue state of titanium alloy manufactured by selective laser melting and material increase - Google Patents
Electric pulse treatment method for improving defect or tissue state of titanium alloy manufactured by selective laser melting and material increase Download PDFInfo
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- CN113215508A CN113215508A CN202110280309.0A CN202110280309A CN113215508A CN 113215508 A CN113215508 A CN 113215508A CN 202110280309 A CN202110280309 A CN 202110280309A CN 113215508 A CN113215508 A CN 113215508A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/16—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of other metals or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/18—High-melting or refractory metals or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/183—High-melting or refractory metals or alloys based thereon of titanium or alloys based thereon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F3/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by special physical methods, e.g. treatment with neutrons
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- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
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Abstract
The invention discloses an electric pulse processing method for improving defects or tissue states of titanium alloy manufactured by selective laser melting and additive manufacturing, and belongs to the technical field of additive manufacturing material optimization. The method is to carry out electric pulse treatment on the additive manufacturing titanium alloy, and improve the defect or the structural state of the titanium alloy to a certain extent. In the treatment process of optimizing the titanium alloy structure state by the electric pulse, the discharge waveform of the electric pulse is damping wave, the discharge period is 400ns, and the treatment voltage and the treatment frequency are respectively 6kV-1 time, 7kV-1 time, 7.5kV-1 time, 8kV-1 time and 8.5kV-1 time; in the treatment process of optimizing the defect state of the titanium alloy by electric pulses, the discharge waveform of the electric pulses is damping waves, the discharge period is 400ns, and the treatment voltage and the treatment frequency are 3.5kV-3 times. The invention can be used for researching and applying the defects and the structure optimization of the additive manufacturing titanium alloy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tissue and mechanical property optimization of materials manufactured by selective laser melting materials, in particular to an electric pulse processing method for improving the defect or tissue state of selective laser melting material-increase manufacturing titanium alloy.
Background
A Selective Laser Melting (SLM) additive manufacturing technology, which is one of 3D printing technologies, different from a conventional removal machining technology, is a technology for slicing based on CAD modeling, and manufacturing a solid part by a method of accumulating materials layer by layer, and is a manufacturing method of "bottom-up" material accumulation [ luzhong, li wash dust, additive manufacturing (3D printing) technology development, mechanical manufacturing and automation, 42(2013) 1-4; lijunfeng, Weizhengying, Lu inheren, research progress of selective laser melting technology of titanium and titanium alloy, progress of laser and optoelectronics, 011403(2018) 1-18. Based on powder feeding, wire feeding and powder conveying modes based on a powder bed, metal additive manufacturing technologies can be specifically divided into two types, the first type is Direct Energy Deposition (DED) technology comprising Direct Metal Deposition (DMD), Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS), Direct Manufacturing (DM) and special metal deposition or Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), the second type is powder bed melting (PBF) technology comprising Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), Laser Melting (LM), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), LaserCUSING laser rapid manufacturing, Electron Beam Melting (EBM) [ junfeng, weizheng, luzhong, research progress of titanium and titanium alloy laser selective melting technology, laser and optoelectronics progress, 011403(2018) 1-18; F.H. (Sam) Froes, B.Dutta, The Additive Manufacturing (AM) of titanium alloys. adv. Mater. Res.1019(2017) 19-25.).
In the metal materials and components manufactured by the additive manufacturing, optimizing the microstructure, reducing or eliminating defects and further improving the mechanical properties of the metal materials and components are always the key technical problems to be faced by the development of the field. The most common technique is heat treatment in terms of optimizing microstructure and adjusting mechanical properties. The heat treatment process requires mutual matching and mutual adjustment of temperature and time. Under high temperature conditions, the material structure tends to coarsen, thereby reducing the strength thereof. The defect types in the additive manufacturing material structure can be classified as keyhole hole, unfused hole, air hole, crack, etc. [ T.Debroy, et al.Additive manufacturing of metallic components-Process, structure and properties.Process in Materials Science,92(2018) 112-. These typical defects, such as holes and unfused defects, have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the additive manufactured material, especially the fatigue properties of the material. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is currently commonly used to improve the defect status of materials [ Mohsen Seifi, Ayman A. Salem, Dan P. Satko, Ulf Ackelid, S.L ee semi, John J. Lewandowski, Effect of HIP on microstructure chemistry, defect distribution and mechanical properties of additive manufactured EBM Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb, J.alloys Compound.729 (2017) -. Hot isostatic pressing is a useful method to optimize the defect and structure of additive manufacturing, but this method requires heating and pressing, also requires a certain processing time, is expensive, and is prone to grain growth, thereby reducing its strength. If a time-saving and labor-saving optimization method can be developed to improve the microstructure and defect conditions of the additive manufacturing material, the strength of the additive manufacturing material is not obviously affected, and even the purpose of improving the mechanical property is achieved, so that the method has a better promotion effect on the industrial application of the additive manufacturing.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an electric pulse processing method (EPT) for improving defects or structural states of titanium alloy manufactured by selective laser melting additive manufacturing, wherein high-density current released by single pulse is acted on a titanium alloy sample manufactured by additive manufacturing through high-energy pulse test equipment, so that the purpose of quickly improving the defects and the structural states of the titanium alloy can be realized, and the aim of improving the bulk titanium alloy material is further achieved. The invention can be used for researching and applying the defects and the structure optimization of the additive manufacturing titanium alloy.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an electric pulse processing method for improving the defect or tissue state of Ti-6Al-4V alloy prepared by selective laser melting and additive manufacturing features that high-energy pulse tester is used to perform electric pulse processing on Ti-6Al-4V alloy sample prepared by selective laser melting and additive manufacturing to optimize its microstructure or defect state and regulate its mechanical performance.
In the electric pulse treatment process, the electric pulse discharge waveform is a damping waveform, and the discharge period is 400 ns.
In the electric pulse treatment process for improving the tissue state of the titanium alloy sample, the treatment voltage and the treatment frequency are as follows in sequence: 6kV-1 time, 7kV-1 time, 7.5kV-1 time, 8kV-1 time and 8.5kV-1 time.
In the electric pulse treatment process for improving the defect state of the titanium alloy sample, the selected voltage and times are as follows: 3.5kV-3 times.
The invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. the method improves the defects and the structure state of the titanium alloy material manufactured by selective laser melting and additive manufacturing through high-energy pulse current, has the advantages of high efficiency, obvious influence on the structure and the like, and can achieve better improvement effect.
2. The invention utilizes the strong Joule heating effect and the hot-pressing stress effect generated on the material in the pulse current processing process to cause the phenomenon that the material has rapid phase change to regulate and control the organization and the local defect to be smaller, realizes the purpose of improving the defect and the organization state of the material manufactured by the additive, and is further beneficial to the improvement of the mechanical property of the material.
3. The electric pulse technology can be used for improving the defects and the tissue state of the material for additive manufacturing, and further can regulate and control the research and the application of the mechanical property of the material.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of an electrical pulse apparatus for processing a sample object with electrical pulses according to the present invention; wherein: (a) processing the sample object map by electric pulse; (b) electrical pulse device circuit schematic.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the dimensions of samples treated with electric pulses; wherein: (a) size maps for the study of improved tissue and performance samples; (b) the size chart of the sample is used for researching and improving the internal defect of the material. .
FIG. 3 is a metallographic observation (evolution of β columnar crystals) of the microstructure of SLM-Ti6Al4V before and after electric pulse treatment; wherein: (a) EPT-0; (b) EPT-6; (c) EPT-7; (d) EPT-7.5; (e) EPT-8; (f) EPT-8.5. .
FIG. 4 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation of the evolution of the α -lath of SLM-Ti6Al4V before and after electric pulse treatment; wherein: (a) EPT-0; (b) EPT-6; (c) EPT-7; (d) EPT-7.5; (e) EPT-8; (f) EPT-8.5.
FIG. 5 is an Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) analysis of the evolution of the alpha-lath of SLM-Ti6Al4V before and after electric pulse treatment; wherein: (a) EPT-0; (b) EPT-6; (c) EPT-7; (d) EPT-7.5; (e) EPT-8; (f) EPT-8.5.
FIG. 6 is a statistic of the alpha bar size change (mean width) of SLM-Ti6Al4V before and after electric pulse treatment; wherein: (a) EPT-0; (b) EPT-6; (c) EPT-7; (d) EPT-7.5; (e) EPT-8; (f) EPT-8.5. .
FIG. 7 shows the hardness change of SLM-Ti6Al4V before and after the electric pulse treatment.
FIG. 8 is a graph of defect improvement observed using three-dimensional X-ray imaging (XRT); wherein: (a) before improvement; (b) after improvement.
FIG. 9 shows statistics of the defect distribution of SLM-Ti6Al4V before and after the statistical analysis of the electric pulse.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The invention improves the defect and the structural state of the titanium alloy by using the huge energy released by a single high-energy pulse current to perform additive manufacturing on the titanium alloy (figure 1) through a high-energy pulse current device (the device can refer to the relevant content in the patent with the application number of 201811364353.4 and the name of 'an electric pulse processing device and a method for reducing the fatigue crack propagation rate of steel materials'). The electric pulse technology can be used for researching and applying defects and tissue optimization of the additive manufacturing titanium alloy.
The device is used for carrying out electric pulse treatment on a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sample for additive manufacturing, and comparing and analyzing the effect with a sample Ti-6Al-4V which is not subjected to electric pulse treatment, and the specific process is as follows:
(a) preparing an electric pulse sample of Ti-6 Al-4V: the sample size is shown in fig. 2(a) (schematic sample for improving the texture condition test) and fig. 2(b) (schematic sample for improving the defect condition test).
(b) Carrying out electric pulse treatment: the voltage and the times for selecting the sample needing to be subjected to the tissue improvement are respectively 6kV-1 time, 7kV-1 time, 7.5kV-1 time, 8kV-1 time and 8.5kV-1 time; the voltage and times for selecting samples needing defect improvement are 3.5kV-3 times, and different processing parameters are selected according to different sizes of the samples.
(c) Metallographic microscope observation is carried out on the titanium alloy sample treated by the electric pulse, and it can be found that the appearance of the initial beta columnar crystal is obviously changed by the high-energy pulse current, and the straight boundary of the beta columnar crystal becomes zigzag along with the improvement of the electric pulse parameter, so that the titanium alloy sample becomes the appearance of the equiaxial beta crystal, as shown in fig. 3.
(d) SEM and EBSD analysis of the titanium alloy sample treated by the electric pulse shows that the alpha strip shows the change trend of first thickening and then thinning under the action of the pulse current, as shown in figures 4-6.
(e) The hardness test was performed on the titanium alloy samples before and after the electric pulse, and the material exhibited a phenomenon of softening before hardening as the parameter of the electric pulse was increased, as shown in fig. 7.
(f) The titanium alloy samples before and after the electric pulse were subjected to quasi-in-situ observation by the three-dimensional X-ray imaging technique (3D-XRT), and statistical analysis was performed on the measured defect data, and it was found that although the number of defects was increased after the electric pulse treatment, a phenomenon in which large defects were changed into a plurality of small defects occurred, as shown in fig. 8 and 9.
The invention is based on the scientific principle that: current joule heating effect and hot pressing stress
Because the metal material, such as the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy mentioned in the invention, has relatively large resistivity, when high-energy pulse current flows through the metal material, relatively large joule heating effect is generated, so that the temperature of the metal matrix is raised, when the energy generated by the current is large enough, the temperature of the metal material can be raised to the phase-change point or even exceeds the phase-change point, and then the structural state of the material is improved when the material is rapidly cooled.
The energy input into the material during pulsed current treatment can be calculated by the following equation (1):
in equation (1): j (t) is the current density at any time t, ρ is the resistivity, and V is the volume of the sample. Because the action time of the pulse current is extremely short, the temperature rise process can be regarded as an adiabatic process, and the maximum average temperature rise can be calculated by the following formula: Δ T ═ E/(C)pdV) in which CpIs the specific heat capacity of the material, d is the sample density, and V is the sample volume.
On the other hand, printing defects inevitably exist in the additive manufacturing titanium alloy, the resistivity of the defects is different from that of the substrate part, when current flows through the material with the hole defects, the current circumfluence concentration phenomenon occurs near the defects, and joule heat higher than the substrate is generated, so that the local temperature is higher than the substrate temperature. The localized region does not correspond to the rate of expansion of the metal matrix and significantly lags the rate of temperature rise, which can create a hot-compressive stress in the sample. The maximum possible value of the thermal compressive stress can be calculated by the following formula (2):
σmax＝EαΔTmax (2)；
in equation (2): e is the modulus of elasticity and α is the coefficient of thermal expansion.
After the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy manufactured by the additive is processed, the defects, the structure observation and the hardness comparison show that the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the technical effect is as follows: the invention adopts the electric pulse technology to process so as to improve the structural state of the titanium alloy manufactured by the additive.
Fig. 3 is a structural image of SLM-Ti6Al4V observed by a metallographic microscope, and the result shows that the morphology of the initial β columnar crystal is significantly changed from columnar to equiaxial, which indicates that the material undergoes rapid phase transition with the increase of the electric pulse treatment parameters during the electric pulse treatment process, and the structural morphology of the material is changed. Fig. 4 shows the morphology of the α -lath observed by a scanning electron microscope, the interface between the laths becomes less and less obvious under the action of the electric pulse of the α -lath in the titanium alloy obtained by additive manufacturing, and the discontinuous area between the laths completely disappears under the action of the higher electric pulse voltage (8kV and 8.5 kV). Fig. 5 and 6 are EBSD characterization and grain size analysis of titanium alloys under different electrical pulse treatment parameters. The average width of the alpha lath of the titanium alloy treated by the EPT-0kV is 1 μm, the width of the alpha lath is increased and then reduced along with the increase of electric pulse parameters, when the voltage of the electric pulse is 8kV and 8.5kV, the average width of the alpha lath is lower than 1 μm, the change of the width of the lath is seen under the action of the electric pulse, the material is subjected to rapid phase change due to larger pulse current, and the rapid improvement of the tissue is realized.
The technical effect is as follows: through electric pulse treatment, the hardness of the additive manufacturing titanium alloy is improved.
Fig. 7 shows the hardness properties of the material before and after the electric pulse treatment, and it can be seen from the graph that the hardness of the material shows a rule of decreasing and then increasing after the electric pulse treatment, which also corresponds to a rule of increasing and then decreasing the average width of the α lath in the microstructure.
The technical effect is three: the invention adopts the electric pulse technology to treat so that the defect state of the titanium alloy manufactured by the additive manufacturing is improved.
FIG. 8 is a graph of defect distribution in a material before and after an electrical pulse characterized by 3D-XRT, where a comparison of the before and after electrical pulses reveals a reduction in the size of localized macro-defects. Fig. 9 is a statistical analysis of the data of 3D-XRT, where the total number of original defects is 290, and the total number of defects after electrical pulse is increased to 396, but from the defect size distribution, the small-size defects in the material after electrical pulse become more and the large-size defects become less, and it can be seen that the electrical pulse acts on the large-size defects in the material to change them into small defects, thereby improving the defect size distribution and reducing the number of large defects.
In conclusion, the Electric Pulse Technique (EPT) is a method for rapidly improving material defects and tissue states. According to the Joule heating effect between the current and the metal matrix, the structure state of the material is improved, so that the mechanical property of the material is regulated and controlled; the local temperature rise is caused by the current bypass caused by the difference of the resistivities of the substrate and the hole defects, the pressure stress is generated on the hole defect positions by combining the thermal expansion difference, the defect state is improved, and the effects that large defects are changed into small defects and the large defects are reduced are achieved. The electric pulse technology can be used as a new technology for efficiently and rapidly improving the defects and the structural state of the additive manufacturing titanium alloy, so that the industrial application of the additive manufacturing technology can be promoted.
Claims (5)
1. An electric pulse treatment method for improving the defect or tissue state of the titanium alloy manufactured by selective laser melting and material increase is characterized in that: the method is characterized in that high-energy pulse test equipment is used for carrying out electric pulse treatment on a titanium alloy sample which is subjected to selective laser melting and additive manufacturing, so that the microstructure or defect condition of the titanium alloy sample is optimized, and the mechanical property of the material can be regulated and controlled.
2. The electric pulse treatment method for improving the defect or the tissue state of the titanium alloy manufactured by the selective laser melting additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the electric pulse treatment method comprises the following steps: the titanium alloy sample is Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
3. The electric pulse treatment method for improving the defect or tissue state of the additive manufacturing titanium alloy by selective laser melting according to claim 1, wherein the electric pulse treatment method comprises the following steps: in the electric pulse treatment process, the electric pulse discharge waveform is a damping waveform, and the discharge period is 400 ns.
4. The electric pulse treatment method for improving the defect or tissue state of the additive manufacturing titanium alloy by selective laser melting according to claim 3, wherein the electric pulse treatment method comprises the following steps: in the electric pulse treatment process for improving the tissue state of the titanium alloy sample, the treatment voltage and the treatment frequency are as follows in sequence: 1 time of 6kV treatment, 1 time of 7kV treatment, 1 time of 7.5kV treatment, 1 time of 8kV treatment and 1 time of 8.5kV treatment.
5. The electric pulse treatment method for improving the defect or tissue state of the additive manufacturing titanium alloy by selective laser melting according to claim 3, wherein the electric pulse treatment method comprises the following steps: in the electric pulse treatment process for improving the defect state of the titanium alloy sample, the selected voltage and times are as follows: 3.5kV 3 times.
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| CN113984812A (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2022-01-28 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Method for representing original beta grains in selective laser melting TC4 alloy through special-angle grain boundaries |
| CN114603158A (en) * | 2022-03-02 | 2022-06-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Method for improving structure and performance of alloy steel deposit layer manufactured by laser fuse additive manufacturing |
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| CN110186919A (en) * | 2019-05-20 | 2019-08-30 | 武汉理工大学 | The experimental method of electric pulse assistant regulating and controlling increasing material manufacturing near β type titanium alloys phase constitution |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113984812A (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2022-01-28 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Method for representing original beta grains in selective laser melting TC4 alloy through special-angle grain boundaries |
| CN114603158A (en) * | 2022-03-02 | 2022-06-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Method for improving structure and performance of alloy steel deposit layer manufactured by laser fuse additive manufacturing |
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