CN113207149B - Data transmission rate self-adaption method based on LoRaWAN network protocol - Google Patents

Data transmission rate self-adaption method based on LoRaWAN network protocol Download PDF

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CN113207149B
CN113207149B CN202110382337.3A CN202110382337A CN113207149B CN 113207149 B CN113207149 B CN 113207149B CN 202110382337 A CN202110382337 A CN 202110382337A CN 113207149 B CN113207149 B CN 113207149B
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CN113207149A (en
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张宇
沈维政
付晓
马文川
尹艳玲
戴百生
熊本海
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Northeast Agricultural University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
    • H04W28/0231—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control based on communication conditions
    • H04W28/0236—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control based on communication conditions radio quality, e.g. interference, losses or delay
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
    • H04W28/10—Flow control between communication endpoints
    • H04W28/12—Flow control between communication endpoints using signalling between network elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/50—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wire-line communication networks, e.g. low power modes or reduced link rate
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

Abstract

The invention discloses a data transmission rate self-adapting method based on LoRaWAN network protocol, which utilizes the characteristics of multiple Spreading Factors (SF) and multiple data rates of LoRa technology to automatically distribute different SF and data transmission rates to transmitting ends in different distance ranges of a receiving end, and adjusts the data transmission rate according to the actual conditions of signal-to-noise ratio, packet loss rate and channel load, thereby finally improving the transmission performance of the system and reducing the packet loss rate in the data transmission process.

Description

Data transmission rate self-adaption method based on LoRaWAN network protocol
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of communication of the Internet of things, and relates to a data transmission rate self-adaption method based on a LoRaWAN network protocol.
Background
LoRaWAN is a long-distance network communication protocol based on direct sequence spread spectrum modulation technology, in IEEE802.11 protocol, different coding modes and modulation technologies are used in a physical layer, various optional data sending rates are provided, and the protocol does not show how to realize self-adaptive rate adjustment among different rates. The existing rate self-adaptive algorithm based on a receiving end represented by RBAR evaluates the channel quality by sending RTS/CTS control frames and selects a proper data transmission rate, so that the possibility of collision between sending ends during data transmission is reduced, but the algorithm needs to frequently send confirmation and wait for reply during the data sending process, and the transmission efficiency of data is reduced to a certain extent. Therefore, it is necessary to select an optimal data transmission rate according to a real-time channel status in consideration of reliability and effectiveness of data transmission under a condition that a channel status is constantly changed, so as to maximize throughput of a communication system. In addition, the RBAR algorithm changes the RTS/CTS control frame format when transferring the optimal data transmission rate between the transmitting end and the receiving end, resulting in the algorithm being incompatible with existing communication protocols.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a data transmission rate self-adaption method based on a LoRaWAN network protocol, which comprises the following steps: according to the real-time state of the data transmission channel, acquiring a signal-to-noise ratio value, selecting a corresponding spreading factor, and simultaneously calculating a packet loss rate and a channel load value in a statistical period so as to confirm whether an RTS/CTS control frame needs to be sent or not, thereby updating the data transmission rate in real time according to different channel conditions and finally improving the network data transmission performance of the whole system.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
1. a data transmission rate self-adapting method based on LoRaWAN network protocol is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, a data sending end sends an RTS frame to a receiving end to confirm whether a channel is idle or not;
step two, after receiving RTS frame, the receiving end makes equalization treatment to effective SNR continuously received for the first 3 times to obtain
Figure GDA0003711679220000014
And according to
Figure GDA0003711679220000015
Selecting a spreading factor SF;
step three, the receiving end adds the data transmission rate DR to the FCS field of the CTS frame, feeds back the data transmission rate DR to the transmitting end, and simultaneously suspends the transmission of the RTS/CTS control frame;
after the sending end sends the data packet to the receiving end according to the corresponding transmission rate DR, the receiving end feeds back an ACK frame to indicate that one-time data transmission is successful;
step five, in the data transmission process, the sending end counts the packet loss rate PER according to the continuity of the frame serial number, if the sending end judges that the PER reaches the set packet loss threshold value in a certain period, the sending end restarts the RTS/CTS mechanism to carry out channel estimation, the data transmission rate is updated according to the step 2, and if the PER does not reach the packet loss threshold value, the step 6 is carried out;
recording and storing the transmission time of N times of data packets in the statistical period to obtain the sub-channel load ERL of the spreading factor, wherein when the load value is less than or equal to the channel load threshold corresponding to the expected rate of the sending end, the receiving end automatically increases a data transmission rate, and when the load value is greater than the channel load threshold corresponding to the expected rate of the sending end, the data transmission rate is reduced;
step seven, the sending end receives and finishes the speed regulating command sent by the receiving end, and continues to finish data transmission;
in the second step, the spreading factor SF is selected according to the following rule:
Rule 1：
Figure GDA0003711679220000011
Rule 2：
Figure GDA0003711679220000012
Rule 3：
Figure GDA0003711679220000013
Rule 4：
Figure GDA0003711679220000021
Rule 5：
Figure GDA0003711679220000022
Rule 6：
Figure GDA0003711679220000023
2. preferably, the RTS frame in the first step is an optional request to send frame supported by the IEEE802.11 network.
3. Preferably, the signal-to-noise ratio SNR in the second step is calculated as follows:
SNR＝10*log10(P s /P n ) (db) (1)
in the formula (1), P s 、P n Respectively, the signal power and the noise power received by the receiving end.
4, preferably, the DR calculation formula in step three is as follows:
Figure GDA0003711679220000024
in the formula, BW is a channel bandwidth, which can improve an effective data rate to shorten a transmission time; CR is the code rate and carries out forward error detection and error correction, after the balance is evaluated according to the LoRa modulation and demodulation calculator, the BW is selected to be 250KHz, and CR is set to be 1.
5. Preferably, the CTS in step three is an IEEE802.11 network supporting optional clear to send frames.
6. Preferably, the FCS in step three is a frame check sequence of an RTS/CTS frame, and is used to carry channel information and rate information.
7. Preferably, the ACK in step four is an acknowledgement frame that is fed back to the sending end after the receiving end successfully receives the data packet.
8. Preferably, the packet loss rate PER in the fifth step is caused by link degradation and network congestion collision during network transmission, and refers to a ratio of lost data packets to transmitted data packets in a unit time.
9. Preferably, the packet loss threshold in the fifth step is set according to an actual application scenario.
10. Preferably, the channel load ERL in the sixth step is to calculate an occupation time of each frame of data to a corresponding SF sub-channel, and calculate the occupation time in a statistical period T total [i]Internal cumulative total occupancy time T all_data [i]Thereby obtaining the load ERL [ i ] of the SF sub-channel]The calculation formula is as follows:
ERL[i]＝T all_data [i]/T total [i] (3)
time T of LoRa data transmission data [i]Equal to preamble time T preamble [i]And a data packet transmission time T payload [i]Sum, transmission time T of preamble preamble [i]It can be calculated by the formulas (4) to (5):
T preamble [i]＝(n preamble +4.25)T s [i] (4)
Figure GDA0003711679220000025
in the formula, n preamble Indicating the length of the preamble that has been set, by reading the registers regpreambemsb and regpreambelsb, T s [i]A period of a single LoRa symbol packet;
data packet transmission time T payload [i]The calculation formula is as follows:
T payload [i]＝payloadSymNb[i]*T s [i] (6)
wherein, payload SymNb [ i ] is the effective load time, and is calculated by formula (7):
Figure GDA0003711679220000031
in the formula, PL indicates the number of bytes of the payload, H indicates whether a header is used, H is 1, DE is 1, and the rate is optimal for this purpose, and the data transmission time of a single time and N times of the transmitting end in the statistical period can be obtained from formulas (8) to (9):
T busy [i]＝T preamble [i]+T payload [i] (8)
T all_data [i]＝N*T data [i] (9)。
11. preferably, the transmission mode of the RTS/CTS frame format is modified, the LoRa gateway places the rate information in the FCS field of the CTS frame and returns the FCS field to the collection terminal, and the collection terminal performs data transmission according to the rate.
The invention provides a data transmission rate self-adaptive method based on LoRaWAN network protocol, which has the following advantages compared with the prior art:
(1) the method avoids using fixed-rate transmission data, acquires the signal-to-noise ratio, the packet loss rate and the channel load value according to the continuous change of different channel environments, and combines an RTS/CTS handshake mechanism to adjust the data transmission rate suitable for the time period in real time, thereby reducing the possibility of collision when each sending end transmits data in the same channel, finally ensuring reliable data packet transmission and reducing the packet loss rate.
(2) The frame format of an MAC layer does not need to be changed, and the real-time channel estimation can be finished only by carrying the channel information and the rate information through the frame check sequence of the RTS/CTS frame positioned on the physical layer, so that the purpose of rate self-adaption is achieved, and the improved frame check sequence is compatible with most communication products.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1: a flow chart of a data transmission rate adaptation method;
FIG. 2: an improved CTS control frame format map;
FIG. 3: comparing the signal-to-noise ratio mean value and the packet loss ratio of each acquisition terminal;
the specific implementation mode is as follows:
in order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are further described below.
The method applies the proposed algorithm to a remote monitoring system of the animal house environment information of the LoRa wireless wide area network technology, the system consists of a data acquisition terminal, a LoRa gateway and an Ali cloud server, and can realize real-time acquisition, wireless transmission and data storage of multi-sensor node information (environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, ammonia gas, carbon dioxide, dust, illumination and the like).
The sending end of the invention is a data acquisition terminal in the monitoring system, and the receiving end is an LoRa gateway. The flow of the data transmission rate adaptive method is shown in fig. 1, and the steps are as follows:
1. firstly, the acquisition terminal sends an RTS frame to an LoRa gateway to confirm whether a channel is idle or not;
2. secondly, after receiving RTS, the LoRa gateway averages the effective SNR received for the first 3 times to obtain
Figure GDA0003711679220000032
The signal-to-noise ratio of the channel carried by the RTS frame is selected for the first time, and the SNR calculation formula is as follows:
SNR＝10*log10(P s /P n ) (db) (1)
in the formula (1), P s 、P n Respectively for the LoRa gateway receive signal power and noise power. Root signal-to-noise ratio mean value in LoRa transceiver chip
Figure GDA0003711679220000033
The spreading factor is selected as follows:
Rule 1:
Figure GDA0003711679220000041
Rule 2:
Figure GDA0003711679220000042
Rule 3:
Figure GDA0003711679220000043
Rule 4:
Figure GDA0003711679220000044
Rule 5:
Figure GDA0003711679220000045
Rule 6：
Figure GDA0003711679220000046
3. the data transmission rate is calculated from equation (2):
Figure GDA0003711679220000047
in the formula, BW is a channel bandwidth, which can improve an effective data rate to shorten a transmission time; CR performs forward error detection and correction for the coding rate. After evaluating the trade-off according to the LoRa modem calculator, BW is selected to be 250KHz and CR is set to 1. And the LoRa gateway adds the calculated transmission rate to an FCS field of the CTS frame, feeds back the FCS field to the acquisition terminal, continuously transmits data at the rate and simultaneously suspends the sending of the RTS/CTS control frame.
4. After the acquisition terminal sends the data packet, the LoRa gateway feeds back an ACK acknowledgement frame, indicating that one-time data transmission is successful. And at the moment, the collecting terminal counts the packet loss rate according to the continuity of the frame serial number, if the collecting terminal judges that the packet loss rate reaches the set packet loss threshold value in a certain period, the RTS/CTS mechanism is restarted to carry out channel estimation, and the data transmission rate is updated according to the step 2. And if the packet loss rate does not reach the packet loss threshold value, the step 5 is carried out, and the channel load of the spreading factor SF sub-channel is calculated.
The channel load is to calculate the occupation time of each frame of data in the SF sub-channel and in the statistical period T total [i]Internal cumulative total occupancy time T all_data [i]Thereby obtaining the load ERL [ i ] of the SF sub-channel]The calculation formula is as follows:
ERL[i]＝T all_data [i]/T total [i] (3)
time T of LoRa data transmission data [i]Equal to preamble time T preamble [i]And a data packet transmission time T payload [i]And (4) summing. Transmission time T of preamble preamble [i]It can be calculated by the formulas (4) to (5):
T preamble [i]＝(n preamble +4.25)T s [i] (4)
Figure GDA0003711679220000048
in the formula, n preamble Indicating the length of the preamble that has been set, by reading the registers regpreambemsb and regpreambelsb, T s [i]A period of a single LoRa symbol packet;
data packet transmission time T payload [i]The calculation formula is as follows:
T payload [i]＝payloadSymNb[i]*T s [i] (6)
in the formula, payloadSymNb [ i ] is the payload time, and is calculated by the formula (7):
Figure GDA0003711679220000051
in the formula, PL indicates the number of bytes of the payload, H indicates whether or not a header is used, and H is 1, and DE is 1, which is the optimum rate for this purpose. The data transmission time of a single time and N times of the sending end in the statistical period can be obtained by formulas (8) to (9):
T busy [i]＝T preamble [i]+T payload [i] (8)
5、T all_data [i]＝N*T data [i] (9)
6. and recording and storing the transmission time of the N times of data packets in the statistical period to obtain the load of the spread spectrum factor subchannel. When the load value is smaller than or equal to the channel load threshold value corresponding to the expected rate of the acquisition terminal, the LoRa gateway automatically increases a data transmission rate; if the load value is larger than the channel load threshold corresponding to the expected rate of the acquisition terminal, reducing one rate;
7. the acquisition terminal receives a normal rate adjustment command issued by the LoRa gateway and continues to complete data transmission;
the RTS frame in step 1 is an optional request-to-send frame supported by the IEEE802.11 network;
the CTS in step 3 is an IEEE802.11 network support optional clear to send frame;
the FCS in step 3 is a frame check sequence of an RTS/CTS frame, and is used to carry channel information and rate information;
the ACK in the step 4 is an acknowledgement frame fed back to the sending end after the receiving end successfully receives the data packet;
the packet loss rate PER in step 5 is caused by link degradation and network congestion collision in the network transmission process, and refers to the ratio of the data packets lost in unit time to the data packets to be transmitted;
in step 5, the transmission mode of the RTS/CTS frame format is modified, the LoRa gateway places the rate information in the FCS field of the CTS frame and returns the FCS field to the acquisition terminal, and the acquisition terminal performs data transmission according to the rate.
The CTS control frame format in the improved rate self-adaptive algorithm is shown in figure 2, the method does not need to change the frame format of an MAC layer, and can complete real-time channel estimation and achieve the purpose of rate self-adaptation only by using a scrambling code sequence of an RTS/CTS frame positioned on a physical layer to carry channel information and rate information, and the method can be compatible with most communication products after improvement.
In the invention, 4 cowsheds (a lactation house 1, a lactation house 2, a calf house 1 and a calf house 2) are selected in an Athenschstan cow experimental base of northeast agriculture university at days 2019/12/20 to 2020/3/15, the centers of the cowsheds are respectively provided with an acquisition terminal device, namely C1 to C4, a LoRa gateway G1 is arranged at the front door of the lactation house 1, all devices are about 2 meters vertical to the ground, four cowsheds are 122m long, the span is 30m, and the eaves is 5.6m high. Through measurement, the linear distance between each acquisition terminal and the LoRa gateway is about 63m, 128m, 562m and 604 m;
as shown in fig. 3: the invention sets that data is uploaded once every 20 minutes, 6140 groups (87 days) of data are collected during the experiment, the average values of signal-to-noise ratios obtained by the collection terminal in the experiment process are respectively-5.3 dB, -7.6dB, -11.2dB and-13.5 dB, and the packet loss rates are respectively 0.26%, 0.41%, 0.77% and 0.89%;
therefore, due to the fact that electromagnetic waves are attenuated continuously in the transmission process, the farther the distance between the acquisition terminal and the gateway is, the more obstacles are, the worse the signal is, the higher the packet loss rate is, but the packet loss rates are all smaller than 1.0%, the success rate is more than 99%, and the actual farm data acquisition requirements can be met.
The rate adaptive algorithm adopted by the invention can configure the optimal transmission rate for different channel environments, and the measurement result shows that: in a complex environment with a communication range of 604m, the signal-to-noise ratio of the acquisition terminal closer to the LoRa gateway is higher, the data transmission rate is higher, and the packet loss rate is lower. The method can improve the network throughput and optimize the system performance.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (6)

1. A data transmission rate self-adapting method based on LoRaWAN network protocol is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, a data sending end sends an RTS frame to a receiving end to confirm whether a channel is idle or not;
step two, after receiving RTS frame, the receiving end carries out equalization processing on effective SNR continuously received for the previous 3 times to obtain
Figure FDA0003819608820000011
And according to
Figure FDA0003819608820000012
Selecting a spreading factor SF, and selecting the spreading factor SF according to the following rules:
Rule 1:
Figure FDA0003819608820000013
Rule 2:
Figure FDA0003819608820000014
Rule 3:
Figure FDA0003819608820000015
Rule 4:
Figure FDA0003819608820000016
Rule 5:
Figure FDA0003819608820000017
Rule 6:
Figure FDA0003819608820000018
step three, the receiving end adds the data transmission rate DR to the FCS field of the CTS frame, feeds back the data transmission rate DR to the transmitting end, and simultaneously suspends the transmission of the RTS/CTS control frame;
step four, after the sending end sends the data packet to the receiving end according to the corresponding transmission rate DR, the receiving end feeds back an ACK frame to indicate that one-time data transmission is successful;
step five, in the data transmission process, the sending end counts the packet loss rate PER according to the continuity of the frame sequence number, if the sending end judges that the PER reaches the set packet loss threshold value in a certain period, the RTS/CTS mechanism is restarted to carry out channel estimation, the data transmission rate is updated according to the step two, if the PER does not reach the packet loss threshold value, the step six is carried out, and the packet loss rate PER is caused by link deterioration and network congestion collision in the network transmission process and indicates the ratio of the data packets lost in unit time to the sent data packets;
step six, recording and storing the transmission time of N times of data packets in the statistical period to obtain the load ERL of the spreading factor sub-channel, when the load value is less than or equal to the channel load threshold value corresponding to the expected rate of the sending end, the receiving end will automatically increase a data transmission rate, if the load value is greater than the channel load threshold value corresponding to the expected rate of the sending end, a data transmission rate is reduced, the channel load ERL is the occupied time of each frame of data to the corresponding SF sub-channel, and the total occupied time Tall _ data [ i ] is accumulated in the statistical period Ttotal [ i ], so as to obtain the load ERL [ i ] of the SF sub-channel, the calculation formula is as follows:
ERL[i]＝T all_data [i]/T total [i] (3)
the time Tdata [ i ] of data transmission of LoRa is equal to the sum of the preamble time Tpreamble [ i ] and the data packet transmission time Tpayload [ i ], and the transmission time Tpreamble [ i ] of the preamble can be calculated by formulas (4) to (5):
T preamble [i]＝(n preamble +4.25)T s [i] (4)
Figure FDA0003819608820000021
wherein npreamble represents the length of the preamble code, and is obtained by reading registers RegPreamblemsb and RegPreamblellb, T s [i]A period of a single LoRa symbol packet;
data packet transmission time T payload [i]The calculation formula is as follows:
T payload [i]＝payloadSymNb[i]*T s [i] (6)
in the formula, payloadSymNb [ i ] is the payload time, and is calculated by the formula (7):
Figure FDA0003819608820000031
in the formula, PL indicates the number of bytes of the payload, H indicates whether a header is used, H is 1, DE is 1, and the rate is optimal for this purpose, and the data transmission time of a single time and N times of the transmitting end in the statistical period can be obtained from formulas (8) to (9):
T busy [i]＝T preamble [i]+T payload [i] (8)
T all_data [i]＝N*T data [i] (9)；
and step seven, the sending end receives and finishes the speed regulating command sent by the receiving end, and continues to finish data transmission.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the RTS frame in the first step is an optional request to send frame supported by IEEE802.11 network; the SNR calculation formula is as follows:
SNR＝10*log10(Ps/Pn)(db) (1)
in the formula (1), P s 、P n Respectively, the signal power and the noise power received by the receiving end.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the DR in step three is calculated as follows:
Figure FDA0003819608820000032
in the formula, BW is a channel bandwidth, which can improve an effective data rate to shorten a transmission time; CR is the code rate and carries out forward error detection and error correction, after the balance is evaluated according to the LoRa modulation and demodulation calculator, the BW is selected to be 250KHz, and CR is set to be 1.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the CTS in step three is an IEEE802.11 network support optional clear to send frame; the FCS is a frame check sequence of an RTS/CTS frame and is used for carrying channel information and rate information.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the ACK in step four is an acknowledgement frame fed back to the transmitting end after the receiving end successfully receives the data packet.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the packet loss threshold in the fifth step is set according to an actual application scenario.
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