CN113200544A - Preparation method of biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material - Google Patents
Preparation method of biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material Download PDFInfo
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/318—Preparation characterised by the starting materials
- C01B32/324—Preparation characterised by the starting materials from waste materials, e.g. tyres or spent sulfite pulp liquor
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
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- C01B32/318—Preparation characterised by the starting materials
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- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
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- C01B32/342—Preparation characterised by non-gaseous activating agents
- C01B32/348—Metallic compounds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/34—Carbon-based characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
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Abstract
A preparation method of a biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material relates to a preparation method of an electrode material. The biomass co-carbonization composite porous carbon material has the advantages of controllable pore structure, narrow pore size distribution, obvious improvement of pore specific surface area, stable electrical property and the like. The prepared biomass composite carbon-based activated carbon has rich and adjustable pore structures, shows excellent electrochemical performance, has good charge-discharge performance, good cycle stability and good capacity retention rate when being used as a capacitor electrode material, and has wide application value in the aspects of commercial supercapacitors and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a preparation method of an electrode material, in particular to a preparation method of a biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material.
Background
Along with the continuous acceleration of the global industrialization process, the world population is continuously increased, the traditional fossil energy is irreversibly consumed, the serious environmental pollution problem is brought, the global temperature is warmed, the sea level is increased and the like, the problems are more serious than one year, and the alternative renewable energy is urgently needed to be searched. The emergence of environmentally friendly energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, nuclear energy, and biological energy has brought a boon to global energy problems, but the supply of energy is limited to natural environments, and therefore it is important to develop clean renewable energy sources and portable energy storage devices to solve the current energy problems.
The super capacitor has the advantages of high power density, high charging/discharging speed, long cycle life, wide working temperature range and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of electronic communication, electric power traffic systems, aerospace and the like. The super capacitor can be divided into a double electric layer super capacitor and a Faraday pseudocapacitor according to an energy storage mechanism, the double electric layer super capacitor mainly stores energy through physical electrostatic absorption/desorption of electrolyte ions, most of electrode materials are carbon materials, and the electrode materials play a decisive role in the electrochemical performance of the capacitor, so that the material selection and the performance improvement are hot spots for scientific research all the time.
The biomass carbon material is widely concerned due to wide sources, low cost, environmental protection and rich carbon nitrogen phosphorus, and the biomass activated carbon has a graphite microcrystal structure, a developed pore structure, a large specific surface area and excellent adsorbability, is beneficial to ion transmission and diffusion, and promotes charge transfer and mass transfer processes in an electrochemical process. The pore structure of the carbon material is modified at a microscopic level, so that the mass transfer process is accelerated, and the reports of improving the electrochemical performance of the carbon material are few.
At present, biomass carbon materials are rich in sources but are not reasonably utilized.
At present, few documents are reported about the surface structure of the pore structure of the biomass carbon material and micromolecular sugar co-carbonization regulating material and the application of the surface structure to the performance research of electrochemical capacitors.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of a biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material, and aims to develop a preparation method of a biomass composite porous carbon material. The method is applied to the field of super capacitors, and provides a new breakthrough point for the application of the biomass carbon material in the field of energy storage.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of a biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material comprises the following steps:
1) washing a biomass raw material with deionized water and 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid for multiple times, drying, then placing the biomass raw material in a tubular furnace, and carbonizing the biomass raw material in a nitrogen environment to obtain carbonized rhizobia;
2) mixing the carbonized carbon material with KOH according to a certain mass ratio, heating to 600-1000 ℃ in nitrogen flow for activation, washing with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid and distilled water after the activation is finished, and drying to obtain an activated carbon material;
3) and mixing the activated carbon material and the micromolecular sugar according to a certain proportion, and co-carbonizing in a tubular furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the biomass-based activated carbon and micromolecular sugar co-carbonized supercapacitor electrode material.
According to the preparation method of the biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material, the biomass charcoal source comprises walnut shells, hazelnut shells, rhizobia, bagasse, corn straws and shaddock peels.
According to the preparation method of the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material, the medium and small molecular sugar comprises glucose, fructose, maltose series, glucan, starch sugar, sucrose and lactose.
According to the preparation method of the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material, the mass ratio of the carbon material to KOH is 1-4: 1-4, nitrogen is introduced at the rate of 10-80L/min, the heating rate is 1-5 ℃/min, the temperature is increased to 500-1000 ℃, the temperature is kept for 1-3 h, and finally the temperature is reduced to room temperature at the rate of 1-10 ℃/min.
According to the preparation method of the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material, nitrogen is introduced into nitrogen flow at a speed of 10-80L/min, the heating rate is 1-5 ℃/min, the temperature is increased to 300-500 ℃, the temperature is kept for 1-3 h, and finally the temperature is reduced to room temperature at a speed of 1-10 ℃/min.
According to the preparation method of the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material, the mass ratio of the biomass carbon material to KOH is 1-4: 1-4, nitrogen is introduced at the rate of 10-80L/min, the heating rate is 1-5 ℃/min, the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material is heated to 500-1000 ℃ and is kept for 1-3 h, and finally the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material is cooled to room temperature at the rate of 1-10 ℃/min.
According to the preparation method of the biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material, the drying temperature is 50-100 ℃, and the drying time is 8-24 hours.
According to the preparation method of the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material, the mass ratio of the activated carbon material to the micromolecular sugar is 1-50: 1-50, nitrogen is introduced at the speed of 10-80L/min, the heating rate is 1-5 ℃/min, the temperature is increased to 300-600 ℃, the temperature is kept for 8-24 hours, and finally the temperature is reduced to the room temperature at the speed of 1-10 ℃/min.
The invention has the advantages and effects that:
1. the invention adopts low-cost biomass as a raw material and low-molecular-weight sugar for modification, and has simple preparation process and easy operation. The prepared biomass composite carbon-based activated carbon has rich and adjustable pore structures, shows excellent electrochemical performance, and has wide application value in the aspects of commercial supercapacitors and the like.
2. The invention relates to a novel method for preparing porous carbon through biomass carbon co-carbonization and an application technology of the biomass composite porous carbon as a capacitor electrode material. The material has good charge and discharge performance, cycle stability and capacity retention rate when used as a capacitor electrode material.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the walnut shell-based supercapacitor electrode material of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the supercapacitor electrode material after the co-carbonization of activated walnut shells and sucrose according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of a carbonized glucose supercapacitor electrode material of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the electrode material of the rhizobium carbide supercapacitor of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of an activated rhizobium and glucose composite supercapacitor electrode material of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the activated corn stover and lactose compounded supercapacitor electrode material of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the electrode material of the activated shaddock peel and maltose combined supercapacitor according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a constant current charge-discharge diagram (GCD) of the supercapacitor electrode material after the co-carbonization of the activated walnut shells and sucrose according to the invention;
FIG. 9 is a constant current charge-discharge diagram (GCD) of the activated corn stalk and lactose co-carbonized supercapacitor electrode material according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a constant current charge-discharge diagram (GCD) of the electrode material of the activated shaddock peel and maltose combined supercapacitor;
FIG. 11 is a diagram of constant current charge and discharge (GCD) of the electrode material of the activated rhizobium and glucose composite supercapacitor according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings.
Example 1
Drying and crushing walnut shells, washing the walnut shells for multiple times by using deionized water and 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and drying. Putting a proper amount of walnut shells into a quartz boat, putting the quartz boat into a tube furnace, carbonizing the quartz boat in a nitrogen environment, heating the quartz boat to 300 ℃ at a heating rate of 3 ℃/min, and carbonizing the quartz boat for 90 min to obtain carbonized walnut shells.
Mixing KOH and carbonized walnut shells according to the mass ratio of alkali to carbon of 2:1, dripping a small amount of water in the grinding process, uniformly mixing, and drying in a drying oven at 70 ℃. And (2) putting the mixture into a quartz boat, activating in a tubular furnace under the protection of nitrogen, heating to 600 ℃ at the heating rate of 3 ℃/min, activating for 1 h, cooling to room temperature at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min, washing with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, performing suction filtration, washing with distilled water in a suction filtration manner, washing to neutrality, and drying to obtain the activated carbon material.
Uniformly mixing activated walnut shells and cane sugar in a mass ratio of 30:1, putting the mixture into a quartz boat, co-carbonizing in a tube furnace under the nitrogen protection environment, raising the temperature to 400 ℃ at a heating rate of 2 ℃/min, carbonizing for 8 hours, and reducing the temperature to room temperature at a heating rate of 2 ℃/min to obtain the biomass composite carbon material.
Mixing a carbon material: acetylene black: PTFE (mass ratio 8:1: 1) is made into an electrode slice, and the electrode slice, a platinum electrode and an Hg/HgO electrode form three electrodes, and the specific capacitance of the electrode slice is 325.8F/g under the current density of 1A/g and the specific capacitance of the material is 218.3F/g under the current density of 10A/g when the electrode slice is tested in a 3M KOH solution.
Example 2
Washing the melon seed shells with deionized water and 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid for multiple times, and drying. Putting a proper amount of the melon seed shells into a quartz boat, putting the quartz boat into a tube furnace, carbonizing the quartz boat in a nitrogen environment, raising the temperature to 350 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, and carbonizing the quartz boat for 100 min to obtain carbide.
Mixing KOH and carbonized melon seed shells according to the mass ratio of alkali to carbon of 3:1, dripping a small amount of water in the grinding process, uniformly mixing, and drying in a drying oven at 80 ℃. And (2) putting the mixture into a quartz boat, activating in a tubular furnace under the protection of nitrogen, heating to 600 ℃ at the heating rate of 3 ℃/min, activating for 90 min, cooling to room temperature at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, washing with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, performing suction filtration, washing with distilled water in a suction filtration manner, washing to be neutral, and drying to obtain the activated carbon material.
Uniformly mixing activated melon seed shell carbon and maltose according to the mass ratio of 50:1, then placing the mixture into a quartz boat, co-carbonizing in a tube furnace under the nitrogen protection environment, raising the temperature to 300 ℃ at the heating rate of 7 ℃/min, carbonizing for 11 h, and reducing the temperature to room temperature at the heating rate of 3 ℃/min to obtain the carbon material.
Mixing a carbon material: acetylene black: PTFE (mass ratio 8:1: 1) is made into an electrode slice, and the electrode slice, a platinum electrode and an Hg/HgO electrode form three electrodes, and the specific capacitance of the electrode slice is 310.6F/g under the current density of 1A/g and the specific capacitance of the material is 186.4F/g under the current density of 10A/g when the electrode slice is tested in a 3M KOH solution.
Example 3
The rhizobia is washed for a plurality of times by deionized water and 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid and dried. And (3) putting a proper amount of rhizobia into the quartz boat, putting the quartz boat into a tube furnace, carbonizing the quartz boat in a nitrogen environment, raising the temperature to 350 ℃ at the rate of 1 ℃/min, and carbonizing the quartz boat for 120 min to obtain the carbonized rhizobia.
Mixing KOH and rhizobium carbide according to the mass ratio of alkali to carbon of 2:1, dripping a small amount of water in the grinding process, uniformly mixing, and drying in a drying oven at 70 ℃. And (2) putting the mixture into a quartz boat, activating in a tube furnace under the protection of nitrogen, heating to 700 ℃ at the heating rate of 3 ℃/min, activating for 60 min, cooling to room temperature at the heating rate of 6 ℃/min, washing with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, performing suction filtration, washing with distilled water in a suction filtration manner, washing to be neutral, and drying to obtain the activated carbon material.
Uniformly mixing activated rhizobia and glucose in a mass ratio of 15:1, putting the mixture into a quartz boat, co-carbonizing in a tube furnace under a nitrogen protection environment, raising the temperature to 350 ℃ at a temperature rise rate of 5 ℃/min, carbonizing for 12 h, and reducing the temperature to room temperature at a speed of 4 ℃/min to obtain the carbon material.
Mixing a carbon material: acetylene black: PTFE (mass ratio 8:1: 1) is made into an electrode slice, and the electrode slice, a platinum electrode and an Hg/HgO electrode form three electrodes, and the specific capacitance of the electrode slice is 217.6F/g under the current density of 1A/g and the specific capacitance of the material is 141.4F/g under the current density of 10A/g when the electrode slice is tested in a 3M KOH solution.
Example 4
Washing bagasse with deionized water and 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid for multiple times, and drying. Putting a proper amount of bagasse into a quartz boat, putting the quartz boat into a tube furnace, carbonizing the quartz boat in a nitrogen environment, raising the temperature to 400 ℃ at the heating rate of 10 ℃/min, and carbonizing the quartz boat for 120 min to obtain the carbonized bagasse.
Mixing KOH and the carbonized bagasse according to the mass ratio of alkali to carbon of 2:1, dripping a small amount of water in the grinding process, uniformly mixing, and drying in a drying oven at 100 ℃. And (2) putting the mixture into a quartz boat, activating in a tube furnace under the protection of nitrogen, heating to 800 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, activating for 120 min, cooling to room temperature at the heating rate of 1 ℃/min, washing with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, performing suction filtration, washing with distilled water in a suction filtration manner, washing to be neutral, and drying to obtain the activated carbon material.
Uniformly mixing activated bagasse and fructose in a mass ratio of 5:1, putting the mixture into a quartz boat, co-carbonizing in a tube furnace under a nitrogen protection environment, raising the temperature to 450 ℃ at a heating rate of 4 ℃/min, carbonizing for 18 h, and reducing the temperature to room temperature at a rate of 4 ℃/min to obtain the carbon material.
Mixing a carbon material: acetylene black: PTFE (mass ratio 8:1: 1) is made into an electrode slice, and the electrode slice, a platinum electrode and an Hg/HgO electrode form three electrodes, and the specific capacitance of the electrode slice is 225.8F/g under the current density of 1A/g and the specific capacitance of the material is 144.5F/g under the current density of 10A/g when the electrode slice is tested in a 3M KOH solution.
Example 5
Crushing the corn straws, washing the corn straws for multiple times by using deionized water and 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and drying the corn straws. And (3) putting a proper amount of crushed corn straws into a quartz boat, putting the quartz boat into a tube furnace, carbonizing the quartz boat in a nitrogen environment, raising the temperature to 500 ℃ at a heating rate of 4 ℃/min, and carbonizing the quartz boat for 60 min to obtain the carbonized corn straws.
Mixing KOH and carbonized corn straws according to the alkali-carbon mass ratio of 1:1, dripping a small amount of water in the grinding process, uniformly mixing, and drying in a drying oven at 60 ℃. And (2) putting the mixture into a quartz boat, activating in a tube furnace under the protection of nitrogen, heating to 750 ℃ at the heating rate of 3 ℃/min, activating for 60 min, cooling to room temperature at the heating rate of 4 ℃/min, washing with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, performing suction filtration, washing with distilled water in a suction filtration manner, washing to be neutral, and drying to obtain the activated carbon material.
Uniformly mixing activated corn straws and lactose in a mass ratio of 20:1, putting the mixture into a quartz boat, co-carbonizing in a tube furnace under the nitrogen protection environment, raising the temperature to 300 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min, carbonizing for 16 h, and reducing the temperature to room temperature at a rate of 1 ℃/min to obtain the carbon material.
Mixing a carbon material: acetylene black: PTFE (mass ratio 8:1: 1) is made into an electrode slice, and the electrode slice, a platinum electrode and an Hg/HgO electrode form three electrodes, and the specific capacitance of the electrode slice is 282.0F/g under the current density of 1A/g and the specific capacitance of the material is 169.2F/g under the current density of 10A/g when the electrode slice is tested in a 3M KOH solution.
Example 6
Crushing the shaddock peel, washing for many times by using deionized water and 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and drying. Putting a proper amount of shaddock peel into a quartz boat, putting the quartz boat into a tube furnace, carbonizing the quartz boat in a nitrogen environment, raising the temperature to 300 ℃ at the rate of 2 ℃/min, and carbonizing the quartz boat for 90 min to obtain carbonized shaddock peel.
Mixing KOH and carbonized shaddock peel according to the mass ratio of alkali to carbon of 5:1, dripping a small amount of water in the grinding process, uniformly mixing, and drying in a drying oven at 70 ℃. And (2) putting the mixture into a quartz boat, activating in a tube furnace under the protection of nitrogen, heating to 650 ℃ at the heating rate of 3 ℃/min, activating for 150 min, cooling to room temperature at the heating rate of 3 ℃/min, washing with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, performing suction filtration, washing with distilled water in a suction filtration manner, washing to be neutral, and drying to obtain the activated carbon material.
Uniformly mixing activated shaddock peel and maltose according to the mass ratio of 2:1, putting the mixture into a quartz boat, co-carbonizing in a tube furnace under the nitrogen protection environment, raising the temperature to 350 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min, carbonizing for 24 hours, and reducing the temperature to room temperature at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min to obtain the carbon material.
Mixing a carbon material: acetylene black: PTFE (mass ratio 8:1: 1) is made into an electrode slice, and the electrode slice, a platinum electrode and an Hg/HgO electrode form three electrodes, and the specific capacitance of the electrode slice is 187.1F/g under the current density of 1A/g and the specific capacitance of the material is 121.6F/g under the current density of 10A/g when the electrode slice is tested in a 3M KOH solution.
Claims (8)
1. A preparation method of a biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) washing a biomass raw material with deionized water and 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid for multiple times, drying, then placing the biomass raw material in a tubular furnace, and carbonizing the biomass raw material in a nitrogen environment to obtain carbonized rhizobia;
2) mixing the carbonized carbon material with KOH according to a certain mass ratio, heating to 600-1000 ℃ in nitrogen flow for activation, washing with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid and distilled water after the activation is finished, and drying to obtain an activated carbon material;
3) and mixing the activated carbon material and the micromolecular sugar according to a certain proportion, and co-carbonizing in a tubular furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the biomass-based activated carbon and micromolecular sugar co-carbonized supercapacitor electrode material.
2. The preparation method of the biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the biomass charcoal source comprises walnut shells, hazelnut shells, rhizobia, bagasse, corn stalks and shaddock peels.
3. The preparation method of the biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the medium and small molecular sugars comprise glucose, fructose, maltose series, dextran, starch sugar, sucrose, lactose.
4. The preparation method of the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the carbon material to KOH is 1-4: 1-4, nitrogen is introduced at a rate of 10-80L/min, the temperature rise rate is 1-5 ℃/min, the temperature is raised to 500-1000 ℃ and kept for 1-3 h, and finally the temperature is reduced to room temperature at a rate of 1-10 ℃/min.
5. The preparation method of the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material according to claim 1, wherein nitrogen is introduced into the nitrogen flow at a rate of 10-80L/min, the temperature rise rate is 1-5 ℃/min, the temperature is raised to 300-500 ℃, the temperature is maintained for 1-3 h, and finally the temperature is reduced to room temperature at a rate of 1-10 ℃/min.
6. The preparation method of the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the biomass carbon material to KOH is 1-4: 1-4, nitrogen is introduced at a rate of 10-80L/min, the temperature rise rate is 1-5 ℃/min, the temperature is raised to 500-1000 ℃ and kept for 1-3 h, and finally the temperature is reduced to room temperature at a rate of 1-10 ℃/min.
7. The preparation method of the biomass charcoal-based supercapacitor electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the drying temperature is 50-100 ℃, and the drying time is 8-24 hours.
8. The preparation method of the biomass carbon-based supercapacitor electrode material according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the activated carbon material to the small molecular sugar is 1-50: 1-50, nitrogen is introduced at a rate of 10-80L/min, the temperature rise rate is 1-5 ℃/min, the temperature is raised to 300-600 ℃, the temperature is kept for 8-24 hours, and finally the temperature is reduced to room temperature at a rate of 1-10 ℃/min.
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