CN113200516A

CN113200516A - Novel energy form capable of replacing hydrogen energy and generation and application mechanism

Info

Publication number: CN113200516A
Application number: CN202011559648.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 聂西凉; 聂宇飞
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2020-12-25
Filing date: 2020-12-25
Publication date: 2021-08-03

Abstract

The invention discloses a new reusable hydrogen energy source photo-semiconductor catalyst (rutile) which can replace the self-intrinsic electron orbital kinetic energy. This energy is characterized by a very low energy level (less than 2000eV, which is not harmful to humans and the environment since many of these energy losses occur daily in nature) and can be generated in an endless number of repetitions (just as the orbital energy a satellite can rotate without its own energy). Because the energy is hidden in natural minerals like nuclear energy, the energy can meet various requirements because the energy released each time is very low, the operation is safe and easy, and the energy can be released in an infinite cycle. The invention also discloses a method and equipment for extracting the energy. This patent will open up a new century of historically clean, renewable, and inexpensive safe energy sources for humans.

Description

Novel energy form capable of replacing hydrogen energy and generation and application mechanism

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of water-hydrogen energy, in particular to a brand-new energy form capable of replacing hydrogen energy and a generation and application mechanism.

Background

Water hydrogen energy is a possible energy source in the future. Since the discovery that TiO2 photocatalyst has the function of decomposing water to hydrogen [1] under illumination, this has brought the hope that inexpensive water-hydrogen clean renewable energy sources will become a reality. Much research has been devoted to how different band gap catalysts can exploit the abundance of solar energy to open the hydrogen-oxygen bonds in water to obtain hydrogen [2-4 ]. Researchers found that the energy gap of the catalyst from 3.2eV to 1.5eV has the function of generating hydrogen from water. But a key problem has never been addressed by researchers. How is solar energy absorbed by the catalyst to break the hydrogen-oxygen bonds of water molecules in water? What is the mechanism of this energy conversion? Water is an object that has been studied intensively, and the hydrogen-oxygen bond energy of water molecules in water is recognized to be about 4.8 eV. The problem has been that even though it is known that the photocatalyst absorbs solar energy for opening the hydrogen-oxygen bond, the 3.2eV photocatalyst of the maximum energy gap is insufficient to provide the function of 4.8eV for the bond energy of opening the hydrogen-oxygen bond even if the energy for completely converting the absorbed solar energy of 3.2eV into the bond energy of opening the bond. Not to mention about how well the photocatalyst with energy gap of 1.5eV (although the experiment proves that [4] CuFeO2 catalyst with energy gap of 1.5eV has the function of generating hydrogen in water) has the ability to open the hydrogen-oxygen bond of the water molecule in water? ). This patent presents and invents and answers this question and is in accordance with our invention. We propose a new concept of directly converting intrinsic electron kinetic energy of the photocatalyst into heat energy to provide energy required by the outside, thus avoiding the problems of generation, conversion into energy and safe storage of complex new energy of hydrogen generated by using the photocatalyst as an intermediate medium. Compared with new energy sources such as hydrogen energy sources, the new energy sources have the advantages that: can be repeatedly and infinitely extracted from natural minerals, has simple production and energy conversion processes, can completely design output according to requirements, and does not need a storage process. The most unique advantage is that the solar energy-saving solar water heater does not need external natural energy, is not influenced by weather, and can continuously provide energy for 24 hours. The application cost of the system is very low and effective. Can be applied to all energy demand fields. Has marketable value in the world.

Disclosure of Invention

Firstly, the photocatalyst is not an intermediate for accelerating and promoting chemical reaction in the traditional chemical sense, but is also an energy carrier capable of amplifying absorbed solar energy. And this energy can be used repeatedly indefinitely (as unpowered satellites can travel all the way around the earth in space, this energy is the orbital kinetic energy of atomic nuclei and orbital electrons) and the photocatalyst itself does not degrade due to internal electron transitions (as evidenced by the long-term use of solar panels). This is the first recognized natural intrinsic energy in human science history that can be reused indefinitely, without environmental impact and can be used for the daily energy needs of human beings! Take TiO2 and CuFeO2 as examples. This energy is the kinetic energy of the electron orbitals that the electron has excited into the 3d orbital on the conduction band. According to the definition of atomic physics, the formula of the kinetic energy of the electron orbitals of n orbitals is as follows:

En＝-13.6(Z*/n)2(eV) (1)

z is the effective nuclear charge number. The effective nuclear charge number can be approximated by the Sterley method: i.e. for n-layer electrons: the shielding constants of the electrons in the (n +1) layer and the outer layer are zero, and 0.35 is taken between the electrons in the same layer (but 0.3 is taken between the electrons in the first layer); the shielding constant of the (n-1) layer for n layer electrons is 0.85; the shielding constant of electrons of the (n-2) layer and further inner layers is 1; the effective nuclear charge number is the sum of the nuclear charge number minus the number of all the shielding electrons.

The distribution of Ti orbital electrons is (1)2(2)8(3)10(4)2, the numbers in parentheses are the number of electron orbitals, and the outer numbers are the numbers of electrons of the same orbital. The number of orbital effective nuclear charges of Ti 3d electrons was 22- (2x1-8x0.85-9x0.35) ═ 10.45. The kinetic energy of the Ti 3d orbital electron is-13.6 (10.45/3)2 is-164.86 eV.

The distribution of Fe orbital electrons is (1)2(2)8(3)14(4)2, and the orbital effective nuclear charge number of Fe 3d electrons is 26- (2x1-8x0.85-13x0.35) ═ 13.05. The kinetic energy of the Fe 3d orbital electron is-13.6 (13.05/3)2 is-257.35 eV.

When a valence band electron with low energy jumps to the conduction band (sub-equilibrium state) by absorbing external energy, the jump electron acquires high orbital electron kinetic energy of the conduction band. Like TiO2 and CuFeO2, the conduction bands are 3d Ti and Fe orbitals, and it is clear that the electrons of the transition absorb only a small amount of applied energy (e.g., 3.2eV for TiO2 and 1.5eV for CuFeO 2). The kinetic energies of electrons in the conduction band are 164.86eV and 257.35eV, respectively. It is clear that the absorbed solar energy is not sufficient to open the hydrogen-oxygen bond energy of 4.8 eV. But the conduction band orbital electron kinetic energy of the photocatalyst is sufficient to open the hydrogen-oxygen bond energy of 4.8 eV. Therefore, the absorbed external solar energy does not directly act on the opened oxyhydrogen bond, but is provided for the photocatalyst to generate high-orbit electron kinetic energy, and the high-orbit electron kinetic energy opens the oxyhydrogen bond.

And secondly, the kinetic energy of the conduction band orbit electrons of the semiconductor photocatalyst is enough to open the hydrogen-oxygen bond of 4.8eV because the conduction band electrons collapse from the conduction band with high kinetic energy to the vicinity of the hydrogen ions in the water molecules (the water molecules are polar molecules, and the hydrogen ions are positively charged) under the action of the micro-convergence of the attraction of positive and negative charges from the metastable state, so that the semiconductor photocatalyst for decomposing the hydrogen gas by water can amplify the absorbed minimum external energy to the hydrogen-oxygen bond capable of opening the water molecules in the water through the reusable conduction band orbit electron kinetic energy. Oxygen ions carry 2 redundant electrons and are immediately supplied to holes of the valence band, so that the photocatalyst is reduced to an original unexcited state, and photons can be repeatedly absorbed, and intrinsic orbital electrons with high kinetic energy can be supplied to provide energy for the outside. This process is repeated indefinitely to provide unlimited energy to the outside world. Theoretically, it can be understood that the photocatalyst itself can generate infinite energy but has stable structure because the change of shell electrons of the internal atoms of the photocatalyst does not affect the structural stability of the photocatalyst material, and the photocatalyst material is experimentally stable regardless of the application of the photoelectric semiconductor or the photocatalyst material. The photocatalyst can provide energy indefinitely while maintaining structural stability.

Thirdly, water vapor more easily forms ion potential in the semiconductor photocatalyst to attract electrons with high orbital energy of the conduction band to leave the atomic energy level of the conduction band to form a movable energy carrier. The traditional water photocatalyst experiment is to soak the catalyst in water. Most experiments do not have long-term working and are becoming less and less efficient. The reason is that because the water molecules in water have binding energy less than 1eV (because there is binding energy between water molecules in water, how the external energy is converted to open the binding between water molecules is a technical problem, we propose in the present invention to turn water into water vapor, so that in the decomposition of hydrogen gas by water molecules, we do not need to consider the binding energy between water molecules). Water molecules cannot enter the catalyst, the reaction of water under the action of the photocatalyst is only carried out on the surface of the photocatalyst, and most of absorbed light energy in the catalyst body is recombined by electrons and holes to cause low efficiency. In addition, a large number of polar water molecules saturate around the photocatalyst, so that valence band electrons absorbing solar energy are not attracted to the energy required for opening hydroxyl bonds due to the positive electricity of the polar water molecules during excitation, which may be the cause of catalyst failure (now widely believed to be water rusting the photocatalyst). If the valence band electrons that absorb solar energy are intercepted by polarized water molecules, there is no orbital electron kinetic energy that transitions to the conduction band of the semiconductor catalyst. So that the function of the high-orbit electron kinetic energy of the semiconductor photocatalyst is invalid. Whereas the water molecules in the water vapour are already single, non-linked, polar water molecules. If water is changed into water vapor firstly, then the water vapor is introduced into the photocatalyst body which absorbs external energy and valence band electrons are excited to a conduction band, so that water molecules can easily enter the photocatalyst to be decomposed (instead of directly placing the catalyst in the water, only the surface of the photocatalyst has the function of decomposing the water molecules).

And fourthly, introducing an electrostatic field to orderly polarize water vapor, wherein the polarization direction of water molecules is the arrangement direction of single water molecules, the water molecules can maximally enter the photocatalyst, and the anode of the water molecules is close to atoms with conduction band characteristics in the catalyst, so that electrons with high orbital kinetic energy on a conduction band can be easily attracted to be separated from the orbits to form high kinetic energy electrons, and then the high kinetic energy electrons are dissociated to an electric furnace plate to generate heat.

And fifthly, the photocatalyst is introduced to absorb external energy under the condition of no water vapor, valence band electrons of the photocatalyst are excited to a conduction band with high electron orbital kinetic energy, and then orderly polarized water vapor is introduced, and a drying device is introduced between the two steps to absorb residual water molecules in the photocatalyst, so that the functions of the photocatalyst of absorbing the external energy to excite the valence band electrons to the conduction band and releasing the high conduction band electron orbital kinetic energy are divided into two steps, and the functions of the photocatalyst are completely exerted.

Sixth, the invention introduces high energy efficiency initial excitation source (such as LED or OLED) as the only additional energy to excite valence band electron of photocatalyst to jump to conduction band of high orbital electron kinetic energy. Thus, the intrinsic orbital kinetic energy of the pebble refining photocatalyst is continuously increased (for example, 164.86eV-3.9eV in TiO2 is 160.96eV (here, it is assumed that the energy efficiency of the high-energy-efficiency initial excitation source is 70%, and the external energy of 3.9eV is required to be input for the rutile LED)). I.e. we can get an output energy of about 160.96 eV. This is the most dazzling point of this patent. That is, the photocatalyst itself is an energy donor, and this energy is environmentally friendly because of low single release level and can be applied to various needs because of repeated extraction without stop.

Seventh, the invention is based on the analysis of the first [1] photocatalyst experiments from 1972. We have found that photocatalysts are actually a carrier of energy. This energy is characterized by: 1. the single energy release is low in magnitude (about 160eV), and the energy release has no influence on the natural environment; 2. existing in natural mineral substance, easy to produce and refine, 3. can be taken repeatedly to refine from mineral substance to suit different occasion energy demand. This form of energy is similar to that of a widely used artificial satellite operating in earth's gravitational orbit, but is electron orbital kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the electron orbit can be directly converted into heat energy by the illustrated electric stove disc for application. The system is clean and safe for environment, can design output according to energy requirements, and reduces the need of expensive storage and transportation processes for most energy applications. We roughly estimate the energy density of rutile TiO 2. The energy gap of rutile TiO2 is 3eV, it is common for LEDs and OLEDs to achieve 70% energy efficiency, the energy required to excite an electron from the valence band to the conduction band of rutile TiO2 is 3.9eV, and the electron automatically gains 164.86eV electron kinetic energy in the conduction band, which yields an additional energy (164.86eV-3.9eV) of 160.9eV (this energy is not neutrally generated, but rather is generated by electron orbital kinetic energy outside the atomic nucleus). Because rutile TiO2 has 2 oxygen atoms in the molecule and 6 p electrons per oxygen atom, such a rutile TiO2 molecule can achieve 160.9evx2x6 ═ 1930.8eV energy. We must have the energy to break the bonds of 6 water molecules to meet the electron demand of 12 holes, which is 4.8eVx2 × 6 ═ 57.6 eV. The rutile TiO2 molecule can provide an output energy of 1930.8eV-57.6 eV-1873.2 eV, which translates to an energy density of approximately 628.48 kwh/kg for rutile TiO 2. Since the kinetic energy of electrons is directly converted into heat energy by the electric heating disc as shown in the figure in the energy output of rutile TiO2 for external use. We expect the experimental energy density to be very close to the estimate of the present invention.

Illustration of the drawings: any water (various water such as seawater, sewage and the like) in the water tank can be primarily filtered to a water steamer generator to generate steam, then the steam is orderly polarized by a weak electric field and enters a TiO2 container excited by artificial light, the hydrogen-oxygen bonds are broken by the excited high-kinetic-energy electrons of water molecules to form hydrogen ions and oxygen ions, the oxygen ions provide two electrons for valence band holes to enable the TiO2 to be restored to a state before excitation, and then dry phoenix are introduced to dry the residual steam and the like in the container; the dry air is generated by an air dryer, and the dry air with the desiccant medium is blown into the container by a fan. Efficient light sources are arranged around the container to provide photons to excite TiO2 to form high-kinetic-energy orbital electrons. The TiO2 must be in powder form and the TiO2 must be small enough to receive direct light in every direction. The two processes of orderly polarized water molecules entering the container and high-efficiency light source excitation TiO2 to form high-kinetic energy orbital electrons are separated by automatic control each time so as to achieve the purpose of effectively utilizing the photocatalyst for a long time. The dense and hemp thin copper wire is embedded into TiO2 to guide high kinetic energy electrons to the electric heating plate to generate output energy, and static electrons can be collected to form a battery as another output energy.

This energy density is about 20 times the energy density of 33.6 kwh/kg of hydrogen. This is probably a green reusable and safe cheap energy carrier of the highest energy density that is scientifically available to humans. The energy required to produce the water vapor is divided into two parts: the first part is the energy of the boiling water to steam, and the heat of vaporization of water at standard atmospheric pressure (101.325kPa) is 2260 joules/gram, given the literature. Roughly equivalent to 0.4 eV/water molecule (this number is consistent with accepted water molecules with an attraction force of less than 1 eV). Further, the specific heat according to water was 4.2X 103J/kg/degree. We can obtain that water requires 0.078 eV/water molecule if it rises from 0 ℃ to the boiling point (100 ℃). This result is consistent with the known energy requirement for water from boiling point steam being about 5 times the energy required for water to rise to 100 c. The total energy required for water from zero degrees to steam is 0.478eV per water molecule. Thus we estimate that there is approximately 1 electron volt depletion if all the applied energy is lost, but this focal energy depletion does not affect how much we estimate the energy density.

Eighthly, the introduction of the photocatalyst in the invention is a brand new concept of an energy carrier. And found that this energy is provided by the orbital electron kinetic energy of the conduction band, with this concept we can understand how to open the 4.8eV hydrogen-oxygen bond with the addition of 3.2eV energy and further understand why in document [1] oxygen is generated from the end of the photocatalyst and hydrogen is generated from the other end of the wire connecting the photocatalyst. This is because the orbital kinetic energy of the conduction band electron opens a hydrogen-oxygen bond and the oxygen ion donates an electron to the valence band hole to form oxygen. Then the electrons with kinetic energy lose a part of kinetic energy through the transmission of the conducting wire and then open the oxyhydrogen bond, and the electrons with low or static kinetic energy are absorbed by hydrogen ions to form hydrogen. Starting from this principle. We introduce a new energy output mechanism. The kinetic energy of orbital electrons can be directly converted into heat energy as output energy, so that the complex mechanism of hydrogen energy conversion is reduced. The energy conversion efficiency can be improved and the cost can be saved. The electronic orbital kinetic energy can be repeatedly used infinitely just like the gravitational energy of a man-made satellite around the earth which is successfully applied for many years, so that an infinite space is provided for the clean energy. Based on the invention, the output energy can be extracted as required, the expensive and dangerous link of storage and transportation is reduced, and the new energy market becomes a cheap and realizable reality. We expect that this invention will start a new era of clean renewable energy.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the general principles and implementations of the present invention. And is not intended to limit the scope of the present patent in any way. Those skilled in the art should, however, utilize the above disclosed principles and concepts to make various changes, substitutions and alterations herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an alternative hydrogen energy source energy form and mechanism for generation and application provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

the above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and all simple modifications, equivalent changes and modifications made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention are within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. All commercial behaviors applying the self-endowing electron orbital kinetic energy of all the photo-semiconductor catalysts disclosed by the invention.

2. All high energy efficient initial excitation light sources (e.g., high efficiency LEDs or OLEDs, etc.) can excite the valence band electrons of the photocatalyst to all commercial behaviors of the conduction band.

3. A special process can convert the intrinsic electron orbital kinetic energy of the valence band in the photo-semiconductor catalyst into heat energy and derive various application energies.

4. The two-step method provided by the patent improves the efficiency and service life design of the photo-semiconductor catalyst.

5. All commercial behaviors of a design that water molecules in water vapor are distributed orderly according to the polarities of the water molecules by using a weak electrostatic field, the water molecules are distributed orderly, the minimum distance and the polarization direction of the water molecules can be maximized to enter a photo-semiconductor catalyst, and the polarization positive pole of the water molecules directly faces a conduction band layer of the photo-semiconductor catalyst, so that the water molecules in the water vapor easily enter the photo-semiconductor catalyst and induce conduction band electrons to leave conduction band atoms so as to fall onto hydrogen ions to provide energy for opening hydrogen-oxygen bonds.

6. All business activities of any design in the figures of the present invention.