CN113178338B - Carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of electronic materials, and particularly relates to a carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation process comprises the following steps: preparing hypercrosslinked polycarbazole by using carbazole as a monomer and dimethoxymethane as external crosslinking, mixing the hypercrosslinked polycarbazole serving as a precursor of porous carbon with potassium hydroxide, obtaining nitrogen-containing hierarchical porous carbon through high-temperature pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere, and finally loading polyaniline through a chemical oxidative polymerization method to prepare the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material. According to the invention, by utilizing the nitrogen-containing functional group of carbazole and the pore structure of hypercrosslinked polymer, the specific surface area of the prepared nitrogen-doped porous carbon reaches 1576 m.g ‑1 The specific capacitance of the composite electrode material obtained after loading polyaniline reaches 462F g ‑1 And can be used for preparing a super capacitor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of electronic materials, and particularly relates to a carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The super capacitor is a new green energy storage device and generally comprises electrodes, a current collector, electrolyte and a diaphragm, wherein electrode materials are key factors influencing the performance of the super capacitor, the electrode materials directly determine performance parameters of the super capacitor, such as specific capacitance, circulation stability, energy density and power density, and the cost of the electrode materials and the large-scale production of the electrode materials determine whether the super capacitor can be put to the market.
Super capacitors can be classified into two main types, electric double layer capacitors and pseudo capacitors, according to the mechanism of storing electric energy. The electric double layer capacitance material is mainly carbon material, and the pseudocapacitance material is mainly metal oxide and conductive polymer. The carbon material has low internal resistance, and the prepared electric double layer capacitor has high cycle stability and power density, but low specific capacitance and energy density. The pseudocapacitor has higher theoretical capacitance and energy density than the electric double layer capacitor, but the pseudocapacitor material has poor conductivity, so that the cycle stability and rate capability of the pseudocapacitor material are poor, and the power density of the pseudocapacitor material is also lower than that of the electric double layer capacitor. Therefore, organic compounding of carbon materials and pseudocapacitance materials is an important research point of current electrode materials, and a method for realizing synergy among different energy storage mechanism components is tried to obtain a composite material with excellent performance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material and a preparation method thereof, aiming at the defects of the prior art. In order to prepare a porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material with high electrochemical performance and improve the specific capacitance and the cycling stability of the material, carbazole is firstly subjected to hypercrosslinking by adopting an external cross-linking agent, the prepared hypercrosslinked polymer is used as a porous carbon precursor, nitrogen-containing porous carbon with a hierarchical pore structure is prepared by pyrolysis under the etching action of potassium hydroxide, and then polyaniline is loaded on the porous carbon by a chemical oxidative polymerization method to prepare the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material.
In order to realize the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a preparation method of a carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material comprises the following steps:
(1) And (3) carbazole monomer hypercrosslinking: dissolving a carbazole monomer in 1, 2-dichloroethane, adding dimethoxymethane, fully stirring, adding anhydrous ferric trichloride, heating to 80 ℃ while stirring, reacting at 80 ℃ for 24 hours, filtering a product, ultrasonically cleaning by using methanol, carrying out suction filtration until the filtrate is nearly colorless, and drying in vacuum at 80 ℃ to obtain a carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer; wherein the molar ratio of (carbazole + dimethoxymethane)/anhydrous ferric chloride is 3.
(2) Preparing porous carbon by pyrolysis: dispersing the carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer prepared in the step (1) and potassium hydroxide in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the mass ratio of 1-1.
(3) Porous carbon-loaded polyaniline: dispersing carbazolyl porous carbon into 1M hydrochloric acid, adding aniline (the final concentration of aniline is 0.05M-0.2M, and the mass ratio of aniline to porous carbon is 2-1: 2) in a certain proportion, and stirring for 1 hour at 0-5 ℃ for later use; and dissolving a certain amount of ammonium persulfate in equivalent 1M hydrochloric acid (the molar ratio of aniline/ammonium persulfate is 5.
According to the technical scheme, carbazole is used as a monomer of a hypercrosslinked polymer, dimethoxymethane is used as an external cross-linking agent to prepare hypercrosslinked polycarbazole, the hypercrosslinked polycarbazole is used as a precursor of porous carbon and is mixed with potassium hydroxide, the nitrogen-containing hierarchical porous carbon is obtained through a high-temperature pyrolysis method, and finally polyaniline is loaded through a chemical oxidative polymerization method to prepare the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention adoptsHypercrosslinked polycarbazole is used as a precursor of porous carbon, and a specific surface area of 1576 m g is prepared by utilizing a nitrogen-containing functional group of carbazole and a microporous structure of hypercrosslinked polymer -1 And nitrogen-doped porous carbon with the average pore diameter of 22.0A can be loaded with polyaniline to obtain the specific capacitance of 462F g -1 The composite electrode material of (1).
2. The hypercrosslinked polymer prepared by taking carbazole as a monomer has a rigid main chain and a conjugated electron-rich system, is favorable for forming a permanent porous structure, cannot be easily denatured, and porous carbon prepared by taking the hypercrosslinked polymer as a precursor can fully reserve the microporous structure and the rigid skeleton of hypercrosslinked polycarbazole, thereby being favorable for loading polyaniline and being favorable for diffusion and contact of electrolyte.
3. According to the invention, nitrogen-doped porous carbon is prepared by utilizing a nitrogen-containing functional group of carbazole through pyrolysis of hypercrosslinked polycarbazole, and the nitrogen doping can enhance the surface wettability of the material, provide richer active sites, provide pseudo capacitance for a carbon material, and improve the conductivity and charge storage capacity of the composite material after the porous carbon is loaded with polyaniline.
4. The carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material prepared by the invention is black powder, has excellent electrochemical performance and provides a new idea for preparation of the composite electrode material.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a constant current charging and discharging curve of the porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material of example 1;
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material of example 1;
FIG. 3 is a nitrogen adsorption and desorption curve of the carbazolyl porous carbon of example 1;
fig. 4 is a pore size distribution diagram of the carbazolyl porous carbon of example 1.
Detailed Description
In order to make the present invention easier to understand, the following examples will further illustrate the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples.
Example 1
(1) Dissolving 30 mmol of carbazole monomer in 120mL of 1, 2-dichloroethane, adding 60 mmol of dimethoxymethane, stirring thoroughly, adding 45 mmol of anhydrous ferric chloride, heating to 80 ℃ while stirring, reacting at 80 ℃ for 24 hours, filtering the product, ultrasonically cleaning with methanol, and vacuum-filtering until the filtrate is nearly colorless, and vacuum-drying at 80 ℃ to obtain carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer;
(2) Dispersing 1g and 4g of potassium hydroxide of the product prepared in the step (1) in 300mL of absolute ethyl alcohol, heating to 60 ℃, stirring until the solvent is evaporated to dryness, placing the solid mixture in a tubular furnace, heating to 700 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min in a nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining the high temperature of 700 ℃ for pyrolysis for 1.5 hours, cooling to room temperature, and carrying out acid washing, water washing and drying on the pyrolysis product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon;
(3) Dispersing dried porous carbon 0.1396g and aniline 0.0931g (1 mmol) in 15mL 1M hydrochloric acid, and stirring at 0 ℃ for 1 hour for later use; dissolving 1 mmol of ammonium persulfate in 1M hydrochloric acid of the same amount, storing at 0 deg.C for 0.5 hr, adding into the mixed solution of aniline and carbon, reacting at 0 deg.C for 12 hr, washing with water, and drying to obtain carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material with specific capacitance of 462F g -1 。
Example 2
(1) Dissolving 30 mmol of carbazole monomer in 120mL of 1, 2-dichloroethane, adding 60 mmol of dimethoxymethane, fully stirring, adding 60 mmol of anhydrous ferric trichloride, heating to 80 ℃ while stirring, reacting at 80 ℃ for 24 hours, filtering the product, ultrasonically cleaning by using methanol, performing suction filtration until the filtrate is nearly colorless, and drying in vacuum at 80 ℃ to obtain the carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer;
(2) And (2) dispersing 1g and 4g of potassium hydroxide of the product prepared in the step (1) in 300mL of absolute ethyl alcohol, heating to 60 ℃, stirring until the solvent is evaporated to dryness, placing the solid mixture in a tubular furnace, heating to 700 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining the high temperature of 700 ℃ for pyrolysis for 1.5 hours, cooling to room temperature, and carrying out acid washing, water washing and drying on the pyrolysis product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon.
(3) Dispersing dried porous carbon 0.1396g and aniline 0.0931g (1 mmol) in 15mL 1M hydrochloric acid, and stirring at 0 ℃ for 1 hour for later use; dissolving 1 mmol of ammonium persulfate in 1M hydrochloric acid with the same amount, preserving at 0 ℃ for 0.5 h, adding into the mixed solution of aniline and carbon, reacting at 0 ℃ for 12 h, washing the product with water, and drying to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material.
Example 3
(1) Dissolving 22.5 mmol of carbazole monomer in 120mL of 1, 2-dichloroethane, adding 67.5 mmol of dimethoxymethane, fully stirring, adding 45 mmol of anhydrous ferric trichloride, heating to 80 ℃ while stirring, reacting at 80 ℃ for 24 hours, filtering the product, ultrasonically cleaning by using methanol, carrying out suction filtration until the filtrate is nearly colorless, and drying in vacuum at 80 ℃ to obtain the carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer;
(2) And (2) dispersing 1g and 4g of potassium hydroxide of the product prepared in the step (1) in 300mL of absolute ethyl alcohol, heating to 60 ℃, stirring until the solvent is evaporated to dryness, placing the solid mixture in a tubular furnace, heating to 700 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining the high temperature of 700 ℃ for pyrolysis for 1.5 hours, cooling to room temperature, and carrying out acid washing, water washing and drying on the pyrolysis product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon.
(3) Dispersing dried porous carbon 0.1396g and aniline 0.0931g (1 mmol) in 15mL 1M hydrochloric acid, and stirring at 0 ℃ for 1 hour for later use; dissolving 1 mmol of ammonium persulfate in 1M hydrochloric acid with the same amount, storing at 0 ℃ for 0.5 h, adding into a mixed solution of aniline and carbon, reacting at 0 ℃ for 12 h, washing and drying the product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material.
Example 4
(1) Dissolving 30 mmol of carbazole monomer in 120mL of 1, 2-dichloroethane, adding 60 mmol of dimethoxymethane, fully stirring, adding 45 mmol of anhydrous ferric chloride, stirring while heating to 80 ℃, reacting at 80 ℃ for 24 hours, filtering the product, ultrasonically cleaning by methanol, carrying out suction filtration until the filtrate is nearly colorless, and drying in vacuum at 80 ℃ to obtain the carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer;
(2) And (2) dispersing 1g and 3g of potassium hydroxide of the product prepared in the step (1) in 300mL of absolute ethyl alcohol, heating to 60 ℃, stirring until the solvent is evaporated to dryness, placing the solid mixture in a tubular furnace, heating to 700 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining the high temperature of 700 ℃ for pyrolysis for 1.5 hours, cooling to room temperature, and carrying out acid washing, water washing and drying on the pyrolysis product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon.
(3) Dispersing dried porous carbon 0.1396g and aniline 0.0931g (1 mmol) in 15mL 1M hydrochloric acid, and stirring at 0 ℃ for 1 hour for later use; dissolving 1 mmol of ammonium persulfate in 1M hydrochloric acid with the same amount, storing at 0 ℃ for 0.5 h, adding into a mixed solution of aniline and carbon, reacting at 0 ℃ for 12 h, washing and drying the product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material.
Example 5
(1) Dissolving 30 mmol of carbazole monomer in 120mL of 1, 2-dichloroethane, adding 60 mmol of dimethoxymethane, fully stirring, adding 45 mmol of anhydrous ferric trichloride, stirring, heating to 80 ℃, reacting at 80 ℃ for 24 hours, filtering the product, ultrasonically cleaning by using methanol, carrying out suction filtration until the filtrate is nearly colorless, and drying in vacuum at 80 ℃ to obtain the carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer;
(2) And (2) dispersing 1g and 4g of potassium hydroxide of the product prepared in the step (1) in 300mL of absolute ethyl alcohol, heating to 60 ℃, stirring until the solvent is evaporated to dryness, placing the solid mixture in a tubular furnace, heating to 700 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining the high temperature of 700 ℃ for pyrolysis for 1.5 hours, cooling to room temperature, and carrying out acid washing, water washing and drying on the pyrolysis product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon.
(3) Dispersing dried porous carbon 0.0931g and aniline 0.0931g (1 mmol) in 15mL 1M hydrochloric acid, and stirring at 0 ℃ for 1 hour for later use; dissolving 1 mmol of ammonium persulfate in 1M hydrochloric acid with the same amount, preserving at 0 ℃ for 0.5 hour, adding into the mixed solution of aniline and carbon, reacting at 0 ℃ for 12 hours, washing the product with water, and drying to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material.
Example 6
(1) Dissolving 30 mmol of carbazole monomer in 120mL of 1, 2-dichloroethane, adding 60 mmol of dimethoxymethane, fully stirring, adding 45 mmol of anhydrous ferric chloride, heating to 80 ℃ while stirring, reacting at 80 ℃ for 24 hours, filtering the product, ultrasonically cleaning by using methanol, performing suction filtration until the filtrate is nearly colorless, and drying in vacuum at 80 ℃ to obtain the carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer;
(2) And (2) dispersing 1g and 4g of potassium hydroxide of the product prepared in the step (1) in 300mL of absolute ethyl alcohol, heating to 60 ℃, stirring until the solvent is evaporated to dryness, placing the solid mixture in a tubular furnace, heating to 700 ℃ at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining the high temperature of 700 ℃ for pyrolysis for 1.5 hours, cooling to room temperature, and carrying out acid washing, water washing and drying on the pyrolysis product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon.
(3) Dispersing dried porous carbon 0.1396g and aniline 0.0931g (1 mmol) in 15mL 1M hydrochloric acid, and stirring at 0 ℃ for 1 hour for later use; dissolving 1.5 mmol of ammonium persulfate in equivalent 1M hydrochloric acid, preserving at 0 ℃ for 0.5 h, adding into the mixed solution of aniline and carbon, reacting at 0 ℃ for 12 h, washing the product with water, and drying to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material.
Application example
The invention determines the mass specific capacitance of the prepared carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material through an electrochemical workstation, and the specific measurement method comprises the following steps:
taking the composite material prepared in example 1, mixing the composite material with polytetrafluoroethylene and acetylene black according to the mass ratio of 8:
in the formula, C m Is mass specific capacitance, F.g -1 (ii) a I is a discharge current, A; Δ t is the discharge time, s; m is the activity of the working electrodeMass of matter, g; Δ V is the voltage drop, V.
FIG. 1 is a constant current charge/discharge curve of the composite electrode material in a three-electrode system at a current density of 1A/g, from which the specific capacitance of 462F/g can be calculated. Fig. 2 shows that the composite electrode material has a loose porous structure, which illustrates that the porous skeleton structure of the hypercrosslinked polycarbazole is better maintained after high-temperature carbonization, and meanwhile, the loading of polyaniline is proved by the rough surface of the particle. The nitrogen adsorption and desorption curve of fig. 3 shows that the synthesized carbazolyl porous carbon is basically microporous, and the existence of the hysteresis loop indicates that a certain mesopore exists. FIG. 4 is a pore size distribution diagram of the carbazolyl porous carbon, which shows that micropores below 2nm are mainly followed by mesopores of 2-50nm, indicating that the carbazolyl porous carbon is of a hierarchical pore structure.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and all equivalent changes and modifications made in accordance with the claims of the present invention should be covered by the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A preparation method of a carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material is characterized by comprising the following steps: which comprises the following steps:
(1) And (3) carbazole monomer hypercrosslinking: dissolving a carbazole monomer in 1, 2-dichloroethane, adding dimethoxymethane, fully stirring, adding anhydrous ferric trichloride, heating to 80 ℃ while stirring, reacting at 80 ℃ for 24 hours, filtering a product, washing with alcohol, and drying to obtain a carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer;
(2) Preparing porous carbon by pyrolysis: dispersing the carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer prepared in the step (1) and potassium hydroxide in absolute ethyl alcohol, stirring at 60 ℃ until the solvent is evaporated to dryness, then placing the dried mixture in a tubular furnace, heating to a specific temperature in a nitrogen atmosphere for high-temperature pyrolysis, and carrying out acid washing, water washing and drying on the pyrolysis product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon;
(3) Porous carbon-supported polyaniline: dispersing carbazolyl porous carbon in 1M hydrochloric acid, adding aniline, and stirring at 0-5 ℃ for 1 hour to obtain a mixed solution for later use; dissolving ammonium persulfate in equivalent 1M hydrochloric acid, preserving at 0-5 ℃ for 0.5 h, adding into the mixed solution, reacting at 0-5 ℃ for 12 h, washing and drying the product to obtain the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material;
in the step (1), the molar ratio of (carbazole + dimethoxymethane)/anhydrous ferric chloride is 3;
in the step (1), the alcohol washing and drying method comprises the following steps: ultrasonically cleaning the product in methanol until the filtrate is nearly colorless, and then drying in vacuum at 80 ℃;
in the step (2), dispersing the carbazolyl hypercrosslinked polymer and the potassium hydroxide in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the mass ratio of 1;
in the step (2), the high-temperature pyrolysis specifically comprises the following operations: heating to 600-900 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere, and then maintaining the temperature for pyrolysis for 1-3 hours;
in the step (3), the aniline concentration in the mixed solution is 0.05M-0.2M, the mass ratio of aniline/carbazolyl porous carbon is 2.
2. The carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material prepared by the preparation method according to claim 1.
3. The application of the carbazolyl porous carbon/polyaniline composite electrode material as defined in claim 2 to an electrode of a supercapacitor.
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