CN113171676A - 包括具有含t形部分的管状装置的氧气注射系统的消化器 - Google Patents

包括具有含t形部分的管状装置的氧气注射系统的消化器 Download PDF

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CN113171676A
CN113171676A CN202110001894.6A CN202110001894A CN113171676A CN 113171676 A CN113171676 A CN 113171676A CN 202110001894 A CN202110001894 A CN 202110001894A CN 113171676 A CN113171676 A CN 113171676A
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digester
chamber
biomass
tubular device
biogas
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A·伯特兰迪亚斯
D·弗里马特
A·特鲁巴
J·塞沃特
J·奥利尔
S·瓦伦汀
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

用于生产至少部分脱硫的沼气的设备，其包括生物质消化器和/或后消化器，所述消化器和/或后消化器包括：‑包括生物质(2)和气体空间(3)的腔室(1)，和‑将氧化气体注入所述气体空间的系统(6)，其特征在于，注射系统包括管状装置(4)，所述管状装置包括T形部分，所述T形部分的竖直杆放置在腔室的对称轴上，且所述T形部分的水平杆具有微型注射器(5)。

Description

包括具有含T形部分的管状装置的氧气注射系统的消化器
本发明涉及一种用于生产至少部分脱硫的沼气(biogas)的设备和方法。
沼气是在不存在氧的情况下(厌氧消化)在有机物分解过程中产生的气体，也称为甲烷化。如在沼泽或生活垃圾场中观察到的那样，分解可能是自然的，但是沼气的产生也可能由在专用反应器中在受控条件下(称为甲烷化器或消化器)，以及然后在后消化器中将废物甲烷化产生，所述后消化器类似于消化器并允许甲烷化反应延伸。
生物质是指通过该甲烷化过程可转化为能量的任何有机物：例如，处理厂的污泥，粪便/液体粪便，农业残留物，食物垃圾等。
消化器，即专用于生物质甲烷化的反应器，是一个密闭的容器，可加热或不加热(在设定温度下，在环境温度至55℃之间操作)，将由生物质组成的所述容器的内容物连续地或顺序地混合。消化器中的条件是厌氧的，并且在消化器的顶部空间(气体空间)中发现了产生的沼气，将沼气从消化器的顶部空间中抽出。后消化器类似于消化器。
由于其主要成分-甲烷和二氧化碳，沼气是一种强大的温室气体；同时，它也构成可再生能源的来源，在化石燃料日益稀缺的情况下，这是可观的。
沼气主要包含甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)，其比例可根据基质和沼气的获取方式而有所不同。然而，它也可能以较小的比例包含水，氮气，硫化氢(H2S)，氧气以及痕量形式的其他有机化合物，包括H2S，介于10至50000ppmv之间。
取决于已分解的有机物和所使用的技术，各组分的比例有所不同，但平均而言，沼气在干气基础上包含30％至75％的甲烷，15％至60％的二氧化碳，0％至15％的氮气，0％至5％的氧气和痕量化合物。
沼气以各种方式在经济上得到利用。经过温和的处理后，可以在生产现场附近对其进行开采，以提供热量，电力或两者的混合物(热电联产)；高的二氧化碳含量会降低其热值，增加压缩和运输的成本，并将在经济上利用它的经济利益限制在该用途附近。
更充分地净化沼气使其得到更广泛的使用；尤其是，通过对沼气的充分净化，可以得到已经净化到天然气规格并且可以代替天然气的沼气。如此净化的沼气被称为“生物甲烷”(biomethane)。因此，生物甲烷通过在领土内生产的可再生部分补充了天然气资源；它可以用于与化石来源的天然气完全相同的用途。它可以提供天然气网络或车辆加气站；它也可以以液化天然气(bioLNG)形式液化存储等。
根据生物质的组成，消化过程中产生的沼气包含在10至50000ppm之间的量的硫化氢(H2S)。
不管沼气最终的商业目的如何，事实证明，除去有毒和腐蚀性杂质硫化氢至关重要。此外，如果沼气的使用涉及将其净化以将生物甲烷注入天然气网络，则有严格的规范限制了H2S的允许量。
存在许多除去H2S的方法，它们或多或少地广泛使用(活性炭床，铁化合物的添加，物理或化学吸附，水洗，生物过滤器等)。除去主要通过吸附在消化器外部的活性炭床上来完成。在越来越多的消化器中，还可以通过向消化器的气体空间中注入空气/富集空气/O2来部分完成H2S的降低，这构成了一个原位溶液。以低剂量注入气体空间后，由H2S和O2生成固态硫(平衡方程式(1))，这是由硫氧化细菌(例如硫杆菌)引起的。在注入高剂量的O2的情况下，混合物被酸化(平衡方程式(2))。因此目标反应是反应(1)。
H2S+0.5O2→S+H2O (1)
H2S+2O2→SO4 2-+2H+ (2)
实际上需要注入的O2的量与根据平衡方程式(1)的化学计量所期望的那些不同：相对于产生的沼气，最常推荐O2的剂量为0.3％-3％，有时会指定最高12％的剂量。
当前，空气/富集空气/O2的原位注入尚未优化，因此必须保持活性炭床以除去所有H2S。
现有的解决方案包括使用单个注入点将空气/O2注入消化器，这有可能导致局部反应(硫化氢的局部除去)。在氧气剂量不足的情况下，这还可能导致未消耗氧气的局部积累，这是不希望的，因为(i)沼气和氧气的混合物超过一定极限会爆炸，(ii)净化包含氧气的沼气更复杂，(iii)累积的氧气不用于最大可能程度地降低H2S，并且(iv)可能在局部产生需氧区域并抑制甲烷化反应。
此外，单个注入点位于沼气出口的对面。因此，部分沼气可以直接从消化器中排出，而没有机会与注入的氧气发生反应。因此，它在出口处仍被硫化氢污染。
具体而言，根据图1和图2所示的消化器的模拟-[图1]和[图2]-可以看出沼气以层流模式流动。这证实了在一点处注入的氧气没有混合到消化器的整个气体空间中，而是直接带到气体出口。因此反应是局部的。
这已经在视觉上得到证实，因为已经观察到，固体硫在位于周边的脱硫网的表面上更多地形成，而在中央则较少。
基于此，出现的一个问题是提供一种改进的设备，该设备促进更充分地除去H2S。
本发明的一个解决方案是一种用于生产至少部分脱硫的沼气的设备，其包括生物质消化器和/或后消化器，该消化器和/或后消化器包括：
-包含生物质2和气体空间3的腔室1，和
-用于将氧化气体注入气体空间的系统6，
其特征在于，注射系统包括管状装置4，该管状装置包括T形部分，该T形部分的竖直杆放置在腔室的对称轴上，且该T形部分的水平杆具有微型注射器5。
“气体空间”是指消化器或后消化器中含有气体的空间(与含有液体的空间相对)。
图3[图3]是通过消化器腔室的垂直示意性截面图。
根据情况，根据本发明的设备可以具有以下一个或多个特征：
-微型注射器沿着管状装置的水平杆以规则的间隔分布。
-水平杆的长度在腔室直径的0.5倍和腔室直径的0.9倍之间。
-水平杆包括至少4个微型注射器，优选至少6个，更优选至少8个微型注射器。
-至少一个微型注射器位于距腔室对称轴不到两米的位置。
-管状装置距离气体空间-生物质界面不到一米。
-该设备包括水平放置并固定在腔室的上部中的脱硫网，并且管状装置放置在所述网上。
-该设备包括水平放置并固定在腔室的上部中的脱硫网，并且管状装置从该网悬挂。
-管状装置由耐潮湿和腐蚀性气氛的材料组成。
根据本发明的设备使得可以在整个消化器内更均匀地分布氧化气体的注入剂量。因此，反应将不再是局部的，这使得可以更好地整体降低硫化氢。
另外，在消化器的气体空间内氧化气体的这种更均匀的分布能够优化所使用的氧气的量，并且能够减少其消耗。在注入空气或富集空气的情况下，沼气中的氮气量将因此最小。
本发明的另一主题是使用根据本发明的设备生产至少部分脱硫的沼气的方法，其包括：
-将生物质注入消化器中；
-经由用于注射氧化气体的系统将氧化气体注入消化器的气体空间中；和
-混合生物质。
氧化气体的注入率将优选在所产生的沼气体积的0.3％至3％之间。
注意，氧化气体可以是氧气或空气或富集空气。富集空气是指具有比通常在空气中存在的氧含量更高的氧含量的空气。
根据本发明的解决方案使得可以获得包含小于200ppm的硫化氢的沼气流。
本发明使得可以通过有效地除去硫化氢来降低净化沼气的成本，而无需任何复杂的工程。

Claims (11)

1.用于生产至少部分脱硫的沼气的设备，其包括生物质消化器和/或后消化器，所述消化器和/或后消化器包括：
-包括生物质(2)和气体空间(3)的腔室(1)，和
-将氧化气体注入所述气体空间的系统(6)，
其特征在于，注射系统包括管状装置(4)，所述管状装置包括T形部分，所述T形部分的竖直杆放置在腔室的对称轴上，且所述T形部分的水平杆具有微型注射器(5)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述微型注射器沿着所述管状装置的水平杆以规则的间隔分布。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备，其特征在于，所述水平杆的长度在腔室直径的0.5倍至腔室直径的0.9倍之间。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，所述水平杆包括至少4个微型注射器，优选地至少6个，更优选地至少8个微型注射器。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，至少一个微型注射器位于距所述腔室的对称轴不到两米的位置。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，所述管状装置位于距气体空间-生物质界面不到一米的位置。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，所述设备包括水平放置并固定在所述腔室的上部中的脱硫网，并且所述管状装置放置在所述网上。
8.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，所述设备包括水平放置并固定在所述腔室的上部中的脱硫网，并且所述管状装置悬挂在所述网上。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，所述管状装置由耐潮湿和腐蚀性气氛的材料组成。
10.使用根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的设备生产至少部分脱硫的沼气的方法，其包括：
-将生物质注入消化器中；
-经由用于注射氧化气体的系统将氧化气体注入消化器的气体空间中；和
-混合生物质。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，所述氧化气体是氧气或空气或富集空气。
CN202110001894.6A 2020-01-09 2021-01-04 包括具有含t形部分的管状装置的氧气注射系统的消化器 Pending CN113171676A (zh)

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