CN113156433B - Microwave imaging device - Google Patents
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- CN113156433B CN113156433B CN202110493831.7A CN202110493831A CN113156433B CN 113156433 B CN113156433 B CN 113156433B CN 202110493831 A CN202110493831 A CN 202110493831A CN 113156433 B CN113156433 B CN 113156433B
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- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
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- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 23
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
- G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/12—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with electromagnetic waves
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Abstract
The invention discloses a microwave imaging device, which comprises a transmitting source, a guide cavity and a transmission screen. The emission source emits electromagnetic waves from the front end of the system and receives the reflected electromagnetic waves; the transmission screen consists of transmission units, wherein a single transmission unit comprises a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna, a switch and an isolation resistor, the transmitting antenna forms a transmission screen transmitting surface, the receiving antenna forms a transmission screen receiving surface, and the electric control switch is used for controlling the on-off state of the transmission unit to determine that electromagnetic waves radiate outwards or are absorbed by the isolation resistor. The guide cavity connects the emission source and the transmission screen to be in a closed space. The invention utilizes the equivalent radar array of the transmission screen, greatly reduces hardware cost and data collection difficulty, simultaneously reserves an electric control scanning mode and ensures extremely high scanning speed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of space imaging, in particular to a microwave imaging device.
Background
The existing main security inspection modes are manual inspection, metal detection instruments and X-ray security inspection machines. The manual inspection mode using the metal detector has the problem of low efficiency, and the X-rays have a certain degree of damage to human bodies due to ionization characteristics. Millimeter wave security inspection technology has the inherent advantages of strong penetrating power, small radiation to human body, high resolution and the like, and becomes an important means for modern human body security inspection. The millimeter wave imaging technology is a new and effective human body security inspection scheme, and has wide application prospect and commercial value.
The main active imaging and passive imaging technologies used for near-field millimeter wave imaging are currently used. The active imaging method is mainly a holographic imaging technology, and in order to meet the requirements of the space sampling rate and the radar caliber, the current common scheme mainly comprises a mechanical synthetic aperture scheme, namely a plurality of radars are arranged in one dimension, and a motor drives a radar array to do linear motion or circular motion along the vertical direction, such as a door type millimeter wave security inspection instrument and a cylindrical millimeter wave security inspection instrument. The disadvantage is that the use of mechanical transmission results in reduced detection efficiency, and the average single scan is too long; the motion precision and the shake of the mechanical mechanism can bring space sampling errors, and the space sampling errors are particularly obvious in a high frequency band; secondly, the mechanical transmission structure can bring various problems of service life and maintenance, the flexibility of the equipment is low, and the carrying difficulty is high; finally, even if a mechanical mechanism is adopted, the cost of the one-dimensional radar array is still very high, and a plurality of data channels are needed to transmit the data of each radar, so that the cost of the conventional millimeter wave security inspection equipment is high, and the reason that the millimeter wave security inspection equipment is not popularized in a large area is also that the millimeter wave security inspection equipment is widely used. The second common scheme is a tiled radar array scheme, namely, on the basis of a one-dimensional radar array, a radar unit is continuously tiled in the vertical direction until the whole scanning plane is covered by a radar, the scheme is electric control scanning, so that the scanning speed is fastest, the high traffic use requirement can be completely met, but the two-dimensional planar tiled radar unit can cause the increase of the geometric multiple of the hardware cost and the geometric multiple of the data acquisition difficulty, and the large-area popularization cannot be performed.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of high hardware cost, low sampling efficiency, low equipment flexibility and incapability of large-area commercial application in the prior art, the invention provides the microwave imaging device which has a simple structure and is easy to manufacture in batch production, and the highest sampling speed, namely the electric scanning speed, can be reserved while the hardware cost is reduced to the maximum extent.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
the present invention provides a microwave imaging apparatus comprising: an emission source, a guide cavity, and a transmission screen;
the emission source is used for actively emitting electromagnetic waves, receiving the reflected electromagnetic waves and reconstructing images according to echo signals;
the transmission screen comprises a plurality of basic transmission units; the basic transmission unit comprises a single screen transmitting antenna, a single screen receiving antenna, a single electric control switch and a single isolation resistor; the screen receiving antenna is sequentially connected with the electric control switch and the isolation resistor; the receiving surface of the transmission screen is opposite to the emission source, and the emission surface of the transmission screen is opposite to the object to be measured;
the guide cavity is used for connecting the emission source and the transmission screen, so that an electromagnetic wave passage between the emission source and the transmission screen is in a sealed environment.
Further, the transmitting source at least comprises a source transmitting antenna, a source receiving antenna and a radio frequency processing system;
the source transmitting antenna is used for transmitting electromagnetic waves;
the source receiving antenna is used for receiving the reflected electromagnetic waves;
the radio frequency processing system is used for carrying out correction processing on the received echo signals to obtain final echo data, and carrying out image reconstruction based on the echo data.
Further, the method comprises the steps of,
calculating a phase factor according to the distance between the emission source and each basic transmission unit:
combining the received echo signals according to the phase factors to obtain corrected echo signals:
wherein ,s is the corrected echo signal correct Is a phase factor, S is a received echo signal, sigma is an amplitude term, θ is a phase term, m represents an mth basic transmission unit in the x-axis, and n represents an nth basic transmission unit in the y-axisThe number of the emitting units, N, represents the number of the transverse/longitudinal basic transmission units, (x) m ,y n ) Representing the x-axis and y-axis coordinates of the basic transmission unit.
Further, a plurality of screen transmitting antennas are uniformly distributed to form a screen transmitting antenna array; a plurality of screen receiving antennas are uniformly distributed to form a screen receiving antenna array;
the screen transmitting antennas and the screen receiving antennas are in one-to-one correspondence;
the screen transmitting antenna array forms a transmitting surface of the transmission screen;
the screen receiving antenna array forms the receiving face of the transmission screen.
Further, the electrically controlled switch and the isolation resistor are located between the screen transmitting antenna array and the screen receiving antenna array.
Further, the plurality of basic transmission units are tiled in a grid shape to form a transmission screen.
Furthermore, the inner surface of the guide cavity adopts wave-absorbing materials.
Further, the lateral spacing and the longitudinal spacing of the screen transmitting antennas are smaller than lambda/4, and lambda is the electromagnetic wavelength transmitted by the transmitting source.
Further, a pre-programmed program is used for controlling the on-off sequence of the electric control switch, or a logic circuit/photosensitive circuit is used as the electric control switch;
only one electronically controlled switch is controlled to be in an on state at a time.
Further, when the transmitting source is provided with only one source transmitting antenna and one source receiving antenna, the transmitting source is positioned at the central position of the transmission screen;
when the transmitting source is provided with a plurality of groups of source transmitting antennas and source receiving antennas, each group of source transmitting antennas and source receiving antennas are used for radiating different areas of the transmission screen.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
the invention introduces a transmission screen formed by an antenna pair, an electric control switch and an isolation resistor as a sampling plane, the electric control switch controls the on-off of each transmission unit, the on-off logic is controlled by a program so as to achieve the effect of electric scanning, only one unit is in a passing state and radiates outwards at the same time, therefore, each transmission unit can be equivalent to a radar on the sampling plane, and finally, proper phase correction factors are introduced, so that echo data of the sampling plane (namely the transmission screen) can be obtained and used for a later imaging algorithm. Based on the method, the transmission screen equivalent radar array greatly reduces the hardware cost and reduces the number of sources to one; the on-off of each unit of the transmission screen is controlled by an electric control switch, so that the highest theoretical scanning speed can be achieved; because of the existence of an equivalent sampling plane, a data processing hardware module is not required to be designed for each sampling point, and only the data operation is required to be carried out on the emission source, so that the software difficulty and the hardware difficulty of data processing are greatly reduced; each transmission unit has a simple structure, and the whole system has a flexible structure and is easy to produce and apply commercially.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a microwave imaging apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the spatial coordinates of an imaging target as a corner reflector in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the spatial coordinates of the imaging object as letter C in embodiment 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a final imaging diagram of simulation example 1 using MATLAB software;
fig. 5 is a final imaging diagram of simulation example 2 using MATLAB software.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below. The following examples are only for more clearly illustrating the technical aspects of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
The present invention provides a microwave imaging apparatus, see fig. 1, comprising: an emission source 1, a guiding chamber 2 and a transmission screen 3.
The transmitting source 1 is used for actively transmitting electromagnetic waves and receiving reflected electromagnetic waves. The transmitting source comprises at least a source transmitting antenna 4, a source receiving antenna 5 and a radio frequency processing system 6.
The source transmitting antenna is used for transmitting electromagnetic waves;
the source receiving antenna is used for receiving the reflected electromagnetic waves;
the radio frequency processing system is used for correcting the received echo signals to obtain final echo data and reconstructing images.
The transmission screen 3 is composed of an antenna array, screen transmitting antennas 7 and screen receiving antennas 8 are uniformly distributed on two sides of the screen and correspond to each other one by one, and a transmitting surface 9 and a receiving surface 10 of the transmission screen are formed, the receiving surface 10 faces the transmitting source 1, and the transmitting surface 9 faces the object 11 to be measured.
The electric control switch 12 and the isolation resistor 13 are uniformly arranged in the middle of the transmission screen and used for controlling the working logic of the transmission screen, a single screen transmitting antenna, a single screen receiving antenna, a single electric control switch and a single isolation resistor form a basic transmission unit 14, and the screen receiving antenna 8 is sequentially connected with the electric control switch 12 and the isolation resistor 13. All basic transmission units are tiled in a grid shape to form a transmission screen.
The guiding cavity is used for connecting the emission source and the transmission screen, so that an electromagnetic wave passage between the emission source and the transmission screen is in a sealed environment. The inner surface of the guiding cavity is generally made of wave-absorbing materials, so that smaller propagation loss is brought, and the propagation efficiency is improved; smooth surfaces are sometimes used to provide less reflection and avoid interference with cavity reflection.
In operation, electromagnetic waves radiate from the source transmitting antenna and pass through the guide chamber to reach the transmission screen where they are absorbed by all of the substantially transmissive elements of the receiving face. If the electric control switch in the basic transmission unit is in an on state, electromagnetic waves are transmitted to an object to be detected through a screen transmitting antenna at the other side; if the electric control switch is in a closed state, electromagnetic waves are absorbed by the isolation resistor through the electric control switch. The process that the electromagnetic wave sequentially reaches the object to be measured from the transmitting source through the guide cavity and the transmission screen is called a transmitting process, the process that the electromagnetic wave returns to the transmitting source from the original path of attenuation and reflection of the object to be measured is called a receiving process, the two processes are identical processes, and the only difference is that the propagation directions of the electromagnetic wave are opposite. The one-time transmission process and the one-time reception process are referred to as one-time complete sampling process. In a complete sampling process, only one basic transmission unit of the transmission screen is in an on state, and the other units are all closed, so that only one position can be used for sampling at the same time. After the sampling is finished, the transmitting source records the received echo signals, and the sampling is finished. The next sampling process begins immediately after the basic transmission cell that is turned on in the transmission screen is switched to another. When all basic transmission units in the transmission screen are sequentially started and work is completed, the whole system works, and the transmitting source obtains all echo data.
In the embodiment of the invention, the electric control switch is controlled by a control program and is used for controlling whether electromagnetic waves can pass through the basic transmission unit to reach the other side for radiation or can not pass through and be transmitted into the isolation resistance to be absorbed. The on-off sequence of the electric control switch is controlled by pre-programming so as to achieve the effect of electric scanning. The electric control switch is not limited to electric signal control, and any type of switch such as a photoelectric induction switch can achieve similar effects.
In an embodiment of the invention, the transmission screen is constituted by a basic transmission unit. According to the Nyquist space sampling law, when the sampling interval satisfies Deltax less than or equal to lambda/4 (lambda is the electromagnetic wavelength emitted by a transmitting source), the non-aliasing sampling can be satisfied, so that the theoretical maximum value of the transverse spacing and the longitudinal spacing of a screen transmitting antenna positioned on the transmitting surface is lambda/4, and any arrangement spacing larger than lambda/4 is likely to cause the occurrence of aliasing, and a proper undersampling aliasing elimination technology is needed.
In the embodiment of the invention, since the emission source is not located on the sampling plane (i.e. the transmission screen), certain phase difference exists in the echo data, and a phase correction factor needs to be introduced.
Assume that the received signal is:
where σ is the amplitude term and θ is the phase term, m represents the mth basic transmission cell in the transverse x-axis, N represents the nth basic transmission cell in the longitudinal y-axis, N represents the number of transverse basic transmission cells, (x) m ,y n ) Representing the x-axis and y-axis coordinates of the basic transmission unit.
According to the distance R from the emission source 1 to each basic transmission unit mn Calculation toolObtaining a phase factor:
final echo data:
after the phase correction is performed, all basic transmission units can be equivalent to a transmitting source, and the obtained echo data can be equivalent to plane echo data of a sampling plane, and can be used for later image reconstruction algorithms, such as a BPA algorithm and a wave number domain algorithm. The final simulation result shows that the scheme is completely effective in an ideal state.
Preferably, in the embodiment of the present invention, the transmitting source 1 is not limited to a single-transmit single-receive system, and a multiple-transmit multiple-receive system may be used. When the single-shot system is used, the emission source is positioned at the central position of the transmission screen, and the radiation area covers the whole transmission screen; when using a multiple-input multiple-output system, different emission sources are used for radiating different areas of the transmission screen, so as to increase the working efficiency of the system and reduce the requirement on the beam width of the antenna.
Example 1:
the test signal is set to be a broadband signal with a center frequency of 60GHz, and the sampling rate is 5MHz.
As shown in fig. 2, the number of basic transmission units in the present embodiment is 400×400, and the basic transmission units are arranged in a uniform grid, and the transverse and longitudinal intervals adopt a quarter wavelength Δx=1.2 mm. The emission source is positioned in the middle of the transmission screen, 250mm away from the transmission screen. The object to be measured is an ideal corner reflector (i.e. an ideal reflection point), and the object is positioned at the same position on the other side and is away from the transmission screen z' =150mm. The electric control switch controls only one transmission unit to be in a passing state at the same time and sequentially and repeatedly pushes the transmission units back.
Electromagnetic waves are emitted from the emission source and then pass through the basic transmission unit T 1,1 Reaching the corner reflector surface, passing through the basic transmission unit T after reflection 1,1 Is received by the transmitting source, and at the same time, it is sampled onceHe 159999 transmission units are all in the off state, absorbing all received electromagnetic waves. Then the driver program controls T 1,1 Closing, T 1,2 Open and repeat the above process until T 400，400 The work is completed and all echo data are received and saved as matrix S (m, n) m, n=1, 2, 3. Calculating physical distance R (m, n) between the emission source and all the transmission units to obtain phase correction factorsFinal corrected echo data +.>
The present embodiment reconstructs an image using a wavenumber domain algorithm, and the response of the transceiver is the corner reflector reflectivity multiplied by the round trip phase of the pointWherein (x, y, z) is the coordinates of the corner reflector and is in an unknown state, k is the wave number of the electromagnetic wave k=2pi/λ,/therein>For the corner reflector reflection loss (1 in the ideal state), the propagation loss of each unit of the transmission screen is approximately equal to L. The spherical wave is decomposed into the superposition of plane waves, and the combination of Fourier change can be solved: wherein kx ,k y Corresponding to the wave number, k of the transmission unit space x ,k y ∈[-2k,2k]Thus, the two-dimensional reflectivity of the object to be detected is finally solved to form an image. The three-dimensional reflectivity principle is the same, but extends one dimension across the frequency band.
Finally, the Matlab software is used for simulation, the final reconstructed image is shown in fig. 4, and the target point can be seen to be accurately restored.
Example 2:
the implementation test signal is set as a broadband signal with a center frequency of 72GHz, the bandwidth is 4GHz, the frequency is linearly changed, and the change rate is 63 multiplied by 10 12 Hz/sThe sampling rate was 5MHz.
As shown in fig. 3, the number of the transmission units in the present embodiment is 400×400, and the transmission units are arranged in a uniform grid, and the transverse and longitudinal intervals adopt a theoretical minimum quarter wavelength Δx=1mm. The emission source is positioned in the middle of the transmission screen, 250mm away from the transmission screen. The object to be measured is a plane formed by a plurality of ideal corner reflectors (namely ideal reflection points), the plane is in the form of letter C, and the whole plane of the object to be measured is positioned at the same position on the other side and is away from the transmission screen z' =150mm. The electric control switch controls only one transmission unit to be in a passing state at the same time and sequentially and repeatedly pushes the transmission units back. All echo data were received and saved as matrix S (m, n) m, n=1, 2, 3. Calculating physical distance R (m, n) between the emission source and all the transmission units to obtain phase correction factorsFinal corrected echo data +.>
The present embodiment reconstructs an image using a wavenumber domain algorithm, and the response of the transceiver is the corner reflector reflectivity multiplied by the round trip phase of the pointWherein (x, y, z) is coordinates of each point of the corner reflector and is in an unknown state, k is wave number k=2pi/λ of electromagnetic wave, < >>The propagation loss of each unit of the transmission screen is approximately equal to L for the corner reflector reflection loss. The spherical wave is decomposed into the superposition of plane waves, and the combination of Fourier change can be solved:
wherein kx ,k y Corresponding to the wave number, k of the transmission unit space x ,k y ∈[-2k,2k]Thus, the two-dimensional reflectivity of the object to be detected is finally solved to form an image.
Finally, the Matlab software is used for simulation, the final reconstructed image is shown in fig. 5, the letter C can be seen to be accurately restored, and the fact that the image can be reconstructed well under the condition of different carrier frequencies is proved, and only the resolution ratio can be different.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that modifications and variations could be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the technical principles of the present invention, and such modifications and variations should also be regarded as being within the scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A microwave imaging apparatus, comprising: an emission source, a guide cavity, and a transmission screen;
the emission source is used for actively emitting electromagnetic waves, receiving the reflected electromagnetic waves and reconstructing images according to echo signals;
the transmission screen comprises a plurality of basic transmission units; the basic transmission unit comprises a single screen transmitting antenna, a single screen receiving antenna, a single electric control switch and a single isolation resistor; the screen receiving antenna is sequentially connected with the electric control switch and the isolation resistor; the receiving surface of the transmission screen is opposite to the emission source, and the emission surface of the transmission screen is opposite to the object to be measured;
the guide cavity is used for connecting the emission source and the transmission screen, so that an electromagnetic wave passage between the emission source and the transmission screen is in a sealed environment;
the transmitting source at least comprises a source transmitting antenna, a source receiving antenna and a radio frequency processing system;
the source transmitting antenna is used for transmitting electromagnetic waves;
the source receiving antenna is used for receiving the reflected electromagnetic waves;
the radio frequency processing system is used for carrying out correction processing on the received echo signals to obtain final echo data, and carrying out image reconstruction based on the echo data;
the radio frequency processing system is particularly useful for,
calculating a phase factor according to the distance between the emission source and each basic transmission unit:
combining the received echo signals according to the phase factors to obtain corrected echo signals:
wherein ,s is the corrected echo signal correct Is a phase factor, S is a received echo signal, sigma is an amplitude term, θ is a phase term, m represents an mth basic transmission unit in an x-axis, N represents an nth basic transmission unit in a y-axis, N represents the number of transverse/longitudinal basic transmission units, (x) m ,y n ) Representing the x-axis and y-axis coordinates of the basic transmission unit, R mn For the distance of the emission source to the basic transmission unit.
2. A microwave imaging device in accordance with claim 1 wherein a plurality of screen transmitting antennas are uniformly distributed to form a screen transmitting antenna array; a plurality of screen receiving antennas are uniformly distributed to form a screen receiving antenna array;
the screen transmitting antennas and the screen receiving antennas are in one-to-one correspondence;
the screen transmitting antenna array forms a transmitting surface of the transmission screen;
the screen receiving antenna array forms the receiving face of the transmission screen.
3. A microwave imaging device in accordance with claim 2, wherein the electrically controlled switch and isolation resistor are located between the screen transmit antenna array and the screen receive antenna array.
4. A microwave imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of basic transmission units are arranged in a grid-like tiled arrangement to form a transmission screen.
5. A microwave imaging device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the interior surface of the guide cavity is formed of a wave absorbing material.
6. A microwave imaging device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the screen transmitting antennas have a lateral spacing and a longitudinal spacing less than λ/4, λ being the electromagnetic wavelength emitted by the source.
7. A microwave imaging apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pre-programmed program controls the on-off sequence of the electronically controlled switch or a logic circuit/photosensitive circuit is used as the electronically controlled switch;
only one electronically controlled switch is controlled to be in an on state at a time.
8. A microwave imaging apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transmitting source is located at a central position of the transmission screen when the transmitting source has only one source transmitting antenna and one source receiving antenna;
when the transmitting source is provided with a plurality of groups of source transmitting antennas and source receiving antennas, each group of source transmitting antennas and source receiving antennas are used for radiating different areas of the transmission screen.
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