CN113156047A - Image method based cigarette combustion ash column gray testing method - Google Patents
Image method based cigarette combustion ash column gray testing method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for testing cigarette combustion ash column gray based on an image method, which adopts a full-vision manipulator simulation device to carry out simulated smoking on cigarettes, collects cigarette combustion ash column images through a camera system of the full-vision manipulator simulation device, calculates the gray value of the cigarette combustion ash column according to the cigarette combustion ash column images, and expresses the cigarette combustion ash column gray through the gray value of the cigarette combustion ash column. The method for testing the cigarette combustion ash column gray based on the image method can be used for the standardized measurement of the cigarette combustion ash column gray index. According to the method, through investigation on different factors, a set of cigarette combustion ash column gray testing method standard is really determined, and the comparability of the measurement results among different testing environmental conditions, different instruments and different batches is really realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of cigarette detection, in particular to a cigarette combustion ash column gray testing method based on an image method.
Background
The burning quality of the cigarette in the smoking process is an important index which is concerned and can be intuitively felt by consumers for a long time. With the continuous improvement of the requirements of consumers on the cigarette combustion quality, under the condition that the taste and the package of the current cigarette product are generally accepted by the consumers, the attention degree of the cigarette combustion appearance quality such as 'flying ash falling', 'ash black', 'turning around', the combustion speed and the like in the cigarette smoking process is high, and most of the consumers are used as important bases for judging, comparing and selecting the cigarette product quality. In the appearance quality of the cigarettes, the gray quality of the cigarette burning ash column is one of key indexes of the cigarette burning appearance quality which is most visually captured by consumers, and the consumers can perform psychological prediction on the cigarette quality by predicting the gray of the cigarette burning ash column when smoking the cigarettes, so that the cigarette quality with higher gray whiteness of the cigarette burning ash column is relatively better. Therefore, the grey of the cigarette burning ash column gradually becomes a grading point for the cigarette quality judgment of consumers.
At present, foreign relevant cigarette combustion appearance quality detection mainly focuses on factors such as cigarette ash coagulation property and ash holding force, and KARDIEN CAMT equipment developed by Korean KT & G company is mainly used for detecting the cigarette ash coagulation property and the ash holding force and does not include cigarette ash detection.
With the development of cigarette technology and the improvement of cigarette requirements of consumers in China, the attention and research on the cigarette burning gray quality in the industry are gradually promoted. A cigarette ash gray value measuring method is provided by Guizhou Muslim, and the like, 8 selected cigarettes with different ash grey degrees are used as samples by using a Photoshop image analysis technology, a cigarette ash color quantitative measuring method based on an average gray value is established, and the gray values of 50 domestic cigarettes of different brands are measured. The Machilus thunbergii and the like establish a cigarette soot combustion completeness evaluation method based on a muffle furnace ashing method. Through the measurement of the soot mass change rate and the whiteness value of 50 cigarette samples, the relationship between the completeness of cigarette soot combustion and whiteness is researched. The research result shows that: the completeness of cigarette ash combustion is an important factor influencing the color of the cigarette. The more complete the cigarette ash burns, the whiter the ash color, whereas the less complete the burning, the darker the ash color. The method does not consider the influence of the actual smoking process of the cigarette on the burning ash column, and the method compares a plurality of groups of samples under the self-set condition, so that a uniform test method cannot be formed, and the test standard cannot be formed.
The present invention has been made to solve the above problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for testing the gray of a cigarette burning ash column based on an image method, which adopts a full-vision manipulator simulation device to carry out simulated smoking on cigarettes, collects images of the cigarette burning ash column through a camera system of the full-vision manipulator simulation device, calculates the gray value of the cigarette burning ash column according to the images of the cigarette burning ash column, and expresses the gray of the cigarette burning ash column by the gray value of the cigarette burning ash column;
wherein the calculation formula of the gray-scale value is,
floating point method: the gradation value R0.299 + G0.587 + B0.114 formula (1);
or Gamma correction algorithm:
wherein the R, G, B value represents the color values of red, green and blue channels in the collected cigarette combustion ash column image; here, it is considered that the colors are obtained by changing the three color channels of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) and superimposing them with each other, so that the R, G, B value represents the color values of the three channels of red, green and blue in the collected cigarette combustion ash column image.
The cigarette combustion ash column gray testing method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) opening the mechanical vision device, adjusting the polishing system to enable the full-vision manipulator simulation device to meet the following image acquisition requirements:
a mechanical vision device: the Pixel precision of the image acquired by the camera system is less than or equal to 0.15 mm/Pixel;
an image acquisition environment: adjusting the lighting system to ensure that (a) the non-lighting environment of the image acquisition area of the test sample meets the conditions: illumination intensity is less than or equal to 50 lx; color temperature: 6000K +/-1000K; (b) the test sample image acquisition area lighting environment meets the conditions: illumination intensity: 6000lx +/-1000 lx; color temperature: 6000K +/-1000K;
the full-vision manipulator simulation device is connected with an upper computer of image analysis software with an image R, G, B value test function; at present, conventional industrial cameras in the prior art basically have R, G, B value test derivation functions through self-contained software, and some industrial cameras further have R, G, B value detection and gray value calculation derivation functions;
(2) determining a calibration coefficient eta by a standard white board, wherein the standard white board is prepared from opal glass or ceramic, does not contain fluorescent material, meets the GB/T7973 requirement, and has a brightness value R457The range is 85.0% ± 3.0%;
(2a) taking a standard white board, placing the standard white board at a test position for positioning, and testing the value of the standard white board R, G, B according to the ratio of 1/R: 1/G: the 1/B value sets the white balance of the mechanical vision; when the machine vision device has a plurality of cameras, the white balance of the machine vision can be set by adjusting the white balance for different cameras and averaging the values of the standard white board R, G, B obtained by the test. When the machine vision device is provided with a plurality of cameras, repeated experiments can be carried out, a plurality of groups of standard white boards R, G, B are collected and then averaged, and the white balance of the machine vision is set according to the average value.
(2b) Under the condition of setting white balance, image acquisition is carried out on the standard white board, Gray value conversion is carried out through the image R, G, B value, and the Gray value of the standard white board is obtained and is used as reference Gray and is represented by Gray 0;
(2c) the calibration coefficient eta is calculated according to the formula (3),
eta. 255/Gray 0. the equation (3)
In the formula:
eta-calibration coefficient;
gray 0-reference Gray;
because of the different colors and brightnesses of objects, black and white photographs taken or black and white images appearing on display receivers appear to be Gray to varying degrees, and are divided into several levels, typically ranging from 0-255, white being 255 and black being 0, as represented by Gray. And (3) representing the gray of the cigarette burning ash column by using a gray value, wherein the higher the gray value is, the whiter the cigarette burning ash column is. Here, the value 255 indicating pure white is divided by Gray0 to obtain the calibration coefficient η.
(3) Testing a cigarette sample;
(3a) placing the test cigarette sample at a test position for positioning under the condition that the calibration is finished in the step (2);
(3b) igniting the cigarette sample, performing simulated smoking on the cigarette sample, stopping smoking when the cigarette burns to a specified cigarette butt position, and acquiring a cigarette burning ash column image through a mechanical vision device;
(3c) and carrying out Gray value conversion through the R, G, B value of the collected cigarette burning ash column image to obtain a Gray value Gray x of the burning ash column of the test cigarette sample.
Note: in order to avoid the breakage of the ash column of the test sample, the suction can be stopped and the test is stopped when the ash column collection length meets the ash column gray analysis collection range.
(3d) Calculating the gray value of the calibrated test cigarette sample according to the formula (4), and expressing the gray value as the gray result of the burning ash column of the test cigarette sample;
gray k. Gray x. eta. cndot. Gray x, where Gray x, where Gray x, where Gray k x, where Gray x, where
In the formula:
eta-calibration coefficient;
gray x-the Gray value calculated according to the cigarette combustion ash column image in the step (3 c);
gray k-the Gray value of the cigarette sample after calibration, i.e. the Gray of the burning ash column of the cigarette sample.
Preferably, the cigarette burning ash column Gray testing method can also detect batch samples, and obtain n cigarette sample burning ash columns Gray Gray k1, Gray k 2. DEG. Gray kn according to the step (3);
the average value of the gray value of the cigarette samples after calibration is used as the gray test result of the cigarette samples, and the result is accurate to 0.1; calculating according to the formula (5):
in the formula:
gray batch-cigarette burning Gray ash for a batch of cigarette samples;
gray kn-the cigarette burning Gray column for the nth cigarette sample.
Preferably, when the full-vision manipulator simulation device is adopted to suck the cigarettes in the step (3b), the suction frequency and the suction capacity are executed according to the GB/T16450 standard.
Preferably, the cigarette sample is ignited in the step (3b), the cigarette sample is subjected to simulated smoking, the smoking is stopped when the cigarette burns to a cigarette butt position specified in GB/T19609, an image of a cigarette burning ash column is acquired through a mechanical vision device, and the acquisition range of the ash column length is as follows: and deducting 2mm of the combustion end, and then cutting out a 35mm ash column picture.
Preferably, before testing the cigarette sample, namely before the step (3), a sample testing step is also provided, wherein the sample testing step is a step of selecting the test sample, and according to the regulation of GB/T5606.1, cigarette products produced under the same process condition, the same brand, the same specification, the same commodity bar code and the same period are used as the test cigarette sample. The sample testing step aims to select parallel samples, ensure the consistency of the tested cigarette samples and detect the batch quality condition according to the test result.
The present invention refers to the following national standards, which are known to those skilled in the art or can be obtained from known sources.
Measurement of the diffuse reflectance factor of GB/T7973 paper, cardboard and pulp (diffuse/vertical method)
Atmospheric environment for regulating and testing GB/T16447 tobacco and tobacco products
Smoking machine definition and standard conditions for GB/T16450 routine analysis
Measuring total particulate matter and tar by smoking machine for routine analysis of GB/T19609 cigarette
GB/T5606.1 cigarette part 1: sampling
The present invention relates to the following terms and definitions:
(1) the Color of the cigarette burning Ash Column in the cigarette burning and smoking process is expressed by gray value.
(2) RGB Color Mode
The colors are obtained by the variation of three color channels of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) and the superposition of the three color channels with each other. The R, G, B value represents the color values of the three channels red, green, and blue.
(3) Gray-scale Value
Because of the different colors and brightnesses of objects, black and white photographs taken or black and white images appearing on display receivers appear to be Gray to varying degrees, and are divided into several levels, typically ranging from 0-255, white being 255 and black being 0, as represented by Gray. And (3) representing the gray of the cigarette burning ash column by using a gray value, wherein the higher the gray value is, the whiter the cigarette burning ash column is.
(4) Standard white board Calibration Whiteboard
White board made of opal glass or ceramic and used for calibrating the reference gray value.
(5) Reference gray Reference Grey
Under the test conditions, a standard white board is used for image acquisition, and after the white balance of the mechanical vision system is adjusted according to the image R, G, B value, the Gray value of the white balance is tested and used as the reference Gray and is represented by Gray 0.
(6) White Balance
The white object can be restored to white without being influenced by the condition of the light source.
(7) Image Gray Value Conversion
The image gray value is converted into a gray value by an algorithm according to the R, G, B value calculation. The algorithm proposes to use floating-point method (grey value R0.299G 0.587+ B0.114) or Gamma correction algorithm
The full-vision manipulator simulation device provided by the invention can refer to the applicant at the application date: year 2020, 4, 22 months; the application numbers are: 2020103234251, respectively; the invention has the name: patent application of a smoking path simulation system based on a manipulator.
Various typical human cigarette smoking paths (including a custom mode) can be selected in the simulation process. The typical smoking process of a consumer comprises the steps of holding cigarettes by the consumer after completing smoking, swinging the arm with an elbow as an axis, a mouth as a starting point and an ashtray as a terminal point, and completing the wrist turning action by taking a wrist joint as an axis or swinging the arm after reaching the ashtray, and finally completing the table bending action or the cigarette ash flicking action.
The suction position comprises three positions, namely a starting position, a cigarette ejection position and a bending position, as shown in figure 2.
Starting position: a handheld smoke draw position (near the mouth);
the cigarette popping position: the position of the ashtray in the human body suction process;
the position of the desk: the cigarette stay position when the cigarette ash flicking action is not carried out after the human body sucks.
The detection process adopts the intervention of the simulated human body smoking action, not only can the whole human body cigarette smoking process action be simulated, but also the smoking detection conditions in various modes such as ISO, FTC, Massachusetts, Canada deep smoking and the like can be provided, and the objectivity of the detection result is improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. by inspecting different factors, the invention really determines a set of cigarette burning ash column gray testing method which can be used by technicians in the field for public use, but not only self-speaking to self-test a batch for comparison, really realizes the comparability of the measuring results among different testing environmental conditions, different instruments and different batches, really realizes the standardization of the testing method, and has simple and convenient testing method and easy popularization.
The technical personnel in the field collect the image of the cigarette burning ash column through mechanical vision in the process of cigarette simulation smoking based on mechanical vision, and then investigate the white color of the cigarette burning ash column through a calibration conversion coefficient based on a standard white board calibration method. However, even so, there are many uncertainties in the implementation of the method, for example, (1), the selection of the standard whiteboard directly affects the calibration coefficients, and thus the gray-scale values actually calculated, what is the standard whiteboard? What is the degree of what? (2) In the process of collecting the cigarette combustion ash column images, the RGB numerical values of the collected images are different due to the fact that the camera device is different, further, the illumination intensity and the color temperature of the cigarette sample testing environment directly influence the collected images, and therefore the different results are different due to the fact that the camera device is different. That is, due to the cigaretteThe combustion gray detection is influenced by the performance of a camera, the setting of shooting parameters, ambient light and other factors, so that the detection data has larger difference and basically has no contrast. (3) There are also many algorithms for calculating gray scale values from the image R, G, B values, and the common algorithms include the following: the floating point method comprises the following steps: gray ═ R0.299 + G0.587 + B0.114; integer method: gray ═ (R30 + G59 + B11)/100; ③ Shifting method: gray ═ G (R77 + G151 + B28)>>8; fourthly, average value method: (R + G + B)/3; taking green only: g ═ G; sixthly, Gamma correction algorithm:
to ensure high computational accuracy, it is also important to select a suitable method.
In summary, under the numerous uncertainty conditions, the above method is only a testing idea, and according to the above method, it is still only self-speaking, and a batch of samples are tested by itself for comparison, and under different testing environments, multiple instruments and different project groups still cannot be compared, that is, a set of simple, economical and feasible standard method is still not determined to solve the above problems.
The present invention specifically has the following effects in view of the above problems (1) to (3):
(1) firstly, the standard white board is prepared from opal glass or ceramic, does not contain fluorescent material, meets the GB/T7973 requirement, and further adopts the white board brightness value R457As an index for evaluating a standard whiteboard, aiming at different whiteboard brightness values R457The brought error is considered to determine the brightness value R of the standard white board457The range is 85.0% ± 3.0%.
The reason why the standard white board is used instead of the standard white bar is that the standard degree of the standard white bar is difficult to unify, and even if the same manufacturer uses different batches of white bars made of the same ceramic, polytetrafluoroethylene and the like, the color and the brightness of the white bars are different. In view of the above, if the white bar is used as a reference, it is necessary to perform comprehensive and detailed standardization in terms of raw materials, production processes, process control, and the like, and it is very heavy and difficult to obtain an accurate standard. For the reasons, the standard white board with the existing standard is selected as a reference, the standard white board is used as a standard sample under the existing application standard and has standard performance, uniformity and universality, and the key in the standard white board is to investigate the calibration brightness without investigating additional factors such as material, plane smoothness and the like.
(2) Parameters of the image pickup device and the lighting system are determined. The invention takes the pixel precision as the evaluation index of the camera device, and determines the pixel precision according to different camera conditions, and the visual manipulator simulation device meets the following image acquisition requirements: a mechanical vision device: the Pixel precision of the image acquired by the camera system is less than or equal to 0.15 mm/Pixel; an image acquisition environment: adjusting the lighting system to ensure that (a) the non-lighting environment of the image acquisition area of the test sample meets the conditions: illumination intensity is less than or equal to 50 lx; color temperature: 6000K +/-1000K; (b) the test sample image acquisition area lighting environment meets the conditions: illumination intensity: 6000lx +/-1000 lx; color temperature: 6000K +/-1000K.
(3) For different test methods, the invention selects a floating point method and a Gamma correction algorithm, wherein the floating point method has simple and convenient calculation and better reduction degree, and can be used under the condition of not particularly high requirement on the precision of the result. The Gamma correction algorithm converts R, G, B color values into physical light power by the power of 2.2 to calculate, and can better process Gamma corrected pictures, so that when the gray values are required to be processed with high precision, the Gamma correction algorithm can be adopted to ensure the accuracy.
2. The method for testing the cigarette burning ash column gray based on the image method can be used for the standardized determination of the cigarette burning ash column gray index, and solves the problem that the current cigarette burning ash column gray index is limited by a plurality of conditions and cannot be compared through a simple, economic and feasible method. Through cigarette burning grey index detection and influence factor analysis, the research and development of cigarette products can be effectively guided, a set of technology research, application and evaluation system suitable for improving the quality of the cigarette burning grey of Chinese cigarettes is formed through technical research in aspects of raw material composition, process technology, material formula and the like, and the cigarette burning grey index detection and evaluation system plays a significant role in key core technology improvement of cigarette burning appearance quality, enhancement of brand value and market competitiveness, improvement of consumer satisfaction, upgrading of consumption experience and the like.
Drawings
Exemplary embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an optical lens imaging during pixel accuracy determination;
FIG. 2 is a cigarette setup acquisition image during pixel accuracy determination;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a cigarette image acquired during a pixel accuracy determination process;
FIG. 4 is a tester for the full visual test of the gray color of the cigarette burning ash column; in the figure, 1,2 and 3 are light supplement light sources 1,2 and 3; 4,5,6 are cameras 1,2, 3; 7 is a positioning base for detecting cigarettes; 8 is a standard white board;
FIG. 5 is a standard whiteboard during calibration;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a calibration region during calibration;
fig. 7 is a comparison graph before and after white balance adjustment in the calibration process, in which (a) before white balance adjustment, (b) after white balance adjustment;
FIG. 8 is a gray real-time diagram of a sample for testing cigarette circumference specifications in a full visual mode.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that: the following examples are illustrative and not intended to be limiting, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1 determination of camera system parameters
In the embodiment, parameters of a camera system of the full-vision manipulator simulation device are investigated, and pixel precision of a cigarette burning ash column gray collected image is determined specifically.
1. Terms and definitions
Pixel accuracy
The pixel precision refers to the size of the actual distance corresponding to each pixel, and under the same condition, the smaller the pixel precision, the higher the image quality, and the misjudgment of the critical position in the image can be reduced. In visual image detection, the requirement for detecting the pixel precision of an acquired image is met, and the method is an important condition for accurately identifying image analysis and detection. The Pixel precision (unit: mm/Pixel) is calculated according to the formula A.1, and the imaging diagram of the optical lens is shown in FIG. 1.
In the formula:
w1-height of field of view of the visual camera device;
w2 — width of field of view of visual camera device;
h-image vertical resolution;
v-image horizontal resolution.
2. Principle of
And determining whether the collected image meets the detection requirements or not according to the calculation method of the image pixel precision.
3. Method and procedure
3.1 the test cigarette with the diameter d is fixed at the detection point, the shooting parameters of the visual camera device are adjusted, and the region for collecting the cigarette image is confirmed to be clear, as shown in figure 2.
3.3 shooting and collecting cigarette images, and obtaining the number of vertical pixels of the image corresponding to the diameter of the cigarette (the combustion section of the cigarette in the image can be any section with the same length as the diameter of the cigarette) shown by the red line in the figure 3 by utilizing Windows drawing software or other image processing software, wherein the number is represented by p. As shown in fig. 3.
3.4 calculating the pixel precision of the collected image A.3 according to the formula (A.2), and taking the pixel precision as the pixel precision of the cigarette combustion ash column gray collected image under the condition.
Pixel accuracy d/p (A.2)
In the formula:
d-testing the diameter width (unit: mm) of the cigarette;
p-the number of vertical Pixel points (unit: Pixel) corresponding to the diameter of the cigarette.
4. Applications and requirements
The image is collected in the gray detection of the cigarette burning ash column, and the Pixel precision of the visual device is less than 0.15mm/Pixel in order to meet the analysis requirement.
Example 2 determination of standard whiteboard Brightness Range
In this embodiment, the standard whiteboard parameters are considered, and a range of the standard whiteboard brightness value R457 is specifically determined.
1. Apparatus and materials
1.1 Main Instrument
YNZY CIGASH-ST1 manipulator simulation and full vision cigarette burning ash coating comprehensive detection equipment (self-research) comprises: three sets of machine vision acquisition devices, camera FH-SC04(OMRON, japan), resolution: 2040 × 2048, photosensitive original size: 121mm2Pixel size: 5.5 μm x 5.5.5 μm; image analysis software: FZ-PanDA (OMRON, Japan); the standard white board without fluorescent materials meets the requirement of GB/T7973, and the brightness value R457 range is as follows: 80.09%, 81.90%, 84.60%, 88.43%, 90.13%.
1.2 materials of the experiment
For cigarette products of a certain specification, 1 cigarette sample with regular circumference is selected as a detection standard sample from 20 cigarettes after the box is opened.
2. Method of producing a composite material
After the camera is calibrated through the standard white board, the image acquisition is carried out on the non-lap surface and the cigarette lap surface of the cigarette standard sample to be detected respectively, and 5 times of repeatability experiments are carried out under the same condition. The data collected are shown in table 5.
3. Data processing
And calculating statistical data, performing variance analysis by using excel software, and regarding an analysis result to a statistical p value, wherein when p is less than 0.05, the data is considered to have significant difference, otherwise, no difference exists. Meanwhile, uncertainty analysis is carried out by adopting matlab software.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 statistical analysis results
Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance for table 5, and the results are shown in tables 2 and 3. The lap opening is the lap opening rolled by the cigarette paper in the collected image.
TABLE 2 statistical results of analysis of variance of gray values of samples after white board calibration in the brightness range of 81.90-88.43
| Without lap joint 81.90vs84.60 | Without lap joint 81.90vs88.43 | No lap joint 84.60vs88.43 | |
| Statistical p-value | 0.1446 | 0.204598 | 0.603511 |
| With a lap joint 81.90vs84.60 | With a lap joint 81.90vs88.43 | With lap 84.60vs88.43 | |
| Statistical p-value | 0.395019 | 0.374567 | 0.87094 |
TABLE 3 analysis of variance statistics of gray values of samples after whiteboard calibration in luminance range 80.09-90.13
| Without lap joints 81.90, 84.60, 88.43 vs. 80.09 | Without lap 81.90, 84.60, 88.43 vs. and without lap 88.43 | |
| Statistical p-value | 0.002889 | 0.015952 |
| With lap joints 81.90, 84.60, 88.43 vs. lap joint 80.09 | Has lap joints 81.90, 84.60, 88.43 vs. lap joint 90.13 | |
| Statistical p-value | 0.004951 | 0.033782 |
From the statistical analysis results it can be seen that: the p values calculated in the three conditions of 82.28, 84.60 and 88.43 in the table 2 are all larger than 0.05, and it can be concluded that in the table 2, under the condition that the brightness value R457 of the standard white board is in the range of 81.90-88.43, the gray values of the samples have no difference; while the values of brightness 80.09 and 90.13 in Table 3 are compared with the range of 81.90-88.43, the statistical p values are both less than 0.05, with differences.
Meanwhile, the data of table 5 were subjected to uncertainty analysis, and the results are shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 statistical results of the uncertainty of the precision measurement standards such as the gray value of the sample after calibration of white boards with different brightness ranges
| Without lap joint | With lap joint | |
| 81.90 | Uncertainty: 2.6143 | Uncertainty: 6.8501 |
| 84.60 | Uncertainty: 1.0799 | Uncertainty: 1.3194 |
| 88.43 | Uncertainty: 0.8914 | Uncertainty: 1.6349 |
| 80.09 | Uncertainty: 7.8282 | Uncertainty: 5.9553 |
| 90.13 | Uncertainty: 8.8237 | Uncertainty: 6.1556 |
From the statistical analysis results it can be seen that: in addition to the large uncertainty of the lap 81.90, the other uncertainties are small (81.90, 84.60, 88.43); while 80.09 and 90.13 have both large uncertainties.
5. Conclusion
In the investigation range, after the calibration is carried out by adopting the brightness range of 81.90-88.43 of the standard white board, the image gray value result has no obvious difference, and after the calibration is carried out on the white boards with the brightness values of 80.09 and 90.13 respectively exceeding the calibration interval, the image gray value result has difference. The uncertainty statistical result shows that the uncertainty of the white board brightness range 81.90-88.43 image gray value result is small except that the uncertainty of the joint 81.90 is large. Therefore, in order to ensure the consistency of the detection result after the whiteboard calibration, the range of the brightness value R457 of the standard whiteboard is specified: 85.0% + -3.0%. In order to avoid the influence of fluorescent materials under different light source conditions, the standard white board is specified to contain no fluorescent materials.
Example 3 determination of the Gray value calculation method
1. Introduction to the Gray-value calculation method
The gray values are calculated from the image R, G, B values, and typical algorithms include the following:
1. floating point method: gray ═ R0.3 + G0.59 + B0.11;
2. integer method: gray ═ (R30 + G59 + B11)/100;
3. a shift method: gray ═ (R77 + G151 + B28) > > 8;
4. average value method: (R + G + B)/3;
5. taking green only: g ═ G;
gamma correction algorithm:
the floating point method is always the most common calculation method in the process of calculating the gray value by image processing because of simple and convenient calculation and better reduction degree. The Gamma correction algorithm converts R, G, B color values into physical light power by the power of 2.2 to calculate, and can better process Gamma corrected pictures, so when the gray values are required to be processed with high precision, the Gamma correction algorithm is generally recommended to ensure the accuracy.
2. Determination of gray value calculation method of cigarette combustion ash column
And when the gray of the cigarette burning ash column is calculated by an image method, the difference of the cigarette burning gray is represented by adopting the image gray value. In order to take account of the common floating point method for processing images and reflect the high accuracy of the algorithm, the standard recommends the adoption of two algorithms, namely the floating point method and the Gamma correction algorithm, as the calculation method for the cigarette burning gray. In order to compare the difference of the two methods in the cigarette burning gray measuring process, the two methods are adopted to carry out comparative analysis on the image gray value of the cigarette sample.
2.1 instruments and materials
2.1.1 Main Instrument
YNZY CIGASH-ST1 manipulator simulation and full vision cigarette burning ash coating comprehensive detection equipment (self-research) comprises: three sets of machine vision acquisition devices, camera FH-SC04(OMRON, japan), resolution: 2040 × 2048, photosensitive original size: 121mm2Pixel size: 5.5 μm x 5.5.5 μm; image analysis software: FZ-PanDA (OMRON, Japan); the standard white board without fluorescent material meets the GB/T7973 requirement, and has the brightness value R457The range is as follows: 85.0% + -3.0%.
2.1.2 Experimental materials
For cigarette products of a certain specification, 1 cigarette sample with regular circumference is selected as a detection standard sample from 20 cigarettes after the box is opened.
2.2 methods
After the camera is calibrated through the standard white board, the image acquisition is carried out on the non-lap surface and the cigarette lap surface of the cigarette standard sample to be detected respectively, and 5 times of repeatability experiments are carried out under the same condition. The data collected are shown in table 5.
TABLE 5 gray level values of images calculated by two methods after calibration of different white boards and image acquisition
2.3 data processing
Statistical data calculation analysis of variance was performed using excel software. The analysis result focuses on the statistical p value, and when the p is less than 0.05, the data is considered to have significant difference, otherwise, no difference exists.
2.4 results and discussion
2.4.1 statistical analysis results
The data in Table 5 were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, and the results are shown in Table 6
TABLE 6 statistical results of analysis of variance of grey values without and with lap for samples by two algorithms
From the statistical analysis results it can be seen that: in table 6, the p values are both greater than 0.05, so the differences between the floating point method and the correction method are not significant.
2.4.2 Gray value calculation for two algorithms
In the investigation range, on one hand, the difference value of the gray value of the image is less than 0.3 and is far less than the gray value difference of the burning ash column of the same cigarette sample by adopting full vision, and on the other hand, from the statistical analysis result, the image processing has no significant difference by adopting two algorithms of a floating point method and a Gamma correction algorithm
3. Conclusion
In the investigation range, on one hand, the difference value of the gray value of the image is less than 0.3 and is far less than the gray value difference of the combustion ash column of the same cigarette sample by adopting full vision, and on the other hand, the two algorithms of a floating point method and a Gamma correction algorithm are adopted to have no significant difference on the image processing from the statistical analysis result. In order to take account of the universality and the accuracy of the image gray value processing method, the floating point method and the Gamma correction algorithm are recommended to be adopted for calculating the measurement of the cigarette combustion ash column.
Example 4 cigarette burning ash column Gray was tested by full visual testing method on samples of different cigarette circumference specifications based on the conditions determined in examples 1-3
The specific test method comprises the following steps:
After the reference gray is set through the three-surface image acquisition full-vision mechanical device, under a standard smoking mode, the three-surface full-vision device acquires R, G, B values of a combustion ash column image under a cigarette static vertical combustion condition in real time, and the integral gray value of the cigarette combustion ash column is obtained through image gray value conversion and used for representing the gray of the cigarette combustion ash column.
Wherein the calculation formula of the gray-scale value is,
floating point method: gray-scale value R0.299 + G0.587 + B0.114 (1)
Wherein the R, G, B value represents the color values of red, green and blue channels in the collected cigarette combustion ash column image; here, it is considered that the colors are obtained by changing the three color channels of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) and superimposing them with each other, so that the R, G, B value represents the color values of the three channels of red, green and blue in the collected cigarette combustion ash column image.
2 instrumentation
The tester for the cigarette combustion ash column gray full-vision test (as shown in figure 4) meets the following requirements:
a) the device is provided with a pumping unit which meets the GB/T16450 requirement;
b) the mechanical vision device is provided with a function of acquiring full-vision images of a test sample in real time, and meets the following requirements:
the number of the camera units is more than or equal to 2 (3 units are recommended), and all the units are positioned and uniformly distributed around the collected sample;
-the Pixel precision of the image acquired by the vision device is less than or equal to 0.15mm/Pixel
-the size of the photosensitive element: a 1-inch CMOS image pickup element;
-pixel size: 5.5 μm.times.5.5 μm;
-the number of active pixels: 2040 (H). times.2048 (V)
-having a white balance setting function.
c) The non-lighting environment of the test sample image acquisition area meets the conditions:
-light intensity ≤ 50lx
-color temperature: 6000K +/-1000K
d) The test sample image acquisition area lighting environment meets the conditions:
-the illuminance range is 6000lx ± 1000 lx;
the color temperature range is 6000K +/-1000K.
d) And the upper computer of the image analysis software has an image R, G, B value testing function or a gray value calculation and analysis function.
Fig. 4 is a tester for cigarette burning ash column gray full vision test. In the figure, 1,2 and 3 are light supplement light sources 1,2 and 3; 4,5,6 are cameras 1,2, 3; 7 is a positioning base for detecting cigarettes; and 8, a standard white board.
3, calibrating, namely determining a calibration coefficient eta through a standard white board
3.1 Standard white Board
The standard white board is used as a reference object for calibration (shown in figure 5), and the following conditions are met
3.1.1 does not contain fluorescent materials, and meets the requirement of GB/T7973.
3.1.2 luminance values R457The range is as follows: 85.0% + -3.0%.
3.2 calibration method
3.2.1 the standard white board is placed at a test position for positioning, the mechanical vision device is opened, and the polishing system is adjusted to meet the requirements of an image acquisition environment.
3.2.2 selecting a calibration area (the calibration area is positioned in the image acquisition range of the combustion ash column of the tested cigarette, and a rectangular area which is not less than the diameter of the tested cigarette) on the standard white board, wherein the area is shown in figure 6. The average value of R, G, B in the calibration area was measured and calculated as 1/R: 1/G: the 1/B value sets the white balance of the mechanical vision to finish the calibration of the white balance of the mechanical vision. Fig. 7 is a comparison shot before and after white balance calibration.
3.2.3 under the condition of setting white balance, the standard white board is subjected to image acquisition, and the Gray value of the standard white board is obtained through image Gray value conversion and is used as reference Gray and is represented by Gray 0.
3.2.4 calculating the calibration factor according to equation (3)
η＝255/Gray0···························(3)
In the formula:
eta-calibration coefficient;
gray0 — reference Gray.
4 test
4.1 Conditioning of the samples
Sample adjustment is carried out according to the GB/T16447 requirements.
4.2 test procedure
4.1 the test atmosphere should comply with the GB/T16447 regulations.
4.2 under the condition of calibration test, placing the sample in the test position for positioning.
4.3 igniting the cigarette sample, and performing sample smoking under the smoking condition specified in GB/T16450.
4.4 when the cigarette burning ash column acquisition length meets the ash column gray analysis acquisition range, stopping the test, and acquiring the cigarette burning ash column through a mechanical vision device to perform cigarette burning ash column gray analysis (the ash column length acquisition range is that a 35mm ash column picture is taken after the burning end is deducted by 2 mm).
4.5 the Gray value Gray x of the burning ash column of the tested cigarette sample is obtained by image Gray value conversion (the calculation is carried out by using a floating point method, namely the Gray value R is 0.299 and G is 0.587 and B is 0.114).
4.6 the gray value of the test sample was calculated according to the formula (4) and used as the gray result of the test sample.
Gray k＝Gray x×η······················(4)
In the formula:
eta-calibration coefficient;
gray x-setting the Gray value of the sample under the white balance condition;
gray k-test sample Gray.
5 results calculation and expression
5.1 Single cigarette sample
The test result of the full-vision test method is represented by the mean value of the gray values of all the camera shooting collected samples (3 units of full-vision collection in the embodiment), and the result is accurate to 0.1.
Calculating according to the formula (6):
in the formula:
gray k-cigarette combustion ash column Gray of single cigarette sample;
grayk ', Grayk ' and Grayk ' -three-side full-vision test of the three-side gray of the cigarette sample combustion ash column, and calculating the gray value of each side of the collected test sample after the white balance is set according to the formula (4).
5.2 batch cigarette samples
The gray index of the cigarette combustion ash column is used as the gray test result of the batch of samples according to the average value of the gray values of 10 selected cigarette samples (more samples can be tested according to the requirement), and the result is accurate to 0.1.
Calculating according to the formula (5):
in the formula:
gray batch-cigarette burning Gray ash for a batch of cigarette samples;
gray kn-the cigarette combustion ash column Gray of a single cigarette sample;
n＝10。
the results of testing the gray color of the cigarette burning ash column by adopting the full visual testing method for samples with different cigarette circumference specifications are shown in Table 7. The SD value is the standard deviation of three angles of the test sample.
TABLE 7 Grey test results of samples of different cigarette circumference specifications by full vision test
The grey real-time map of the cigarette burning ash column of the samples with different cigarette circumference specifications by adopting the full visual testing method is shown in figure 8.
Claims (5)
1. A cigarette combustion ash column gray testing method based on an image method is characterized in that a full-vision manipulator simulation device is adopted to carry out simulated smoking on cigarettes, a camera system of the full-vision manipulator simulation device is used for collecting cigarette combustion ash column images, a cigarette combustion ash column gray value is calculated according to the cigarette combustion ash column images, and the cigarette combustion ash column gray value is expressed by the cigarette combustion ash column gray value;
wherein the calculation formula of the gray-scale value is,
floating point method: the gradation value R0.299 + G0.587 + B0.114 formula (1);
or Gamma correction algorithm:
wherein the R, G, B value represents the color values of red, green and blue channels in the collected cigarette combustion ash column image;
the cigarette combustion ash column gray testing method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) opening the mechanical vision device, adjusting the polishing system to enable the full-vision manipulator simulation device to meet the following image acquisition requirements:
a mechanical vision device: the Pixel precision of the image acquired by the camera system is less than or equal to 0.15 mm/Pixel;
an image acquisition environment: adjusting the lighting system to ensure that (a) the non-lighting environment of the image acquisition area of the test sample meets the conditions: illumination intensity is less than or equal to 50 lx; color temperature: 6000K +/-1000K; (b) the test sample image acquisition area lighting environment meets the conditions: illumination intensity: 6000lx +/-1000 lx; color temperature: 6000K +/-1000K;
the full-vision manipulator simulation device is connected with an upper computer of image analysis software with an image R, G, B value test function;
(2) through a standard white boardDetermining a calibration coefficient eta, wherein the standard white board is prepared from opal glass or ceramic, does not contain fluorescent material, meets the GB/T7973 requirement, and has a brightness value R457The range is 85.0% ± 3.0%;
(2a) taking a standard white board, placing the standard white board at a test position for positioning, and testing the value of the standard white board R, G, B according to the ratio of 1/R: 1/G: the 1/B value sets the white balance of the mechanical vision;
(2b) under the condition of setting white balance, image acquisition is carried out on the standard white board, Gray value conversion is carried out through the image R, G, B value, and the Gray value of the standard white board is obtained and is used as reference Gray and is represented by Gray 0;
(2c) the calibration coefficient eta is calculated according to the formula (3),
eta. 255/Gray 0. the equation (3)
In the formula:
eta-calibration coefficient;
gray 0-reference Gray;
(3) testing a cigarette sample;
(3a) placing the test cigarette sample at a test position for positioning under the condition that the calibration is finished in the step (2);
(3b) igniting the cigarette sample, performing simulated smoking on the cigarette sample, stopping smoking when the cigarette burns to a specified cigarette butt position, and acquiring a cigarette burning ash column image through a mechanical vision device;
(3c) and carrying out Gray value conversion through the R, G, B value of the collected cigarette burning ash column image to obtain a Gray value Gray x of the burning ash column of the test cigarette sample.
(3d) Calculating the gray value of the calibrated test cigarette sample according to the formula (4), and expressing the gray value as the gray result of the burning ash column of the test cigarette sample;
gray k. Gray x. eta. cndot. Gray x, where Gray x, where Gray x, where Gray k x, where Gray x, where
In the formula:
eta-calibration coefficient;
gray x-the Gray value calculated according to the cigarette combustion ash column image in the step (3 c);
gray k-the Gray value of the cigarette sample after calibration, i.e. the Gray of the burning ash column of the cigarette sample.
2. The cigarette burning ash column Gray testing method according to claim 1, characterized in that it can also perform detection for batch samples, and n cigarette sample burning ash columns Gray Gray k1, Gray k 2. Gray. kn are obtained according to step (3);
the average value of the gray value of the cigarette samples after calibration is used as the gray test result of the cigarette samples, and the result is accurate to 0.1; calculating according to the formula (5):
in the formula:
gray batch-cigarette burning Gray ash for a batch of cigarette samples;
gray kn-the cigarette burning Gray column for the nth cigarette sample.
3. The cigarette combustion ash column gray testing method according to claim 1, characterized in that, when the cigarette is smoked by adopting the full-vision manipulator simulation device in the step (3b), the smoking frequency and the smoking capacity are executed according to GB/T16450 standard.
4. The cigarette burning ash column gray testing method according to claim 1, characterized in that, the cigarette sample is ignited in the step (3b), the cigarette sample is simulated and sucked, when the cigarette burns to the cigarette butt position specified in GB/T19609, the suction is stopped, the image of the cigarette burning ash column is collected by a mechanical vision device, the collection range of the ash column length is as follows: and deducting 2mm of the combustion end, and then cutting out a 35mm ash column picture.
5. The cigarette burning ash column gray testing method according to claim 1, characterized in that before testing cigarette samples, namely before step (3), a sample testing step is provided, namely a step of selecting test samples, and according to the specification of GB/T5606.1, cigarette products produced under the same process condition, the same brand, the same specification, the same commodity bar code and the same period are taken as test cigarette samples.
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