CN113136466A - Material distribution method for realizing graded charging of coke by using existing equipment - Google Patents
Material distribution method for realizing graded charging of coke by using existing equipment Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 245
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B5/00—Making pig-iron in the blast furnace
- C21B5/007—Conditions of the cokes or characterised by the cokes used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B5/00—Making pig-iron in the blast furnace
- C21B5/006—Automatically controlling the process
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B5/00—Making pig-iron in the blast furnace
- C21B5/008—Composition or distribution of the charge
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
- C21B2300/00—Process aspects
- C21B2300/04—Modeling of the process, e.g. for control purposes; CII
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of control of a charging process of a blast furnace coke ore tank, in particular to a material distribution method for realizing graded charging of coke by using the existing equipment. 1) Selecting two coke storage tanks B farthest from the blast furnace1And B2The aperture of the vibrating screen is changed to 40mm, and the selection mode of the coke groove is determined as B in the material preparation procedure1+B2+N1+N2，B1+B2+N2+N3，B1+B2+N1+N3The three components are combined for recycling; coke oven equipment failure or oven empty B1And B2Change to B1+N1+N2Or B2+N1+N2Mode, N1To N3Can be replaced with each other; 2) calculating new coke batch weight MJ new(ii) a 3) Center ratio of bulk coke CBC％And bulk coke edge ratio CBE％Setting and controlling; 4) b is1+B2+N1+N2The scheme of the material preparation control flow is as follows; 5) repair theThe positive program calculates the influence of the error between the used V2 and the actual coke screen blanking speed Vactual; the function of distributing large coke to the central part and the edge part of the blast furnace is realized by utilizing the existing equipment, the material preparation time after the coke is prepared in a grading way is reduced, and the material preparation capacity in hours after the coke is loaded into the furnace in a grading way is ensured.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of control of a charging process of a blast furnace coke ore tank, in particular to a material distribution method for realizing graded charging of coke by using the existing equipment.
Background
With the deep research of blast furnace smelting process in iron making, the understanding of the four main functions of carburizing agent, reducing agent, exothermic agent and material column skeleton of coke in the blast furnace is continuously refined in the industry. Each action places different requirements on the coke performance index. And the blast furnace acts as a complex reverse-flow reactor. The working environment of coke at different parts in the blast furnace is also greatly different.
Therefore, currently, steel enterprises in China generally think that coke is put into a furnace in a grading way, and coke with different particle sizes and qualities is loaded into different parts of a blast furnace through distribution. Particularly, the coke with good granularity and high strength is distributed to the center. The performance of the coke can be realized to the maximum extent. The distribution stability of blast furnace gas and the permeability of the central material column are improved, and the running quality and efficiency of the blast furnace are further improved.
However, the design of the ore tank and coke tank and the furnace top distributing device of all the steel enterprises at present in China do not consider the requirement of grading coke to be charged into the furnace functionally. If the coke is put into the furnace in a grading way, a grading sieve is required to be added above the coke groove, the coke groove is required to be stored according to the grading diameter, and the quantity distance of the coke groove needs to be increased by at least 1 time after the coke is stored in a grading way to ensure the feeding capacity. Therefore, the method is influenced by various factors such as site space, reconstruction construction period and the like. At present, all large steel enterprises have the intention of charging coke into the furnace in a grading way, but are not practically applied.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a material distribution method for realizing the graded charging of coke by using the prior equipment, which realizes the function of distributing large coke to the central part and the edge part of a blast furnace by using the prior equipment, reduces the material preparation time after the graded charging of the coke, and ensures the material preparation capacity in hours after the graded charging of the coke into the blast furnace.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides an utilize existing equipment to realize the cloth method that the coke is gone into stove in grades, the mode that relies on the interior weighing value of middle fill to measure with original coke, becomes different kinds of coke and measures according to the vibration time of burnt sieve, and through the time of controlling different burnt sieves and opening and close, the position and the weight proportion of control different kinds of coke at the different radial positions of blast furnace footpath distribution realize distributing different size grades coke cloth at the different radial positions of blast furnace, specifically includes following step:
1) selecting two coke storage tanks B farthest from the blast furnace1And B2The aperture of the vibrating screen is changed to 40mm, and the selection mode of the coke groove is determined as B in the material preparation procedure1+B2+N1+N2，B1+B2+N2+N3，B1+B2+N1+N3The three components are combined for recycling; coke oven equipment failure or oven empty B1And B2Change to B1+N1+N2Or B2+N1+N2Mode, N1To N3Can be replaced with each other;
2) calculating new coke batch weight MJ new：
MJ new ═MJ atom-ΔMMiddle block (1)
ΔMMedium size ═MJ atom×(CBC％+CBE％)×R％ (2)
In equation (1): mJ newThe weight of the coke is new, and the coke is ton;
Mj atomIs raw coke batchHeavy, ton;
Δ M in formula (2)Middle block: the increment of the medium coke is ton;
CBC％setting the proportion of the center of the large coke block;
CBE％setting the proportion of the edge of the large coke in percent;
R％the granularity proportion of 25 mm-40 mm in the coke granularity composition is percent;
3) center ratio of bulk coke CBC％And bulk coke edge ratio CBE％Setting and controlling:
CBC％in principle no less than the central focusing ratio in the cloth matrix, CBE％In principle no less than the edge coke proportion in the cloth matrix;
4)B1+B2+N1+N2the material preparation control flow scheme is as follows:
①B1+B2discharging the coke tank firstly, and recording the discharging time as T0When discharging is long
When, B1+B2Stopping vibration of the coke vibrating screen, B1+B2Stopping discharging the coke tank, and recording the time as T1；V2The feeding speed of the coke groove vibrating screen is t/s;
time T2，N1The coke screen of the coke tank of N2 begins to vibrate and discharge,
l is B1-N3Distance of (V)1The running speed of the coke belt is m/s; t is2A calculation target of a moment;
time T3，N1+ N2 coke groove coke sieve stops vibrating and discharging,
time T3，B1+B2The coke vibrating screen begins to vibrate, B1+B2Secondary discharging in a coke tank;
time T4When coke is weighed, the intermediate hopper weighs a value MIn＝MJ new- β, denoted T4，B1+B2Stopping vibration of the coke vibrating screen, B1+B2Stopping discharging the coke tank;
beta is coke feed stopping signal lead constant and is ensured to be at T4Time B1+B2The coke groove gate is closed, and the final total coke amount of the coke intermediate weighing hopper is MJ newTon;
5) v for calculation of correction program2And the actual coke screen blanking speed VFruit of Chinese wolfberryThe process of the error is as follows:
when the middle bucket weighing value is increased from 0 to>Time 0, recorded as time T5，T5+T1＝T6(ii) a When the time is T6At this time, the weight of the middle bucket at this time is recorded as MCE measurement(ii) a The value of the weight of the edge bulk coke is equal to the actual edge bulk coke weight of the batch of coke; comparing the weight of the coke with the weight of the large coke blocks at the edge set by theory, and calculating the corrected actual coke screening blanking speed V2 newSubstituted into the coke preparation procedure of the next batch, V2 new ═V2-(MCE measurement-MCE)/2T1。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
on the basis of the original equipment, the invention can realize the classified charging of the coke only by replacing the coke screen and changing the material preparation control flow. The function of distributing large coke to the central part and the edge part of the blast furnace is realized by utilizing the existing equipment, the material preparation time after the coke is prepared in a grading way is reduced, and the material preparation capacity in hours after the coke is loaded into the furnace in a grading way is ensured.
The invention can quantitatively adjust and track the use amount and the effect of the edge large coke and the center large coke by utilizing the set proportion of the CBC percent and the CBE percent, and adds a new adjusting mode outside a material distribution matrix of the blast furnace. Has the prospect of large-scale practical application on site. The proportion of the coke with large particle size on the central stock column and the edge is controlled by controlling the proportion of CBC percent and CBE percent, so that the performance of the coke is utilized to the maximum extent, the air permeability and liquid permeability of the central stock column are improved, and the smooth running state, smelting strength and coal gas utilization of the blast furnace are improved.
And with the gradual decrease of the original main coking coal resources and the great decrease of imported coal in the coke blending coal, the future development trend of the coke blending coal is difficult to be ensured, and the coke standard adopted by the large blast furnace at present is difficult to be ensured. Therefore, in the material preparation process, the best coke can be used in the most needed places, which is a necessary trend in the future.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process diagram of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention discloses a material distribution method for realizing coke grading charging by using the existing equipment. Those skilled in the art can modify the process parameters appropriately to achieve the desired results with reference to the disclosure herein. It is expressly intended that all such similar substitutes and modifications which would be obvious to one skilled in the art are deemed to be included in the invention. While the methods and applications of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations and modifications in the methods and applications described herein, as well as other suitable variations and combinations, may be made to implement and use the techniques of this invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
A method for realizing the distribution of coke in a furnace by grading by using the existing equipment comprises the following steps:
1. selecting the two coke storage tanks B farthest from the blast furnace1And B2(i.e. two coke tanks farthest from the belt direction of the large J1, if the farthest coke tank is an accident coke tank, the adjacent coke tank is selected) the original vibrating screen is changed from 25mm or 30mm to 40 mm. And the selection mode of the coke groove is set as B in the material preparation procedure1+B2+N1+N2，B1+B2+N2+N3，B1+B2+N1+N3The three combinations are recycled (see figure 1). The circulation can ensure the uniformity of the coke groove material. Simplify the management difficulty of discharging coke amount and prevent a certain coke grooveThe slot is over empty. Coke oven equipment failure or oven empty B1And B2Change to B1+N1+N2Or B2+N1+N2Mode, N1To N3May be substituted for each other.
2. New coke batch weight MJ newAnd (3) calculating: after the coke screen is changed, the amount of the medium coke blocks is greatly increased, and if the coke batch weight set value is kept unchanged, the total coke ratio in the furnace is improved. Therefore, a new coke batch weight M needs to be calculatedJ newTo ensure that (the ratio of large block coke + the ratio of medium block coke) is not changed. MJ new ═MJ atom-ΔMMiddle block (1)
ΔMMedium size ═MJ atom*(CBC％+CBE％)*R％ (2)
M in formula (1)J new: new coke batch weight, t; mJ atom: the batch weight of the original coke, t;
Δ M in formula (2)Middle block: middle coke increment, t; cBC％Setting the proportion of the center of the large coke block; cBE％Setting the proportion of the edge of the large coke in percent; r％The grain size proportion of 25 mm-40 mm in the coke grain size composition is percent (18% -24% of saddle steel coke).
3. Center ratio of bulk coke CBC％And bulk coke edge ratio CBE％Setting and controlling:
CBC％and CBE％The blast furnace is manually set according to the requirements of furnace conditions:
CBC％in principle no less than the central focusing ratio in the cloth matrix, CBE％In principle no less than the edge coke ratio in the cloth matrix: i.e. in the coke matrix C22222 4C inBC％≮4/(2+2+2+2+2+4)，CBE％≮2/(2+2+2+2+2+4)
Such as: the material preparation process is that the coke weighing weight is controlled by a middle weighing hopper: setting C by coke intermediate weighing hopper programBC％And CBE％To control the center lump coke MBCAnd edge lump coke MBEThe weight of (c).
4. With B1+B2+N1+N2The preparation is taken as an example, and the preparation control flow scheme is as follows:
①B1+B2discharging the coke tank firstly, and recording the discharging time as T0When discharging is long
B1+B2Stopping vibration of the coke vibrating screen, B1+B2Stopping discharging the coke tank, and recording the time as T1；V2The feeding speed of the coke groove vibrating screen is t/s;
time T2，N1The coke screen of the coke tank of N2 begins to vibrate and discharge,
l is B1-N3Distance of (V)1The running speed of the coke belt is m/s; t is2The calculation target of the moment is to ensure that the large coke material flow and the common particle size coke material flow are prevented from overlapping.
Time T3，N1+ N2 coke groove coke sieve stops vibrating and discharging,
time T3，B1+B2The coke vibrating screen begins to vibrate, B1+B2Secondary discharging in a coke tank;
time T4When coke is weighed, the intermediate hopper weighs a value MIn＝MJ new- β, denoted T4，B1+B2Stopping vibration of the coke vibrating screen, B1+B2Stopping discharging the coke tank; (beta is a coke feed stopping signal advance constant, T) is ensured to be T4Time B1+B2The coke groove gate is closed, and the final total coke amount of the coke intermediate weighing hopper is MJ newTon.
5. Error calculation and correction: due to V2The coke tank vibrating screen is fed with a feed rate (saddle steel coke screen vibrating feed rate is 0.023t/s) so that when the coke particle size and coke screen condition occur largeWhen changed, V2A change will occur. Will result in a batch coke weight of CBC％And CBE％A change in the ratio. But does not affect the change in the total weight of the coke. Because of the total weight M of cokeJ newThe control of (2) is still controlled by the weighing value of the middle bucket. The overall effect is small. But takes into account the effects of rainy seasons and extreme conditions. It is still possible to design an automatic program to modify the V used for program calculation2And the actual coke screen blanking speed VFruit of Chinese wolfberryThe process of the error is as follows:
when the middle bucket weighing value is increased from 0 to>Time 0, recorded as time T5,T5+T1＝T6(ii) a When the time is T6At this time, the program records the weight of the middle bucket at this time as MCE measurement. The value is equal to the actual edge lump coke weight of the batch. And comparing the weight of the coke with the weight of the edge bulk coke which is set by theory. Calculating the corrected actual coke screen blanking speed V2 newSubstituted into the coke preparation procedure of the next batch. V2 new ═V2-(MCE measurement-MCE)/2T1。
6. Checking and calculating the material preparation capacity: the new distribution flow will result in an extended time for preparing a batch of coke, which is L/V1+3 s. Taking saddle steel as an example, the distance between the two farthest coke grooves is 30m, and the running speed of the belt is 1.8 m/s. The extension time was therefore 20 s. The coke supply capacity of the hour cannot be influenced by prolonging the time by 140s by calculating the coke of the 7 batches of the hour batch. When the middle hopper breaks down, the material preparation of the single middle hopper cannot cause the condition of insufficient material supply.
[ examples ] A method for producing a compound
Taking a saddle steel I blast furnace as an example:
the original coke batch weight is 17.4t, the material preparation is two coke tanks, and the coke matrix is C22222 4
CBC％Set to 14.2%; cBE％The setting is 28.5%
The method comprises the following steps: calculation of the batch weight of new coke: mJ new ═MJ atom-ΔMMiddle block17.4-17.4 × (14.2% + 28.5%) x 18% ═ 16.06 t; the amount of coke is increased by 1.34 t/batch and reducedThe coke is distributed into the blast furnace along with the ore in the form of coke pieces.
Step two: the material preparation process comprises the following steps:
①B1+B2discharging coke from coke tank, after 16.06X 14.2%/0.023/2 ═ 49s, B1+B2Stopping the coke screen;
time T2＝49+L/V1After +3 + 49+30/1.8+3 + 69s, N1+ N2 coke groove coke sieve starts to vibrate and discharge;
time T369+16.06 × (1-14.2% -28.5%) × 2/0.023 ═ 269s later, N1+ N2 coke groove coke sieve stops vibrating and discharging, B1+B2Discharging the coke tank for the second time;
fourthly, when coke is weighed, the middle bucket weighs the numerical value MIn＝MJ newBeta (saddle steel setting beta to 3t), i.e. when the middle bucket weighing value shows 13.06 tons, B1+B2Stopping vibration of the coke vibrating screen, B1+B2Stopping discharging the coke tank; after all the belt materials enter the middle hopper, the weight of the middle hopper is equal to the batch weight of the coke and is 16.06 t.
Step three: error calculation and correction:
recording the middle bucket weighing value after 49s after the middle bucket weighing value is increased from 0 to be larger than 0 for 49s, and recording as MCE measurementAnd will V2 new ═V2-(MCE measurement-MCE)/2T1(ii) a Substituting into a new cycle.
Step four: checking calculation of material preparation time and material preparation capacity
The total time of the stock preparation is 269+16.06 × 28.5%/0.023/2 ═ 369s
The hourly material preparation capacity is as follows: 60X 60/369 ═ 9 batches/h
On the basis of the original equipment, the invention can realize the classified charging of the coke only by replacing the coke screen and changing the control program of the prepared materials. The function of distributing large coke to the central part and the edge part of the blast furnace is realized by utilizing the existing equipment, the material preparation time after the coke is prepared in a grading way is reduced, and the material preparation capacity in hours after the coke is loaded into the furnace in a grading way is ensured.
And the use amount and the effect of the edge large coke and the center large coke can be quantitatively adjusted and tracked by utilizing the set proportion of the CBC percent to the CBE percent, and a new adjusting mode is added outside a material distribution matrix of the blast furnace. Has the prospect of large-scale practical application on site. The proportion of the coke with large particle size on the central stock column and the edge is controlled by controlling the proportion of CBC percent and CBE percent, so that the performance of the coke is utilized to the maximum extent, the air permeability and liquid permeability of the central stock column are improved, and the smooth running state, smelting strength and coal gas utilization of the blast furnace are improved.
And with the gradual decrease of the original main coking coal resources and the great decrease of imported coal in the coke blending coal, the future development trend of the coke blending coal is difficult to be ensured, and the coke standard adopted by the large blast furnace at present is difficult to be ensured. Therefore, in the material preparation process, the best coke can be used in the most needed places, which is a necessary trend in the future.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. The utility model provides a utilize existing equipment to realize the cloth method that the coke is gone into stove in grades, its characterized in that, different types of coke are measured according to the vibration time of coke sieve, and through the time of controlling different coke sieves and opening and close, control different types of coke and to control the position and the weight proportion that distribute in the blast furnace footpath, realize distributing different radial positions with different size grades coke in the blast furnace, specifically include following step:
1) selecting two coke storage tanks B farthest from the blast furnace1And B2The aperture of the vibrating screen is changed to 30 mm-45 mm, and the selection mode of the coke groove is determined as B in the material preparation procedure1+B2+N1+N2，B1+B2+N2+N3，B1+B2+N1+N3The three components are combined for recycling;
2) calculating new coke batch weight MJ new：
MJ new＝MJ atom-ΔMMiddle block (1)
ΔMMiddle block＝MJ atom×(CBC％+CBE％)×R％ (2)
In equation (1): mJ newThe weight of the coke is new, and the coke is ton;
Mj atomThe weight of the coke is one ton of the original coke;
Δ M in formula (2)Middle block: the increment of the medium coke is ton;
CBC％setting the proportion of the center of the large coke block;
CBE％setting the proportion of the edge of the large coke in percent;
R％the granularity proportion of 25 mm-40 mm in the coke granularity composition is percent;
3) center ratio of bulk coke CBC％And bulk coke edge ratio CBE％Setting and controlling:
CBC％in principle no less than the central focusing ratio in the cloth matrix, CBE％In principle no less than the edge coke proportion in the cloth matrix;
4)B1+B2+N1+N2the material preparation control flow scheme is as follows:
①B1+B2discharging the coke tank firstly, and recording the discharging time as T0When discharging is long
When, B1+B2Stopping vibration of the coke vibrating screen, B1+B2Stopping discharging the coke tank, and recording the time as T1；V2The feeding speed of the coke groove vibrating screen is t/s;
time T2，N1The coke screen of the coke tank of N2 begins to vibrate and discharge,
l is B1-N3Distance ofFrom, V1The running speed of the coke belt is m/s; t is2A calculation target of a moment;
time T3，N1+ N2 coke groove coke sieve stops vibrating and discharging,
time T3，B1+B2The coke vibrating screen begins to vibrate, B1+B2Secondary discharging in a coke tank;
time T4When coke is weighed, the intermediate hopper weighs a value MIn＝MJ new- β, denoted T4，B1+B2Stopping vibration of the coke vibrating screen, B1+B2Stopping discharging the coke tank;
beta is coke feed stopping signal lead constant and is ensured to be at T4Time B1+B2The coke groove gate is closed, and the final total coke amount of the coke intermediate weighing hopper is MJ newTon.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising calculating the V for the correction program2And the actual coke screen blanking speed VFruit of Chinese wolfberryThe process of the error is as follows:
when the middle bucket weighing value is increased from 0 to>Time 0, recorded as time T5，T5+T1＝T6(ii) a When the time is T6At this time, the weight of the middle bucket at this time is recorded as MCE measurement(ii) a The value of the weight of the edge bulk coke is equal to the actual edge bulk coke weight of the batch of coke; comparing the weight of the coke with the weight of the large coke blocks at the edge set by theory, and calculating the corrected actual coke screening blanking speed V2 newSubstituted into the coke preparation procedure of the next batch, V2 new ═V2-(MCE measurement-MCE)/2T1。
3. The method of claim 1 wherein coke is produced by existing equipmentThe material distribution method of the graded charging furnace is characterized in that the step 1) is that coke groove equipment is failed or a groove is empty B1And B2Change to B1+N1+N2Or B2+N1+N2Mode, N1To N3Can be replaced with each other.
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Citations (9)
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