CN113127079B - Method, system and medium for managing BMC - Google Patents

Method, system and medium for managing BMC Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113127079B
CN113127079B CN202110396731.2A CN202110396731A CN113127079B CN 113127079 B CN113127079 B CN 113127079B CN 202110396731 A CN202110396731 A CN 202110396731A CN 113127079 B CN113127079 B CN 113127079B
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bmc
frame buffer
frame
interface
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CN113127079A (en
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余俊颖
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Shandong Yingxin Computer Technology Co Ltd
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Shandong Yingxin Computer Technology Co Ltd
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/44Arrangements for executing specific programs
    • G06F9/4401Bootstrapping
    • G06F9/4406Loading of operating system
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/14Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units
    • G06F3/1407General aspects irrespective of display type, e.g. determination of decimal point position, display with fixed or driving decimal point, suppression of non-significant zeros
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/44Arrangements for executing specific programs
    • G06F9/451Execution arrangements for user interfaces

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  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Information Transfer Between Computers (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for managing BMC, which is applied to a server and comprises the following steps: a control port is additionally arranged in the BMC, and a control signal is input through the control port to control a management interface of the BMC; converting data of a management interface and data of a CPU interface in a server into frame cache data, setting an identifier for the frame cache data, and inputting the frame cache data into a frame cache memory of the BMC; setting a display output item, switching to a management interface or a CPU interface through the display output item and the identification, and outputting through a display controller; through the mode, the WEBUI interface data can be stored in the frame buffer memory in the BMC and displayed through the display controller, transmission through a network is not needed in the display process, the safety is improved, the control port is arranged in the BMC, the management interface of the BMC is directly controlled through the control port by inputting a control signal, the control on the management interface is improved, and the usability is enhanced.

Description

Method, system and medium for managing BMC
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of BMC management, and in particular, to a method, system, and medium for BMC management.
Background
In the current server, the boot animation is a picture set by a BIOS, the common setting of the management operation of the BMC is a basic setting, and if the BMC needs to be managed, a web page is used, the WebUI interface is used most widely in the web page, and the operation of the WebUI interface is humanized and convenient.
However, the function of the BMC is repeatedly developed by using the web page through network transmission, so that the cost is increased, the problem of security is easily caused by the vulnerability of the HTTP protocol through the web page, the management of the BMC is difficult if the BMC is not managed by using the web page, and the method for managing the BMC by replacing the web page is too complicated and is not humanized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly solves the problems that the cost is increased and potential safety hazards are generated when the network page manages the BMC through the network.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts a technical scheme that: the method for managing the BMC is applied to a server and comprises the following steps:
adding a control port in the BMC, and inputting a control signal through the control port to control a management interface of the BMC;
converting the data of the management interface and the data of the CPU interface in the server into frame cache data, setting an identifier in the frame cache data, and inputting the frame cache data into a frame cache memory of the BMC;
and setting a display output item, switching to the management interface or the CPU interface through the display output item and the identification, and outputting through a display controller.
Preferably, the step of converting the data of the management interface and the data of the CPU interface in the server into frame buffer data, and setting an identifier in the frame buffer data further includes:
acquiring data of a management interface of the BMC, converting the data of the management interface into data in a frame cache format, recording the data as first frame cache data, and setting a first identifier in the first frame cache data;
the method comprises the steps of obtaining data of a CPU interface in a server, converting the data of the CPU interface into data in a frame cache format, recording the data as second frame cache data, and setting a second identifier in the second frame cache data.
Preferably, the step of inputting the frame buffer data into a frame buffer memory of the BMC further includes:
the frame buffer memory of the BMC comprises a first frame buffer memory and a second frame buffer memory;
storing the first frame cache data with the first identifier into a first frame cache memory of the BMC;
and storing the second frame buffer data with the second identifier into a second frame buffer memory of the BMC.
Preferably, the step of inputting the frame buffer data into a frame buffer memory of the BMC further includes:
dividing a memory in a frame buffer memory of the BMC into a first memory and a second memory;
storing the first frame cache data with the set identifier into the first memory;
and storing the second frame cache data with the set identifier into the second memory.
Preferably, the step of switching to the management interface or the CPU interface through the display output item and the identifier and outputting through the display controller further includes:
when the management interface is switched to, executing management interface switching operation, wherein the management interface switching operation is as follows: acquiring an address of the first frame buffer memory, recording the address as a first address, acquiring first frame buffer data in the first frame buffer memory through the first address, executing a first identification judgment operation, and outputting the first frame buffer data to a display controller according to a result of the first identification judgment operation;
when the CPU interface is switched to, executing CPU interface switching operation, wherein the CPU interface switching operation is as follows: and acquiring an address of the second frame buffer memory, marking the address as a second address, acquiring second frame buffer data in the second frame buffer memory through the second address, executing a second identification judgment operation, and outputting the second frame buffer data to a display controller according to a result of the second identification judgment operation.
Preferably, the step of switching to the management interface or the CPU interface through the display output item and the identifier and outputting through the display controller further includes:
when the management interface is switched to, executing management interface switching operation, wherein the management interface switching operation is as follows: acquiring an address of a first memory in the frame buffer memory, acquiring the first frame buffer data through the address of the first memory, executing a first identification judgment operation, and outputting the first frame buffer data to a display controller according to a result of the first identification judgment operation;
when the CPU interface is switched to, executing CPU interface switching operation, wherein the CPU interface switching operation is as follows: and acquiring an address of a second memory in the frame buffer memory, acquiring the second frame buffer data through the address of the second memory, executing a second identification judgment operation, and outputting the second frame buffer data to a display controller according to a result of the second identification judgment operation.
Preferably, the first identifier determining operation is: judging whether a first identifier exists in the first frame cache data, and if so, outputting the first frame cache data to a display controller;
if not, executing the management interface switching operation again;
the second identification judgment operation is: judging whether a second identifier exists in the second frame cache data, and if so, outputting the second frame cache data to a display controller;
if not, the CPU interface switching operation is executed again.
Preferably, the step of inputting a control signal through the control port to control a management interface of the BMC further includes: and acquiring a data layer address of the BMC, and adding the control signal input by the control port to the data layer address.
The present invention also provides a system for managing BMC, comprising: the system comprises a BMC, a CPU, a display controller and a control module;
the BMC and the CPU are both provided with control ports;
the control module is respectively connected with the BMC and the CPU through the control port and is used for sending a control signal to the BMC and the CPU;
the display controller is connected with the BMC and used for reading data of a management interface of the BMC or data of a CPU interface;
the BMC is provided with a data conversion module, an identification setting module and a storage module;
the data conversion module is used for converting the data of the management interface and the data of the CPU interface into frame cache data;
the identification setting module is used for setting an identification in the frame cache data;
the storage module is used for storing the frame buffer data with the set identifier into a frame buffer memory of the BMC.
The present invention also provides a computer readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, which, when executed by a processor, performs the steps of a method for managing BMC.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the method for managing the BMC can realize that WEBUI interface data of the BMC is stored through the frame buffer memory in the BMC and displayed through the display controller, transmission is not needed through HTTP in the display process, the safety of managing the BMC is improved, the BMC can be managed when a network is disconnected, and the convenience of operation is improved.
2. According to the method for managing the BMC, the control port is arranged in the BMC, the control port of the CPU is not occupied when the BMC management interface is controlled, so that the control signal is input through the control port of the BMC to directly control the management interface of the BMC, the control of the management interface is improved, and the usability is enhanced.
3. According to the system for managing the BMC, the data of the CPU interface and the data of the BMC management interface can be converted into the frame buffer data through the data conversion module in the BMC, so that the frame buffer memory can conveniently read and analyze the data, the data are transmitted to the display controller to be conveniently displayed, a network is not needed in the process, the display efficiency is improved, and the data can be selectively switched to the CPU interface or the management interface of the BMC through the display switching module, so that the convenience is improved.
4. The computer-readable storage medium can acquire the address of a frame buffer memory of the BMC or the address of a memory in the frame buffer memory according to different conditions, so as to acquire corresponding frame buffer data, output the frame buffer data through the display controller, and set a display output item on a BIOS interface, thereby reducing the cost of secondary development of BMC functions by the BIOS.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a schematic flowchart of a method for managing BMC according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a system architecture for managing BMC according to embodiment 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless explicitly specified or limited otherwise, the terms "control port", "control signal", "management interface", "display output item", "frame buffer data", "first memory", "second memory", "first address", "second address", "display controller", "control module", "data conversion module", "storage module", "display switching module" should be understood in a broad sense. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in a specific case to those of ordinary skill in the art.
It is noted that in the description of the present invention
The WebUI of the BMC provides a webpage management interface for the BMC.
The Frame Buffer is a Frame Buffer memory, referred to as Frame Buffer or video memory for short, and is a direct image of the picture displayed on the screen, each memory cell of the Frame Buffer corresponds to a pixel on the screen, and the whole Frame Buffer corresponds to a Frame image.
The frame buffer essentially only provides a hardware abstraction for the graphics device, the frame buffer is a display buffer, and writing data of a specific format into the display buffer means outputting the content to the screen.
The control port is a USB input interface, and the management interface is a WEBUI interface.
Example 1
An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for managing BMC, please refer to fig. 1, which includes the following steps:
s100, adding a USB input interface in the BMC to acquire a data layer address of the BMC, adding a control signal of the USB input interface into the BMC data layer address, and directly controlling a WEBUI interface of the BMC by inputting the control signal through the USB input interface of the BMC without indirectly controlling the BMC through the USB input interface of the CPU;
the USB input interface can be connected with a keyboard and a mouse and can also be connected with other peripheral equipment capable of sending control signals, the control signals are input to the BMC through the keyboard and the mouse, and then the WEBUI interface is controlled through the keyboard and the mouse.
S200, converting data of a WEBUI interface of the BMC into frame buffer data, setting an identifier, and inputting the frame buffer of the BMC;
the method comprises the following specific steps: acquiring data in a WEBUI interface in real time, converting the data in the WEBUI interface into data in a frame cache format, recording the data as first frame cache data, and storing the first frame cache data in a register of the BMC;
acquiring first frame cache data from a BMC register, setting a first identifier in the first frame cache data, and storing the first frame cache data with the first identifier into a frame buffer of the BMC.
Sending the data content of a CPU interface, including an interface set by a BIOS (basic input output System) or an interface of a system, to the BMC through PCIe (peripheral component interface express), converting the CPU interface data into data in a frame cache format, setting an identifier, and storing the data in a frame buffer of the BMC;
the method comprises the following specific steps: and converting the CPU interface data into data in a frame buffer format, recording the data as second frame buffer data, setting a second identifier in the second frame buffer data, and storing the second frame buffer data with the second identifier into a frame buffer of the BMC.
The purpose of setting the first identifier and the second identifier is that when a lot of different frame buffer data are stored in the frame buffer memory of the BMC and the first frame buffer data and the second frame buffer data stored in the frame buffer memory of the BMC are historical data, a corresponding designated interface cannot be found through the data in the frame buffer memory, and the designated interface is found through setting the identifiers for matching, so that the designated interface is displayed.
When WEBUI interface data and CPU interface data are stored in different frame buffers, storing first frame cache data into a first frame buffer of BMC, and storing second frame cache data into a second frame buffer;
when WEBUI interface data and CPU interface data are stored to the same frame buffer of the BMC, dividing a memory in the frame buffer of the BMC into a first memory and a second memory, storing first frame cache data into the first memory, and storing second frame cache data into the second memory;
s300, starting the BIOS, setting a display output item through the BIOS, putting a WEBUI option of the BMC and an option of a CPU interface into the display output item,
outputting the content in the frame buffer to the display controller by selecting the display output item, the identifier and the RGB;
when the BMC needs to be managed, executing a WEBUI interface switching operation, and setting the interface of the display controller as the WEBUI interface of the BMC through the display output item;
when the CPU interface needs to be switched, executing the switching operation of the CPU interface, and setting the interface of the display controller as the CPU interface through the display output option;
the method comprises the following specific steps: the WEBUI interface switching operation comprises the following steps: acquiring a first frame buffer address in the BMC, acquiring first frame cache data in the first frame buffer through the first frame buffer address, judging whether a first identifier exists in the first frame cache data, and if so, outputting the first frame cache data in the first frame buffer to a display controller;
if the first frame buffer address does not exist in the BMC, switching the WEBUI interface again, re-acquiring the first frame buffer address in the BMC, acquiring first frame cache data in the first frame buffer through the first frame buffer address, and judging whether a first identifier exists in the first frame cache data again;
executing CPU interface switching operation, wherein the CPU interface switching operation is as follows: acquiring the content of a CPU interface in the BMC, acquiring a second frame buffer address, acquiring second frame cache data through the second frame buffer address, judging whether a second identifier exists in the second frame cache data, and outputting the second frame cache data in the second frame buffer to a display controller if the second identifier exists;
if the first frame buffer address does not exist in the BMC, executing CPU interface switching operation again, re-acquiring the second frame buffer address in the BMC, acquiring second frame buffer data in the second frame buffer through the second frame buffer address, and judging whether the first identifier exists in the second frame buffer data again;
or
Executing a WEBUI interface switching operation, wherein the WEBUI interface switching operation comprises the following steps: acquiring a frame buffer address in the BMC, acquiring an address of a first memory storing frame cache format data of a WEBUI interface of the BMC in the frame buffer address, acquiring first frame cache data of the WEBUI interface, judging whether a first identifier exists in the first frame cache data, and if so, outputting the first frame cache data in the first memory to a display controller;
if the first frame cache data does not exist in the BMC, executing WEBUI interface switching operation again, re-acquiring the first memory address in the BMC, acquiring first frame cache data in the first memory through the first memory address, and judging whether a first identifier exists in the first frame cache data again;
executing CPU interface switching operation, wherein the CPU interface switching operation is as follows: acquiring a frame buffer address in the BMC, acquiring an address of a second memory storing second frame cache data in the frame buffer address, acquiring the second frame cache data,
judging whether a second identifier exists in the second frame cache data, and if so, outputting the second frame cache data in the second memory to the display controller;
if the first frame cache data does not exist, executing the CPU interface switching operation again, re-acquiring the second memory address, acquiring second frame cache data in the second memory through the second memory address, and judging whether a second identifier exists in the second frame cache data again;
it should be noted that, in the description of the present embodiment, the first frame buffer data and the second frame buffer data are data that can be read, identified, and stored by the frame buffer memory, and can be output by the display controller.
It should be noted that when the display controller displays the CPU interface, the BMC needs to be managed, and management operation on the BMC may be issued through a menu of the BIOS or the operating system;
or switching to a WEBUI interface of the BMC, and performing management operation on the BMC through the display controller and the USB input interface of the BMC;
when the server is started, the interface of the display controller cannot be switched to the WEBUI interface of the BMC through the display output item, only the CPU interface can be displayed at the moment, and when the server is started, the interface of the display controller can be switched through the display output item.
Different from the prior art, the WEBUI interface of the BMC is converted into the frame buffer and is output through the display controller, and the frame buffer is not transmitted through the HTTP, so that the attack to the WEBUI interface from a network is avoided, the safety of the WEBUI interface is improved, the USB input interface of the BMC is directly used for controlling the WEBUI interface, the usability is improved, and the BMC can be managed when the network is abnormal.
Example 2
An embodiment of the present invention further provides a system for managing a BMC, referring to fig. 2, including: the system comprises a BMC, a CPU, a display controller and a control module;
the BMC and the CPU are both provided with control ports;
the control module is respectively connected with the BMC and the CPU through the control port and is used for sending a control signal to the BMC and the CPU;
the CPU is connected with the BMC and is used for sending data of a CPU interface to the BMC; the display controller is connected with the BMC and is used for reading data of a management interface in the BMC or data of the CPU interface;
the BMC is provided with a data conversion module, an identification setting module and a storage module;
the data conversion module is used for converting the data of the management interface and the data of the CPU interface into frame cache data;
the mark setting module is used for setting marks in the frame cache data;
the storage module is used for storing the frame cache data into a frame cache memory of the BMC;
the display controller comprises a display switching module and a display module;
the display module is used for displaying the management interface or the CPU interface;
the display switching module is used for setting a display output item and controlling the display output item to enable the display module to display the management interface or the CPU interface.
Example 3
The present invention also provides a computer readable storage medium storing a computer program for executing the method when executed by a processor, wherein the computer program implements the steps of the method for managing BMC when executed by the processor.
Finally, it should be noted that, as those skilled in the art can understand, all or part of the processes in the methods of the foregoing embodiments may be implemented by instructing relevant hardware by a computer program, and the program of the method of monitoring software may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, and when executed, may include the processes of the embodiments of the foregoing methods. The storage medium of the program may be a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a Read Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), or the like. The embodiments of the computer program may achieve the same or similar effects as any of the above-described method embodiments.
Further, the above method steps and system elements may also be implemented using a controller and a computer readable storage medium for storing a computer program for causing the controller to implement the functions of the above steps or elements.
Further, it should be understood that the computer-readable storage medium herein (e.g., memory) can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory.
Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as software or hardware depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the disclosed embodiments of the present invention.
The numbers of the embodiments disclosed in the above embodiments of the present invention are merely for description, and do not represent the advantages or disadvantages of the embodiments.
The above description is only an embodiment of the present invention, and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all modifications of equivalent structures and equivalent processes performed by the present specification and drawings, or directly or indirectly applied to other related technical fields, are included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for managing BMC is applied to a server, and is characterized by comprising the following steps:
adding a control port in the BMC, and inputting a control signal through the control port to control a management interface of the BMC;
converting the data of the management interface and the data of the CPU interface in the server into frame cache data, setting an identifier in the frame cache data, and inputting the frame cache data into a frame cache memory of the BMC;
and setting a display output item, switching to the management interface or the CPU interface through the display output item and the identifier, and outputting through a display controller.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the step of converting the data of the management interface and the data of the CPU interface in the server into frame cache data, and setting an identifier in the frame cache data further includes:
acquiring data of a management interface of the BMC, converting the data of the management interface into data in a frame cache format, recording the data as first frame cache data, and setting a first identifier in the first frame cache data;
the method comprises the steps of obtaining data of a CPU interface in a server, converting the data of the CPU interface into data in a frame cache format, recording the data as second frame cache data, and setting a second identifier in the second frame cache data.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the step of inputting the frame buffer data into a frame buffer memory of the BMC further comprises:
the frame buffer memory of the BMC comprises a first frame buffer memory and a second frame buffer memory;
storing the first frame cache data with the first identifier into a first frame cache memory of the BMC;
and storing the second frame buffer data with the second identifier into a second frame buffer memory of the BMC.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein: the step of inputting the frame buffer data into a frame buffer memory of the BMC further includes:
dividing the memory in the frame buffer memory of the BMC into a first memory and a second memory;
storing the first frame cache data with the set identifier into the first memory;
and storing the second frame cache data with the set identifier into the second memory.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein: the step of switching to the management interface or the CPU interface through the display output item and the identifier and outputting through the display controller further comprises:
when the management interface is switched to, executing a management interface switching operation, wherein the management interface switching operation is as follows: acquiring an address of the first frame buffer memory, recording the address as a first address, acquiring first frame buffer data in the first frame buffer memory through the first address, executing a first identification judgment operation, and outputting the first frame buffer data to a display controller according to a result of the first identification judgment operation;
when the CPU interface is switched to, executing CPU interface switching operation, wherein the CPU interface switching operation is as follows: and acquiring an address of the second frame buffer memory, marking the address as a second address, acquiring second frame buffer data in the second frame buffer memory through the second address, executing a second identification judgment operation, and outputting the second frame buffer data to a display controller according to a result of the second identification judgment operation.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein: the step of switching to the management interface or the CPU interface through the display output item and the identifier and outputting through the display controller further comprises:
when the management interface is switched to, executing management interface switching operation, wherein the management interface switching operation is as follows: acquiring an address of a first memory in the frame buffer memory, acquiring the first frame buffer data through the address of the first memory, executing a first identification judgment operation, and outputting the first frame buffer data to a display controller according to a result of the first identification judgment operation;
when the CPU interface is switched to, executing CPU interface switching operation, wherein the CPU interface switching operation is as follows: and acquiring an address of a second memory in the frame buffer memory, acquiring the second frame buffer data through the address of the second memory, executing a second identification judgment operation, and outputting the second frame buffer data to a display controller according to a result of the second identification judgment operation.
7. A method for managing BMC according to claim 5 or 6, wherein:
the first identifier determination operation is: judging whether a first identifier exists in the first frame cache data, and if so, outputting the first frame cache data to a display controller;
if not, executing the management interface switching operation again;
the second identification judgment operation is: judging whether a second identifier exists in the second frame cache data, and if so, outputting the second frame cache data to a display controller;
if not, the CPU interface switching operation is executed again.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein: the step of inputting a control signal through the control port to control the management interface of the BMC further includes: and acquiring a data layer address of the BMC, and adding the control signal input by the control port to the data layer address.
9. A system for managing BMCs, comprising: the system comprises a BMC, a CPU, a display controller and a control module;
the BMC and the CPU are both provided with control ports;
the control module is respectively connected with the BMC and the CPU through the control port and is used for sending a control signal to the BMC and the CPU;
the display controller is connected with the BMC and used for reading data of a management interface of the BMC or data of a CPU interface;
the BMC is provided with a data conversion module, an identification setting module and a storage module;
the data conversion module is used for converting the data of the management interface and the data of the CPU interface into frame cache data;
the identification setting module is used for setting identification in the frame cache data;
the storage module is used for storing the frame buffer data with the set identifier into a frame buffer memory of the BMC.
10. A computer-readable storage medium, in which a computer program is stored, which, when being executed by a processor, carries out the steps of a method for managing BMC according to any of claims 1 to 8.
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