CN113126200A - Stress-induced high-birefringence photonic crystal fiber with ultra-large mode field - Google Patents
Stress-induced high-birefringence photonic crystal fiber with ultra-large mode field Download PDFInfo
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
- G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
- G02B6/02014—Effective area greater than 60 square microns in the C band, i.e. 1530-1565 nm
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- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
- G02B1/005—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials made of photonic crystals or photonic band gap materials
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
- G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
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- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
- G02B6/02357—Property of longitudinal structures or background material varies radially and/or azimuthally in the cladding, e.g. size, spacing, periodicity, shape, refractive index, graded index, quasiperiodic, quasicrystals
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
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Abstract
The invention relates to a photonic crystal fiber, in particular to a stress-induced high-birefringence extra-large mode field photonic crystal fiber, which solves the technical problems that the photonic crystal fiber is difficult to realize single-mode transmission of an extra-large mode field area fiber and realize a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber with a high birefringence value under the condition of large mode field area transmission. The fiber core is arranged in the air hole cladding, and the fiber core is provided with a fiber core, an air hole cladding, a perfect matching layer, a high-order mode filtering structure and a stress area; the fiber core structurally replaces 19 air hole positions; the air holes in the air hole cladding satisfy the following conditions: d/Λ is 0.04-0.5; the high-order mode filtering structure comprises a plurality of annular structures arranged outside the corresponding air holes; two stress regions are arranged and distributed symmetrically relative to the fiber core, and each stress region is composed of m boron rods. The photonic crystal fiber of the invention can be used inSingle-mode transmission is realized in an ultra-large mode field area with the mode field diameter of more than or equal to 60 mu m, and the birefringence value is realized>10‑4Magnitude of polarization maintaining performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a photonic crystal fiber, in particular to a stress-induced high-birefringence photonic crystal fiber with an ultra-large mode field.
Background
Conventional circularly symmetric fibers do not maintain the polarization state of the guided mode along their length. Although nominally isotropic, small twists, bends and other stresses can impose unknown and uncontrollable birefringence on the fiber, and thus the polarization of the fiber output is unpredictable. Strong birefringence is deliberately introduced during the fiber manufacturing process to achieve high birefringence values, resulting in higher controllability of the fiber with respect to these environmental factors. For conventional polarization maintaining fiber, although the birefringence value can reach more than 10-4But the single mode field diameter is too small to meet the requirement of high-power fiber lasers.
Compared with the traditional optical fiber, the photonic Crystal fiber PCF (photonic Crystal fiber) has many peculiar optical properties, such as no cut-off single mode, low limiting loss, adjustable dispersion, high birefringence, large mode field area, large numerical aperture and the like, and can overcome the problems of the traditional optical fiber laser. The photonic crystal fiber can realize the area of a single-mode large mode field, obviously reduce the laser power density in the fiber while ensuring the laser transmission quality, reduce the nonlinear effect in the fiber and improve the damage threshold of the fiber material; in addition, the nonlinear limit is greatly reduced due to the fact that the single-mode fiber core of the air cladding large-mode-field photonic crystal fiber is large in diameter and short in absorption, so that the output of the ultrashort pulse optical fiber laser system is improved, and the characteristics provide expansion potential for the optical fiber laser and the amplifier system.
In order to ensure the beam quality of the output laser, the optical fiber must be capable of single-mode transmission while requiring a large mode field area. However, increasing the core diameter inevitably results in multi-transverse mode competition, which affects the output beam quality. The mode instability phenomenon is caused by that the large mode field optical fiber generally supports multi-mode transmission, when the laser power exceeds a certain threshold value, energy coupling occurs among multiple modes, the high-order mode power component is rapidly increased and is accompanied with oscillation of a certain frequency in a time domain, and finally the beam quality of the optical fiber laser is reduced. The photonic crystal fiber has the characteristic of a non-stop single mode when the ratio d/Λ of the diameter d of an air hole and the hole spacing Λ meets a certain condition, but the diameter of a fiber core cannot be infinitely increased, because the increase of the diameter of the fiber core can lead the working area of the non-stop single mode of the fiber to be reduced, the non-stop single mode transmission of the fiber can be met only when the ratio d/Λ is very small, and when the ratio d/Λ is too small, especially corresponding to the photonic crystal fiber with an ultra-large mode field, and the diameter of the fiber core is more than 85 μm, the requirement that d/Λ <0.04 can realize the non-stop single mode transmission is met, and the realization on the.
In some high power experiments, the degree of polarization of the fiber laser has a degradation problem, and in order to overcome this problem, especially to simplify the fiber laser setup in terms of polarization control, birefringence is usually introduced in large mode field area photonic crystal fibers. The photonic crystal fiber can be polarization-maintaining by introducing high birefringence by:
(1) the method is realized by introducing shape birefringence through an elliptical core or changing the size of air holes in an air hole cladding around a fiber core, and the shape of the air holes or the fiber core around the fiber core is adjusted, so that the refractive index distribution of the optical fiber has second-order symmetry, namely, the high birefringence is obtained by reducing the symmetry of the photonic crystal optical fiber.
(2) The microstructure of the fiber core is changed, and the anisotropic cladding structure is arranged, so that the polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber is obtained, and high birefringence is realized.
(3) The method for obtaining high birefringence of the photonic crystal fiber by adopting the traditional polarization maintaining fiber combines the photonic crystal fiber with the panda-type polarization maintaining fiber, thereby realizing high birefringence.
(4) The high birefringence photonic crystal fiber with a novel structure is obtained by a method of mixing several methods, for example, large air holes are introduced around the fiber core of the elliptical hole photonic crystal fiber to increase the birefringence of the fiber, and the like.
However, in the case of a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber, the introduction of form birefringence has the disadvantage that the birefringence value of a core with a larger diameter decreases rapidly with the increase in the core diameter, and birefringence caused by structural changes around the core has little influence on the birefringence of a fiber with a large mode field area, and therefore, it is difficult to achieve a high birefringence value in a photonic crystal fiber with a large mode field area.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the photonic crystal fiber is difficult to realize single-mode transmission of an optical fiber with an ultra-large mode field area and realize a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber with a high birefringence value under the condition of large mode field area transmission, and provides a photonic crystal fiber with a high birefringence and an ultra-large mode field induced by stress.
The technical idea of the invention is as follows: firstly, in order to realize the single-mode transmission of the largest area of the photonic crystal fiber, a high-order mode filtering structure distributed in a honeycomb shape is introduced into the fiber structure, so that more high-order modes are leaked out, and the limit loss ratio of the high-order modes to a basic mode is increased, thereby realizing the single-mode transmission of a larger mode field area; secondly, in the design of polarization maintaining performance of the large-mode-field photonic crystal fiber, two factors of introduced material stress and the structural stress of the fiber are considered, stress birefringence is introduced into a larger fiber core to realize a high birefringence value, stress elements with different expansion coefficients are introduced, when a stress rod is cooled to the glass solidification temperature after high-temperature wire drawing, thermal stress is generated, wherein anisotropy is introduced by an elastic optical effect, and thus the stress birefringence is introduced.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a stress-induced high-birefringence photonic crystal fiber with an ultra-large mode field comprises a fiber core 1 arranged in the center of the fiber, an air hole cladding layer arranged on the periphery of the fiber core 1 and composed of air holes 2 and a cladding substrate 3, and a perfect matching layer 4 arranged on the periphery of the air hole cladding layer; it is characterized in that: the device also comprises a high-order mode filtering structure 5 and a stress area 6 which are arranged in the air hole envelope;
the core 1 structurally replaces 19 air hole locations;
every three adjacent air holes 2 in the air hole cladding are distributed in a regular triangle lattice manner and meet the following requirements: d/Λ is 0.04-0.5; wherein d is the diameter of the air hole, and Λ is the hole spacing;
the high-order mode filtering structure 5 comprises a plurality of annular structures 51, the annular structures 51 are arranged outside the corresponding air holes 2 and form a honeycomb lattice layout with the surrounding air holes 2, every three adjacent annular structures 51 are distributed in a regular triangle lattice manner, and every two annular structures 51 are spaced by one air hole 2;
two stress regions 6 are arranged, and the two stress regions 6 are symmetrically distributed relative to the fiber core 1; each stress area is formed by m boron rods, and each boron rod structurally replaces 1 air hole position; m is an integer of 3 or more.
Further, the refractive index of the fiber core 1 at the wavelength of 1053nm is 1.4498+2 e-4;
the ring structure 51 is formed by doping silicon dioxide with GeO2Or Al2O3The annular structure 51 has a refractive index of 1.4498+25e-4 at a wavelength of 1053 nm;
the boron rod comprises a boron rod core and a quartz outer layer, wherein the boron rod core is formed by doping B in silicon dioxide2O3The boron rod core has a refractive index of 1.4412 at a wavelength of 1053nm and a coefficient of thermal expansion of alphaB2O3＝2.5440865×10-6K-1。
Further, the value of d is 1-5 μm; the value of Λ is 14.5-25 μm;
the diameter of the fiber core 1 is 5.5 Λ; the outer diameter of the annular structure 51 is 6.4-8 μm; the diameter of the boron rod core is 12-15 μm;
the inner diameter of the perfect matching layer 4 is 17 Λ, the thickness is 10 μm +/-5 μm, and the perfect matching layer can rapidly absorb the radiation energy of the transmitted wave.
Further, m is 10; 20 boron rods are introduced into the stress zone 6, so that the requirement of high birefringence can be met, and the operation is easier when optical fiber arrangement is drawn;
the diameter of the boron rod core is 14-15 μm, the boron rods are arranged at two sides of the fiber core 1, after 20 boron rods are introduced, the difference of the thermal expansion coefficients of the boron rods causes thermal stress to generate high birefringence, and the birefringence value is 1.4 multiplied by 10 in the range of the fiber core-4～6.5×10-4All can reach 10-4Magnitude.
Further, the air hole cladding is provided with 5 layers of air holes 2;
the section of the fiber core 1 is hexagonal, so that the optical fibers can be arranged without gaps when being drawn;
the cross section of the boron rod is hexagonal.
Meanwhile, the invention also provides another stress-induced high-birefringence extra-large mode field photonic crystal fiber, which comprises a fiber core 1 arranged in the center of the fiber, an air hole cladding layer arranged on the periphery of the fiber core 1 and formed by air holes 2 and a cladding substrate 3, and a perfect matching layer 4 arranged on the periphery of the air hole cladding layer; it is characterized in that: the air hole structure also comprises a stress area 6 arranged in the air hole envelope;
the core 1 structurally replaces 19 air hole locations;
every three adjacent air holes 2 in the air hole cladding are distributed in a regular triangle lattice manner and meet the following requirements: d/Λ is 0.04-0.5; wherein d is the diameter of the air hole, and Λ is the hole spacing;
two stress regions 6 are arranged, and the two stress regions 6 are symmetrically distributed relative to the fiber core 1; each stress area is formed by m boron rods, and each boron rod structurally replaces 1 air hole position; m is an integer of 3 or more.
Further, the refractive index of the fiber core 1 at the wavelength of 1053nm is 1.4498+2 e-4;
the boron rod comprises a boron rod core and a quartz outer layer, wherein the boron rod core is formed by doping B in silicon dioxide2O3The boron rod core has a refractive index of 1.4412 at a wavelength of 1053nm and a coefficient of thermal expansion of alphaB2O3＝2.5440865×10-6K-1。
Further, the value of d is 1-5 μm; the value of Λ is 14.5-25 μm;
the diameter of the fiber core 1 is 5.5 Λ; the diameter of the boron rod core is 12-15 μm;
the inner diameter of the perfect matching layer 4 is 17 Λ, and the thickness is 10 μm +/-5 μm.
Further, in order to satisfy the requirement of high birefringence and to be easier to handle when drawing the optical fiber arrangement, the m is 10;
in order to make the birefringence value reach 10 in the range of the fiber core-4The order of magnitude, the diameter of the boron rod core is 14-15 mu m, and the birefringence value of the fiber core can reach 1.4 multiplied by 10-4～6.5×10-4。
Further, the air hole cladding is provided with 5 layers of air holes 2;
in order to make the optical fiber arrangement have no gap when the optical fiber is drawn, the section of the fiber core 1 is hexagonal;
the cross section of the boron rod is hexagonal.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) according to the stress-induced high-birefringence photonic crystal fiber with the ultra-large mode field, a photonic crystal fiber microstructure design that a fiber core replaces 19 air holes is optimized, and a high-order mode filtering structure and a boron rod stress area for generating thermal stress are designed in an air hole cladding. On one hand, the photonic crystal fiber can realize single-mode transmission in an ultra-large mode field area (the mode field diameter is more than or equal to 60 mu m) with the fiber core diameter being more than or equal to 85 mu m, and on the other hand, the photonic crystal fiber realizes the birefringence value being more than or equal to 10-4The polarization maintaining performance of the magnitude-order ultra-large mode field photonic crystal fiber.
2) The invention aims at the rod-type photonic crystal fiber with the super-large mode area, adopts the design with 19 core defects, namely 19 air holes are lacked in the center of a photonic crystal cladding, the diameter of the fiber core can reach 85-120 mu m by changing the size of the air holes and the ratio of the air holes to the hole spacing, and a high-order mode filtering structure distributed in a honeycomb manner is introduced into the fiber structure, so that the limiting loss ratio of a high-order mode to a fundamental mode is increased, and the single-mode transmission of the photonic crystal fiber in the super-large mode field area is realized.
3) According to the invention, the performance requirements of large fiber core diameter and high birefringence value of the photonic crystal fiber are realized by optimizing the design of the boron rod stress unit in the cladding polarization-maintaining structure stress region of the optical fiber and considering boron rod structures with different thermal expansion coefficients, different wall thicknesses, different arrangement modes and numbers.
4) In the stress-induced high-birefringence extra-large mode field photonic crystal fiber, the fiber core is designed into a cross-section hexagonal structure, so that the fiber arrangement is ensured to have no gap during fiber drawing, and the process is easier to operate; the number of the boron rods in the stress area is 20, and the core diameter of the boron rods is 14-15 μm, so that the requirement of high birefringence value of the optical fiber is met, the operation is easier during the optical fiber drawing and arrangement, and the process difficulty is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a stress-induced high-birefringence extra-large mode field photonic crystal fiber with a fiber core replacing 19 air hole structures, a high-order mode filtering structure and a stress region introducing 20 boron rods;
fig. 2 is an enlarged schematic view of a high-order mode filtering structure and a stress area boron rod structure in fig. 1, wherein (1) is a schematic view of the high-order mode filtering structure; (2) is a structural schematic diagram of a boron rod in a stress region;
FIG. 3a is a schematic diagram showing the structural simulation of a photonic crystal fiber with a fiber core replacing 19 air holes, a high-order mode filtering structure, a stress-free region and a fiber core diameter of 85 μm;
FIG. 3b is a diagram of the mode field distribution of the fundamental mode LP01 of the fiber configuration of FIG. 3 a;
FIG. 3c is a diagram of a high-order mode field distribution of the fiber structure of FIG. 3 a;
FIG. 4a is a schematic diagram of a stress-induced high birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fiber of the present invention, in which 19 air holes are replaced by a fiber core, a high-order mode filtering structure is added, and 20 boron rods are introduced into a stress region;
FIG. 4b is a graph of the LP01 fundamental mode field distribution for the fiber configuration of FIG. 4 a;
FIG. 5a is a schematic diagram of a stress-induced high birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fiber of the present invention, in which 19 air holes are replaced by a fiber core, a high-order mode filtering structure is added, 20 boron rods are introduced into a stress region, and a straight line represents a simulation of the fiber structure in the x-axis direction;
FIG. 5b is a graph of the Nx refractive index profile of the fiber of FIG. 5a along a straight line;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a stress-induced high-birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fiber of the present invention, in which 19 air holes are replaced by a fiber core, no higher-order mode filtering structure is provided, and 20 boron rods are introduced into a stress region;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a stress-induced high-birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fiber of the present invention, in which 19 air holes are replaced by a fiber core, and no higher-order mode filtering structure is provided, and different numbers of boron rods are introduced into the stress region; wherein, (1) introduce 6 boron sticks schematic diagrams for the stress region; (2) introducing 8 boron rods into the stress region; (3) introducing 32 boron rods into the stress region;
FIG. 8a is a fiber birefringence distribution diagram of the stress-induced high birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fiber of the present invention, in which 19 air holes are replaced by the fiber core and 20 boron rods are introduced into the stress region;
FIG. 8b is a diagram of the birefringence distribution of 32 stress-induced high birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fibers of the present invention with 19 air holes substituted in the core and boron rods introduced into the stress region;
fig. 9 is a structural view of a boron rod according to different structural parameters in the present invention, in which (1) is a structural view of a boron rod having a boron rod core diameter D of 15 μm, (2) is a structural view of a boron rod having a boron rod core diameter D of 13 μm, and (3) is a structural view of a boron rod having a boron rod core diameter D of 12 μm;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the birefringence of a core for different boron rod core diameters with stress zones introduced into 20 boron rods in accordance with the present invention.
Description of reference numerals:
1-fiber core, 2-air hole, 3-cladding substrate, 4-perfect matching layer, 5-high order mode filtering structure, 51-ring structure, 6-stress area.
Detailed Description
In order to more clearly explain the technical solution of the present invention, the following detailed description of the present invention is made with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific examples.
When the ratio d/Λ of the diameter d of the air holes and the distance between the air holes of the photonic crystal fiber meets a certain condition, the photonic crystal fiber has the characteristic of an unblocked single mode, so that the large fiber core diameter can be realized by replacing a plurality of air holes, for example, the mode field area of replacing 3 air holes by the fiber core can be increased by about 30 percent relative to that of replacing 1 air hole by the fiber core, the mode field diameter can even reach 35-45 mu m by replacing 7 air holes by the fiber core, the mode field area of replacing 19 air holes by the fiber core can be larger, but the number of replacing the air hole layers by the fiber core can not be infinitely increased (at most 3 hole layers), because the number of the replaced air can not be increased by one layer, an unblocked single mode working area of the fiber is reduced, and the ratio d/Λ of the air holes and the distance between the holes needs to be very small so as to meet the. When the d/Λ ratio is too small, it is difficult to realize in the process.
When 19 air holes (namely 3 layers of air holes) are replaced by the fiber core, the ratio d/Λ of the diameter of the air holes to the distance between the air holes is less than 0.04, and then the non-cut-off single-mode transmission can be realized. However, after 19 air holes are replaced by the core, the hole pitch cannot be infinite, and the fundamental mode needs to be confined in the core. In order to realize single-mode transmission in a larger mode field area, the photonic crystal fiber introduces a high-order mode filtering structure in honeycomb distribution into the fiber structure, so that more high-order modes are leaked out, the limiting loss ratio of the high-order modes to a basic mode is increased, and the single-mode transmission in the larger mode field area is realized.
In the design of polarization maintaining performance of the large-mode-field photonic crystal fiber, stress birefringence control under single-mode characteristics is mainly designed, two factors of introduced material stress and structural stress of the fiber are considered, and the performance requirements of the large-fiber-core and high-birefringence single-mode fiber are met. Therefore, stress birefringence needs to be introduced into a larger fiber core to realize a high birefringence value, and by introducing stress elements with different expansion coefficients, when a stress rod is cooled to a glass solidification temperature after being drawn at a high temperature, thermal stress is generated, wherein anisotropy is introduced by an elastic optical effect, so that the stress birefringence is introduced.
1. Finite element structural simulation of stress-induced birefringence
The birefringence of an optical fiber is related to many factors such as temperature, core ovality, core cladding refractive index difference, thermal expansion coefficient, and wavelength of light. The finite element structure simulation analysis of stress induced birefringence is divided into two steps:
1.1) analyzing the stress field change of the optical fiber preform rod under high temperature stretching, and generating thermal stress once the optical fiber is cooled to the glass solidification temperature;
1.2) solving the positive stress of the fiber core in the x direction and the y direction through the thermal stress analysis of a solid mechanical module numerically simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics software, and calculating the refractive indexes in the x direction and the y direction according to a photoelastic effect expression.
The stress distribution caused by the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion of the materials can be solved according to the equilibrium equation of equation (1):
where, σ is the stress tensor,
for finding the step derivative, ∈x/εyIs the normal strain component, εxyIs the shear strain component, D is the Young's modulus (E) and Poisson's ratio (v) describing the elastic matrix of the isotropic material, α is the linear expansion coefficient of the material, T is the temperaturerefIs the reference temperature.
Solving the refractive indexes Nx and Ny of the material in different directions under the action of stress through the formula (2) of the photoelastic equation:
wherein Nx, Ny are material refractive indexes in x-axis and y-axis directions, and Nz is a material refractive index in z-axis direction; c1And C2First and second stress-photoelastic coefficients, respectively; sigmaxAnd σyIs the positive stress, σ, in the x-and y-directionszIs a positive stress in the z-axis direction; n is a radical of0Is the refractive index of the unstressed material. Anisotropic changes in the refractive index will result in higher birefringence values due to stress-optical effects in the fiber.
Obtaining a stress birefringence value B by solving the formula (3)S：
BS＝Ny-Nx＝(C2-C1)(σy-σx) (3)
Wherein, C1Is the first stress photoelastic coefficient, C2Is the second stress photoelastic coefficient.
2. Performance parameters of materials in different regions of an optical fiber
In the stress birefringence design of the large-core-diameter single-mode optical fiber, two factors of introduced material stress and the structural stress of the optical fiber are considered, the performance requirements of the large-core-diameter and high-birefringence optical fiber are met, the performance indexes are realized by designing stress elements with different thermal expansion coefficients, different wall thicknesses, different arrangement modes and different numbers, and table 1 shows the performance parameters of the materials in different areas of the optical fiber.
TABLE 1 Property parameters of the materials of different regions of the optical fiber
Example 1
The fiber core 1 is used for replacing 19 air hole positions, a high-order mode filtering structure 5 is added, a stress material introduced into a stress area 6 is a boron rod, and the photonic crystal fiber structure is shown in figure 1.
1) PCF fiber structure parameters:
the diameter d of the air hole is 1-5 mu m, the hole pitch Lambda is 14.5-25 mu m, and the d/Lambda is 0.04-0.5; the fiber core 1 replaces three layers of air holes, namely 19 air holes of silicon dioxide; the fiber core 1 is hexagonal, so that the fiber arrangement has no gap when the fiber is drawn, the edge is equal to 5/2 Λ, and the diameter of the fiber core is 5.5 Λ;
the air hole cladding around the fiber core 1 is provided with five air holes 2, the cladding substrate 3 is silicon dioxide, and the air holes 2 are in a triangular lattice layout structure; the high-order mode filtering structure 5 is added into the air hole cladding, the high-order mode filtering structure 5 is composed of a plurality of annular structures 51 outside the air holes 2 and forms a honeycomb lattice layout with the air holes 2, the annular structures 51 outside the air holes 2 of the high-order mode filtering structure 5 are formed by doping germanium (GeO) into silicon dioxide2) Or aluminum oxide (Al)2O3) The refractive index is improved; the structure can filter out high-order modes, and increase the ratio of the limiting loss of the fundamental mode to the limiting loss of the high-order modes by adjusting the distance between the air hole 2 and the hole, thereby realizing single-mode transmission;
the boron rod with the stress region 6 introduced into the air hole cladding comprises a boron rod core and a quartz outer layer, the diameter D of the boron rod core is 12-15 mu m, the larger the number of the boron rods is, the better the polarization maintaining effect is, but the larger the number of the boron rods is, the transmission performance of the optical fiber can be damaged, and for a PCF optical fiber structure with a fiber core 1 replacing 19 air holes, the number of the boron rods can be designed to be 2m, wherein m is an integer larger than or equal to 3. In the embodiment, m is 10, that is, 20 boron rods are introduced into the stress region 6;
as shown in fig. 2, the structure of the high-order mode filtering structure and the stress region of the optical fiber is (1) a schematic view of the high-order mode filtering structure 5, and (2) a schematic view of the stress region 6; wherein D is the air hole diameter, Λ is the hole pitch, R is the outer diameter of the ring structure 51, D is the boron rod core diameter, and L is the hexagonal diagonal diameter;
the perfect matching layer 4(PML) is placed at the periphery of the air hole cladding, being a layer of air cladding, the transmitted wave entering the PML will be rapidly attenuated and the PML will absorb the radiant energy from the wave without reflecting back to its inner region. The inner diameter of the perfect matching layer 4 is 17 Λ and the thickness is 10 ± 5 μm.
2) Material parameters:
n (SiO2) ═ 1.4498(1053nm band), n (air) ═ 1, n (core) ═ 1.4498+2e-4(1053 nm);
the ring structure 51 is silicon dioxide doped with germanium (GeO)2) Or aluminum oxide (Al)2O3) Materials with the refractive index of 1.4498+25e-4(1053 nm);
boron rod is silicon dioxide doped with B2O3Refractive index n (B)2O3)＝1.4412(1053nm)；
The coefficient of thermal expansion of silica is alphaSiO2＝5×10-7K-1Doping with B2O3Has a thermal expansion coefficient of 2.5440865 x 10-6K-1。
3) Simulation analysis and results:
optical fiber structure and mode field distribution (no stress zone 6, core diameter 85 μm)
As shown in fig. 3a, 19 air holes are substituted for the core 1 corresponding to the structural parameters, the fiber structure with the core diameter of 85 μm is schematically shown, the air hole diameter d is 1.4 μm, the hole pitch Λ is 14.5 μm, d/Λ is 0.169, the outer diameter R of the ring structure 51 of the high-order mode filtering structure 5 is 6.4 μm, and the wave length R at 1053nm is determined by finite element calculationLong, single mode effective index of refraction neff＝1.4499631；
The diameter of the fiber core is 85 mu m, the diameter of the mode field MDF is 60.13 mu m, the structure with the diameter of the fiber core of 85 mu m can realize single-mode transmission in the 1053nm wave band through finite element calculation, and the area of the single-mode field is Aeff＝2839.49μm2. FIG. 3b is a graph of the LP01 fundamental mode field distribution for the fiber configuration of FIG. 3 a; FIG. 3c is a diagram of a high-order mode field distribution corresponding to the fiber structure of FIG. 3 a.
② optical fiber structure and mode field distribution (leading-in stress region 6, fiber core diameter 85 μm)
Fig. 4a is a schematic diagram of an optical fiber structure in which 19 air hole stress regions 6 are replaced by a fiber core 1 corresponding to structural parameters and 20 boron rods are provided, the diameter d of each air hole is 1.305 to 2.97254 μm, the hole pitch Λ is 14.5 μm, the d/Λ is 0.09, 0.175, 0.185, 0.195 and 0.205, the outer diameter R of a ring structure 51 of a high-order mode filtering structure 5 is 6.4 to 8 μm, stress regions 6 are added on two sides of the fiber core 1, the number of introduced boron rods is 20, and the single-mode effective refractive index n at the wavelength of 1053nm is obtained through finite element calculationeff1.449862, the confinement loss of the LP01 fundamental mode is 1.405E-09, and the confinement loss of the high-order mode is 1.326814845;
the core diameter is 85 μm, the mode field diameter MDF is 58.86 μm, and the calculated mode field area is Aeff＝2719.632. FIG. 4b is a graph of the LP01 fundamental mode field distribution for the fiber configuration of FIG. 4 a.
Refractive index distribution of Nx
As shown in fig. 5a, the fiber structure obtained by adding 20 stress boron rods to the fiber core 1 corresponding to the structural parameters instead of 19 air holes has a linear direction of x-axis, and fig. 5b is a Nx refractive index distribution diagram of the fiber in fig. 5a along the linear direction.
It can be seen that the refractive index Δ n of the boron rod and the quartz is 0.0086, the change of the refractive index causes the change of the optical field distribution, and the optical fiber mode field added with the stress region 6 needs to be analyzed, and the analysis in the above two shows that after the stress region 6 is added, the single-mode transmission can still be maintained under the fiber core diameter of 75 μm, so that the characteristics of large fiber core diameter and single-mode transmission are realized. On the premise of ensuring large mode field single mode transmission, the polarization-maintaining optical fiber with high birefringence value is realized by introducing the stress region 6.
Example 2
19 air holes are replaced by the fiber core 1, the stress region 6 introduces stress material which is boron rod, and the photonic crystal fiber structure is shown in figure 6.
1) PCF fiber structure parameters:
the diameter d of the air hole is 1-5 mu m, the hole pitch Lambda is 14.5-25 mu m, and the d/Lambda is 0.04-0.5; the fiber core 1 replaces three layers of air holes, namely 19 air holes of silicon dioxide; the fiber core 1 is hexagonal, the fiber arrangement has no gap when the fiber is drawn, the edge is equal to 5/2 Λ, and the diameter of the fiber core is 5.5 Λ;
the air hole cladding around the fiber core 1 is provided with five air holes 2, the cladding substrate 3 is silicon dioxide, and the air holes 2 are in a triangular lattice layout structure;
the boron rod with the stress region 6 introduced into the air hole cladding comprises a boron rod core and a quartz outer layer, the diameter D of the boron rod core is 12-15 mu m, the larger the number of the boron rods is, the better the polarization maintaining effect is, but the larger the number of the boron rods is, the transmission performance of the optical fiber can be damaged, and for a PCF optical fiber structure with a fiber core 1 replacing 19 air holes, the number of the boron rods can be designed to be 2m, wherein m is an integer larger than or equal to 3. As shown in fig. 7, the stress region 6 introduces different numbers of boron rod structures, wherein (1) 6 boron rods are introduced, (2) 8 boron rods are introduced, and (3) the structure diagram of the optical fiber with 32 boron rods is introduced.
The perfect matching layer 4(PML) is placed at the periphery of the air hole cladding, being a layer of air cladding, the transmitted wave entering the PML will be rapidly attenuated and the PML will absorb the radiant energy from the wave without reflecting back to its inner region. The inner diameter of the perfect matching layer 4 is 17 Λ and the thickness is 10 ± 5 μm.
2) Material parameters:
n (SiO2) ═ 1.4498(1053nm band), n (air) ═ 1, n (core) ═ 1.4498+2e-4(1053 nm);
boron rod is silicon dioxide doped with B2O3Refractive index n (B)2O3)＝1.4412(1053nm)；
The coefficient of thermal expansion of silica is alphaSiO2＝5×10-7K-1Doping with B2O3Thermal expansion of boron rodCoefficient of expansion of 2.5440865 x 10-6K-1。
The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the higher-order mode filtering structure 5 is not added to the optical fiber structure, and in this embodiment, the effect of the boron rod structure introduced into the boron rod region on the birefringence value is described with emphasis on the description.
3) Simulation analysis and results:
distribution of stress birefringence
As shown in fig. 8a, 19 air holes are replaced by the fiber core 1 corresponding to the structural parameters, and the stress region 6 introduces the birefringence distribution diagram of the photonic crystal fiber with 20 boron rods; FIG. 8b is a graph showing the birefringence of a fiber incorporating 32 boron rods. Compared with the birefringence distribution diagram of the 20-boron-rod optical fiber, the 32-boron-rod optical fiber has a higher birefringence range than the 20-boron-rod optical fiber, but the birefringence of the 20-boron-rod optical fiber caused by the core 1 is 10-4The area of the order is more. Therefore, 20 boron rods can meet the requirement of high birefringence, and the operation is easier when the optical fiber is drawn to be arranged, so that the process difficulty is reduced. Therefore, 20 boron rods are selected to study the influence of different boron rod diameters on the birefringence value.
Second, consider the influence of the thickness of the hexagonal quartz outer layer of the boron rod
Considering the influence of the thickness of the hexagonal quartz outer layer of the circular boron rod core, the thickness influence is obvious, increasing the thickness of the quartz skin is equivalent to reducing the diameter of the boron rod core, and as shown in fig. 9, corresponding to boron rod structure diagrams with different structural parameters, the structure (1) is a boron rod structure with a boron rod core diameter D of 15 μm, (2) is a boron rod structure with a boron rod core diameter D of 13 μm, and (3) is a boron rod structure with a boron rod core diameter D of 12 μm.
Fig. 10 shows the birefringence value distribution of the core 1 corresponding to the different boron rod core diameters D of 12 μm, D of 13 μm, D of 14 μm, and D of 15 μm in the stress region 20 boron rods.
By analyzing the change of the birefringence value of the fiber core 1 caused by the stress action of the stress boron rod, when the number of the boron rods is 20, the diameter of the core of different boron rods is researched: birefringence value distributions of 12 μm, 13 μm, 14 μm, and 15 μm in the X-axis direction of the core 1: when the diameter of the boron rod core is 15 μm, the birefringence value of the core 1 is 1.4 × 10-4～6.5×10-4Region of rangeWithin each room, all can reach 10-4A birefringence value of magnitude; the diameter of the boron rod core is 14 μm, and the birefringence value of the core 1 is 1.2 × 10-4～5.8×10-4Within the range of 10-4A birefringence value of magnitude; the boron rod core diameter was 13 μm, and a small part of the core 1 failed to reach 10-4Birefringence, but the average birefringence value of the core 1 can also be 10-4Magnitude; the diameter of the boron rod core is 12 μm, and the core 1 cannot reach 10-4The fraction of magnitude birefringence increases.
The mode field diameter of the existing photonic crystal fiber is about 20 mu m and can be called as a large mode field, but the invention realizes a polarization maintaining structure on the basis of a single-mode ultra-large mode field of the photonic crystal fiber, the mode field diameter of the ultra-large mode field is more than or equal to 60 mu m, quasi-single-mode transmission can be carried out in a 1053nm wave band, a stress area 6 is introduced on the basis of the single-mode ultra-large mode field, and the parameters (including thermal expansion coefficient, refractive index and stress distribution) of a boron rod realize high birefringence.
The above description is only for the purpose of describing the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to limit the technical solutions of the present invention, and any known modifications made by those skilled in the art based on the main technical concepts of the present invention are within the technical scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A stress-induced high-birefringence extra-large mode field photonic crystal fiber comprises a fiber core (1) arranged in the center of the fiber, an air hole cladding layer arranged on the periphery of the fiber core (1) and composed of air holes (2) and a cladding substrate (3), and a perfect matching layer (4) arranged on the periphery of the air hole cladding layer; the method is characterized in that: the device also comprises a high-order mode filtering structure (5) and a stress area (6) which are arranged in the air hole envelope layer;
the fiber core (1) structurally replaces 19 air hole positions;
every three adjacent air holes (2) in the air hole cladding are distributed in a regular triangle lattice manner and meet the following requirements: d/Λ is 0.04-0.5; wherein d is the diameter of the air hole, and Λ is the hole spacing;
the high-order mode filtering structure (5) comprises a plurality of annular structures (51); the annular structures (51) are arranged on the outer layers of the corresponding air holes (2) and form a honeycomb lattice layout with the surrounding air holes (2), every three adjacent annular structures (51) are distributed in a regular triangle lattice manner, and one air hole (2) is arranged between every two annular structures (51);
the number of the stress areas (6) is two, and the two stress areas (6) are symmetrically distributed relative to the fiber core (1); each stress area is formed by m boron rods, and each boron rod structurally replaces 1 air hole position; m is an integer of 3 or more.
2. The stress-induced high birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fiber of claim 1, wherein: the refractive index of the fiber core (1) at the wavelength of 1053nm is 1.4498+2 e-4;
the ring structure (51) is formed by doping silicon dioxide with GeO2Or Al2O3The refractive index of the ring structure (51) at a wavelength of 1053nm is 1.4498+25 e-4;
the boron rod comprises a boron rod core and a quartz outer layer, wherein the boron rod core is formed by doping B in silicon dioxide2O3The boron rod core has a refractive index of 1.4412 at a wavelength of 1053nm and a coefficient of thermal expansion of alphaB2O3＝2.5440865×10-6K-1。
3. The stress-induced high birefringence VLSI fiber of claim 1 or 2, wherein: d is 1-5 μm; the value of Λ is 14.5-25 μm;
the diameter of the fiber core (1) is 5.5 Λ; the outer diameter of the annular structure (51) is 6.4-8 mu m; the diameter of the boron rod core is 12-15 μm;
the inner diameter of the perfect matching layer (4) is 17 lambda, and the thickness is 10 mu m +/-5 mu m.
4. The stress-induced high birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fiber of claim 3, wherein: the m is 10; the diameter of the boron rod core is 14-15 μm.
5. The stress-induced high birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fiber of claim 4, wherein: the air hole cladding is provided with 5 layers of air holes (2); the cross section of the fiber core (1) is hexagonal; the cross section of the boron rod is hexagonal.
6. A stress-induced high-birefringence extra-large mode field photonic crystal fiber comprises a fiber core (1) arranged in the center of the fiber, an air hole cladding layer arranged on the periphery of the fiber core (1) and composed of air holes (2) and a cladding substrate (3), and a perfect matching layer (4) arranged on the periphery of the air hole cladding layer; the method is characterized in that: the air hole is characterized by further comprising a stress area (6) arranged in the air hole envelope;
the fiber core (1) structurally replaces 19 air hole positions;
every three adjacent air holes (2) in the air hole cladding are distributed in a regular triangle lattice manner and meet the following requirements: d/Λ is 0.04-0.5; wherein d is the diameter of the air hole, and Λ is the hole spacing;
the number of the stress areas (6) is two, and the two stress areas (6) are symmetrically distributed relative to the fiber core (1); each stress area is formed by m boron rods, and each boron rod structurally replaces 1 air hole position; m is an integer of 3 or more.
7. The stress-induced high birefringence VLSI photonic crystal fiber of claim 6, wherein: the refractive index of the fiber core (1) at the wavelength of 1053nm is 1.4498+2 e-4;
the boron rod comprises a boron rod core and a quartz outer layer, wherein the boron rod core is formed by doping B in silicon dioxide2O3The boron rod core has a refractive index of 1.4412 at a wavelength of 1053nm and a coefficient of thermal expansion of alphaB2O3＝2.5440865×10-6K-1。
8. The stress-induced high birefringence VLSI fiber of claim 6 or 7, wherein: d is 1-5 μm; the value of Λ is 14.5-25 μm;
the diameter of the fiber core (1) is 5.5 Λ; the diameter of the boron rod core is 12-15 μm;
the inner diameter of the perfect matching layer (4) is 17 lambda, and the thickness is 10 mu m +/-5 mu m.
9. The stress-induced high birefringence extra-large mode field photonic crystal fiber of claim 8, wherein: the m is 10; the diameter of the boron rod core is 14-15 μm.
10. The stress-induced high birefringence extra-large mode field photonic crystal fiber of claim 9, wherein: the air hole cladding is provided with 5 layers of air holes (2); the cross section of the fiber core (1) is hexagonal; the cross section of the boron rod is hexagonal.
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