CN113112590A - Method for acquiring ecological change and vegetation index in ecological water delivery engineering - Google Patents
Method for acquiring ecological change and vegetation index in ecological water delivery engineering Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for acquiring ecological change and vegetation indexes in ecological water delivery engineering, which relates to the technical field of ecological environment management, and comprises the steps of selecting a monitoring sample zone along a river course, acquiring a plain scan with GPS (global positioning system) position information, segmenting a vegetation area from the plain scan by using a digital image processing technology, segmenting the vegetation area into a tree zone, a shrub zone and a herbaceous zone by characteristic comparison, extracting plant edges, measuring and obtaining and recording horizontal shape parameters of plants; presetting an image acquisition path according to GPS information, adjusting an image acquisition angle, obtaining a vertical image of the height size of the plant by combining a distance meter, obtaining vertical outward shape parameters of the plant and recording the vertical outward shape parameters; and establishing a spatial three-dimensional model through the horizontal outward shape parameters and the vertical outward shape parameters of the plants. The problems that ecological change and vegetation indexes are difficult to obtain and accuracy is low in ecological water delivery engineering in the prior art are solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ecological environment management, in particular to a method for acquiring ecological change and vegetation indexes in ecological water delivery engineering.
Background
With the change of environment, after the water flow of some river channels is cut off, the underground water level can be greatly reduced, the ecological system is seriously damaged, the vegetation community of the underground water maintenance system gradually degrades or dies along the order from grass, shrub to arbor, the wind prevention and sand fixation effects are reduced, the wind erosion and desertification effects are aggravated and developed, the fixed sand dune evolves to the moving sand dune, the 'green corridor' is rapidly shrunken or even threatens, the desertification is further enlarged, and the ecological environment is seriously deteriorated.
In order to save the vegetation on the river bank, recover the damaged ecological system and inhibit desertification, water in other rivers or reservoirs and other water areas can be conveyed to a cutoff river channel through an emergency ecological water delivery project so as to improve the underground water level near the two banks of the river channel and save and recover the natural vegetation on the two banks of the river channel. However, in the ecological water delivery engineering, the vegetation indexes such as the distribution and growth of plants before and after the ecological water delivery engineering and the ecological changes of the surrounding environment such as soil need to be collected for comparison, so that the engineering quantity is large, the labor intensity is high, the accuracy of the analysis result is low, and the obtained data has little reference meaning.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for acquiring ecological change and vegetation indexes in ecological water delivery engineering, which solves the problems that the ecological change and vegetation indexes in the ecological water delivery engineering are difficult to acquire and have low accuracy in the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the method for acquiring the ecological change and vegetation indexes in the ecological water delivery engineering is provided, and specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a monitoring sample band along a river course, acquiring a plain scan with GPS position information, and dividing the plain scan into a vegetation area and a non-vegetation area by using a digital image processing technology;
s2, dividing the vegetation area into an arbor belt, an shrub belt and a herbaceous belt by comparing the characteristics of the vegetation area with the database, extracting the edges of the arbor belt, the shrub belt and the herbaceous belt, measuring the edges of the plants to obtain the horizontal shape parameters of the plants, and recording the parameters;
s3, presetting an image acquisition path according to GPS information of the arbor belt, the shrub belt and the herb belt, adjusting an image acquisition angle, combining a distance meter to obtain a vertical image of the height of the plant, and obtaining and recording vertical outward shape parameters of the plant;
s4, establishing a spatial three-dimensional model through the horizontal outward shape parameters and the vertical outward shape parameters of the plants;
s5, acquiring environmental factor data through a detector, acquiring a CCA two-dimensional sequencing chart of the plant community through the environmental factor data and the appearance parameters of the plants, and acquiring dominant environmental factors distributed in the monitoring sample zone through the CCA two-dimensional sequencing chart;
and S6, performing ecological water delivery engineering, repeating the steps S1-S4 to obtain a spatial three-dimensional model of the plant after water delivery, and simultaneously obtaining environmental factor data after water delivery through a monitor.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method comprises the steps of adopting a digital image processing technology to collect images of a monitoring sample band, identifying plant types through the image identification technology, obtaining shapes of plants through images in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, obtaining specific sizes of the plants in the horizontal direction through GPS position coordinate difference, obtaining the specific sizes of the plants in the vertical direction through height, and accordingly establishing a spatial three-dimensional model of the plants in the same proportion, obtaining appearance parameters (indexes) of the plants more accurately and rapidly, being more beneficial to quantifying growth vigor of the plants after ecological water delivery engineering, and providing a reliable reference basis for ecological water delivery benefit evaluation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a two-dimensional sequencing of CCA for a plant community.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined and defined in the appended claims, and all matters produced by the invention using the inventive concept are protected.
The method for acquiring ecological change and vegetation indexes in the ecological water delivery engineering comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a monitoring sample band along the river course, obtaining a plain scan with GPS position information, and dividing the plain scan into a vegetation area and a non-vegetation area by using a digital image processing technology.
The specific method for acquiring the plain scan map with the GPS position information comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps that an aircraft with a GPS positioning module and an altitude collecting module is utilized to vertically fly upwards from the center of a monitoring sample belt, color image collection is carried out after the aircraft flies to a certain height, collected images are fed back to a control center on the ground in real time, the height of the aircraft is adjusted by the control center according to the range and the quality of the collected images, the edges of the collected images are overlapped with the edges of the monitoring sample belt, and each pixel point of the collected images is provided with GPS information at the corresponding position on the monitoring sample belt to form a plain scan.
The specific method for dividing the plain scan into the vegetation area and the non-vegetation area comprises the following steps:
and according to the difference between the color of vegetation in the monitoring sample zone and the color of soil, utilizing a digital image processing technology to extract the color of the plain scan, if the vegetation color exists in a continuous area, defining the area as a vegetation area, otherwise defining the area as a non-vegetation area, and then carrying out image enhancement and sharpening on the vegetation area.
And S2, dividing the vegetation area into an arbor belt, an shrub belt and a herbaceous belt by comparing the characteristics of the vegetation area with the database, extracting the edges of the arbor belt, the shrub belt and the herbaceous belt, measuring the edges of the plants, obtaining the horizontal shape parameters of the plants, and recording the parameters.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of carrying out plant appearance characteristic extraction on a vegetation area to obtain plant appearance parameters, wherein the plant appearance characteristics comprise the shape and the color of a plant trunk and the shape and the color of plant leaves, comparing the plant appearance parameters with the plant appearance characteristics in a database to identify plants, segmenting the vegetation area into an arbor belt, an arbor belt and a herb belt according to the identified plant species, carrying out edge extraction on the arbor belt, the arbor belt and the herb belt to obtain horizontal outward shape parameters of the plants through measurement, and the horizontal outward shape parameters of the plants comprise the crown width and the base diameter of arbors and shrubs and the coverage of the arbors, the shrubs and the herbs.
And S3, presetting an image acquisition path according to GPS information of the arbor belt, the shrub belt and the herb belt, adjusting an image acquisition angle, combining a distance meter to obtain a vertical image of the height of the plant, and obtaining and recording vertical outward shape parameters of the plant.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
set up the aircraft according to the GPS information that the plant in arbor area, bush area and the herbage area was located and need carry out image acquisition's coordinate point, including the image acquisition parameter on every coordinate point, after the aircraft reachd every coordinate point, obtain the image of vertical direction of height according to the vertical direction scanning of image acquisition parameter along the plant, then measure the actual height of this plant and correspond the mark in order to obtain the vertical outward shape parameter of plant with the image of gathering through the distancer.
And S4, establishing a spatial three-dimensional model through the horizontal outward shape parameters and the vertical outward shape parameters of the plants.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
drawing a sketch according to the horizontal appearance of a plant, modifying the horizontal appearance size according to specific appearance parameters in the horizontal direction, stretching a model according to the vertical height in the vertical direction, drawing the sketch on the left side surface or the right side surface of the stretched model according to the vertical appearance of the plant, modifying the vertical appearance size according to specific appearance parameters in the vertical direction, shearing to form a three-dimensional model of the plant through difference, and placing the three-dimensional model at a corresponding point in a coordinate system according to position coordinates of the corresponding plant on the plan to form a spatial three-dimensional model.
And S5, acquiring environmental factor data through the detector, acquiring a CCA two-dimensional sequencing chart of the plant community through the environmental factor data and the appearance parameters of the plants, and acquiring the dominant environmental factor distributed in the monitoring sample zone through the CCA two-dimensional sequencing chart.
The specific method for obtaining the CCA two-dimensional ranking map comprises the following steps:
carrying out maximum value standardization preprocessing on collected environmental factor data, wherein the environmental factor data comprise underground water pH value, soil water content, soil conductivity, soil water pH value, underground water mineralization and underground water burial depth, taking the preprocessed data as an environmental data source of CANOCO, taking the plant coverage in a monitoring sample zone as a category data source of CANOCO to form a data matrix of environmental factors and plant categories, and carrying out sequencing analysis on plants in the sample zone by using a canonical correspondence analysis method to obtain a CCA two-dimensional sequencing graph.
And S6, carrying out ecological water delivery, recording the ecological water delivery amount, repeating the steps S1-S4 to obtain the shape parameters of the plants after water delivery after a certain growth period, comparing and recording the shape parameters of the plants before and after water delivery, and simultaneously obtaining and recording the environmental factor data after water delivery through a monitor.
The following will explain the river course below Daxihai downstream of Tarim river in detail by taking the example of the river course below the Daxihai
And (4) arranging monitoring sample belts on 4 typical sections of Yingsu, Kaerda, Aragan and Yigan, and performing steps S1-S6 on each monitoring sample belt. The monitoring sample band is generally 2000m long along the direction perpendicular to the river channel, and is preferably composed by dividing the monitoring sample band into 20 samples with the size of 100m × 100m in a continuous manner. The aircraft with the GPS positioning module and the altitude acquisition module is utilized to vertically fly upwards from the center position of a sample direction of 100m multiplied by 100m, and boundary marks which can be judged from the acquired images are made on the boundary of the sample direction in advance, for example, color flags are inserted on the boundary angular points. The method comprises the steps of flying to a certain height to collect color images, for example, when the vehicle is high at 50 meters, controlling an image collection module, taking pictures by a digital camera according to preset shooting parameters (a lens faces the vertical lower part), displaying the shot pictures by a display on ground remote control equipment, and controlling an aircraft to ascend if the picture range is too small until color flags at four corners fall into an image collection frame to collect the images. The height of the aircraft for image acquisition needs to be such that objects in one sample are orthographic projected onto the acquired image as far as possible.
And according to an equal proportion corresponding principle, each pixel point of the acquired image is provided with GPS information at a corresponding position on the monitoring sample band to form a plain scan image.
According to the specific color of the vegetation in the sample square, the color of the vegetation is different from that of the soil body, for example, the color of the vegetation is green with RGB color values of (0, 255, 0), the color of the soil body is brown with RGB color values of (115, 74, 18), a plain scan is subjected to color extraction by using a digital image processing technology, a whole area of the area is defined as a vegetation area as long as the green exists in the area, if the whole area is brown, the whole area is defined as a non-vegetation area, and then the vegetation area is subjected to image enhancement and sharpening so as to be easier to identify subsequently.
And (2) extracting plant appearance characteristics of the vegetation area to obtain plant appearance parameters, wherein the plant appearance characteristics comprise the shape and the color of a plant trunk and the shape and the color of plant leaves, comparing the plant appearance parameters with the plant appearance characteristics in the database to identify plants, and segmenting the vegetation area into a tree zone, a shrub zone and a herb zone according to the identified plant types.
The horizontal outward shape parameters of the plants are obtained through measurement after the edges of the arbor belt, the bush belt and the herbaceous belt are extracted, the vegetation on two sides of a river channel below the West sea of the downstream of the Tarim river is sparse, brown soil body colors exist between each plant, the horizontal outward shape parameters of the plants can be quickly obtained through the boundary of the colors, and the crown width and the base diameter of arbors and shrubs and the coverage of the arbors, the shrubs and the herbages can be obtained through measuring and calculating the area and the diameter (through the difference value of GPS coordinate points) on the horizontal outward shape.
Set up the aircraft according to the GPS information that the plant in arbor area, bush area and the herbaceous area was located and need carry out image acquisition's coordinate point, every coordinate point is including longitude and latitude, including the image acquisition parameter on every coordinate point, the image acquisition parameter includes the diaphragm of camera, the shutter, ISO, focus, photometry, photographic parameters such as white balance, after the aircraft arrived every coordinate point, according to the image acquisition parameter along the vertical direction scanning of plant and obtain the image of vertical direction of height, then measure the actual height of this plant and correspond the mark with the image of gathering in order to obtain the vertical outward form parameter of plant through the distancer, the distancer can be laser or infrared ranging.
Drawing a sketch according to the horizontal shape of the plant, such as a circle; modifying the external dimension in the horizontal direction according to the specific external parameters in the horizontal direction, namely modifying the diameter of a circle, so that the circle is scaled in equal proportion to the projection of an actual plant; then, stretching the model according to the vertical height of the vertical direction, namely stretching the circle into a cylinder according to the vertical height of 3 meters for example; drawing a sketch on the left side surface or the right side surface of the stretched model according to the vertical outward shape of the plant, namely drawing a rectangle on the leftmost tangent plane or the rightmost tangent plane of the cylindrical surface; and modifying the vertical dimension according to the vertical upward specific shape parameters, adjusting the dimension of the rectangle to be in equal proportion to the actual trunk dimension of the plant, and finally forming a three-dimensional model of the plant through differential shearing, wherein the differential shearing means that a cutter formed by the rectangle is used for cutting off the part which is not overlapped with the original cylinder. And placing the three-dimensional model at a corresponding point in a coordinate system according to the position coordinates of the corresponding plant on the plain scan to form a spatial three-dimensional model.
The environmental factor data including altitude, groundwater pH value, soil water content, soil conductivity, soil water pH value, groundwater salinity and groundwater burial depth was obtained by the detector, and the maximum value standardization preprocessing was performed on the collected environmental factor data as shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 environmental factor data normalized to maximum value
The correlation coefficient between the respective environmental factor data is shown in table 2,
TABLE 2 correlation coefficient between various environmental factor data
According to the results of correlation analysis of 7 environmental factors, the soil moisture content and the underground water buried depth show extremely obvious negative correlation (-0.860), and the soil conductivity and the soil moisture content also show obvious negative correlation (-0.677); the soil conductivity and the elevation, the groundwater mineralization and the groundwater PH and the like are obviously and negatively correlated, and the correlation coefficients are-0.481 and-0.410 respectively; the salinity and the altitude of underground water, the pH of soil water and the conductivity of soil, the burial depth of underground water and the pH of soil water and the like are in extremely obvious positive correlation, and the correlation coefficients are 0.611, 0.566, 0.747 and 0.705 respectively. Therefore, the water-salt dynamic state and the interaction thereof are main factors influencing the change of the environmental factors in the region.
Taking the data in table 1 as an environmental data source (. env) of canco, taking the coverage of the plants in the monitored sample zone as a species data source (. spe) of canco, forming a data matrix of environmental factors and plant species, and performing sequencing analysis on 32 plants in the downstream area of the Tarim river by using a Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) to obtain a CCA two-dimensional sequence chart, as shown in fig. 1.
As shown in FIG. 1, ". DELTA" is the species of the plant, and the number thereof is the number of the species. The environmental factor is represented by a line segment with an arrow, the length of a connecting line represents the magnitude of the relation between the plant species distribution and the environmental factor, the included angle between the connecting line of the arrow and the sorting axis represents the magnitude of the correlation between the environmental factor and the sorting axis, and the direction indicated by the arrow represents the variation trend of the environmental factor. When analyzing, a vertical line connecting a certain species and the environmental factor can be made, the closer the intersection point of the vertical line and the environmental factor is to the arrow, the greater the positive correlation of the species and the environmental factor is, and the greater the negative correlation of the species and the environmental factor is at the other end. The respective species, such as species 12 and 26, species 8 and 30, and species 19 and 29, overlap in the pattern due to "crowding".
The plant species and the environmental factor arrows together reflect the changing characteristics of the distribution of the plant species along the gradient direction of each environmental factor. The first sequencing axis is positively correlated with the salinity of underground water and the pH value of underground water (0.5031, 0.4279) and negatively correlated with the water content of soil (-0.4362); the second axis of ordering is positively correlated to soil conductivity, soil water PH (0.6745, 0.5370), and negatively correlated to groundwater depth and elevation (0.4671, 0.4824).
As can be seen from fig. 1, the first and second quadrants have 16 plants distributed together, accounting for 50% of the total species. The distribution of these plants was in the opposite direction to the groundwater depth, indicating that these plants were distributed in areas where the groundwater level was shallow. 9 plants are distributed in the third quadrant, and the plants are influenced by soil water and grow well. The fourth quadrant has the least distribution of plants due to groundwater and elevation effects. It follows that moisture conditions are an important factor in the distribution of plants in the area. Besides, the distribution pattern of vegetation in the area is strongly influenced by the pH value, the soil conductivity and the mineralization degree, and the distribution is distributed in the direction that the pH value, the soil conductivity and the mineralization degree tend to be reduced in most of the same plots and plant species.
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