CN113104848A - Industrial preparation method for controlling nanocrystalline formation by using active carbon super capacitor electrode material - Google Patents
Industrial preparation method for controlling nanocrystalline formation by using active carbon super capacitor electrode material Download PDFInfo
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 190
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/336—Preparation characterised by gaseous activating agents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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Abstract
The invention discloses an industrial preparation method for controlling the formation of nanocrystalline by using an active carbon super capacitor electrode material. According to the method, after the original industrial preparation step-by-step purification process is finished, the atmosphere composition and the reaction capacity of the atmosphere and carbon are continuously controlled on line to control the thickness of the pore wall, so that the key pore diameter of the activated carbon is controlled within the range of 1.2-2 nm, the thickness of the pore wall is controlled within the range of 1.2-1.3 nm, a nanocrystalline phase with the grain size of 1.13-1.16 nm is formed, the edges of independent nanocrystalline carbon layers are greatly exposed in the pores, and the insertion channels of electrolyte ions are greatly increased. The energy density of the super capacitor prepared by the treated activated carbon is 25.48-28.83 Wh/k, and the super capacitor has higher energy density. The nanocrystalline activated carbon prepared by the method has great application value in the field of high-performance super capacitors. Compared with the activated carbon similar products for the electrode materials of the super capacitor sold in the market at present, the key indexes and the performances of the product performance of the technology exceed those of the products sold in the market at present, and the technology is at the advanced level in China and abroad.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of preparation of activated carbon materials, particularly relates to preparation of activated carbon serving as an electrode material of a super capacitor, and more particularly relates to an industrial control preparation method for forming nanocrystals by using coconut shell raw material activated carbon as the electrode material of the super capacitor.
Background
With the increasing energy demand and the problems of global warming and the like, people pay more and more attention to low-carbon development and sustainable development, and a green and efficient energy storage and utilization system is urgently needed in modern industry. The super capacitor is used as a novel energy storage device, although the energy storage capacity of the super capacitor is lower than that of a secondary battery, the super capacitor is higher than that of a traditional capacitor by several orders of magnitude, and the super capacitor has the characteristics of high power density, high safety, long cycle life, capability of realizing rapid charge and discharge and the like. Therefore, the battery can be used as a substitute or supplement for a rechargeable battery when the battery is applied to aspects such as high-power transmission and rapid energy harvesting. As a novel energy storage device, the super capacitor has obvious performance characteristics and advantages compared with traditional energy storage devices such as chemical batteries and the like. Although the energy density of the super capacitor is inferior to that of the chemical battery, the super capacitor has incomparable advantages compared with the chemical battery: (1) the charge-discharge cycle life is long. The super capacitor has no chemical reaction in the energy storage/release process, and the whole process is completely reversible, so the super capacitor has long cycle life (2) and high power density. The energy storage process of the super capacitor is essentially the transfer process of conductive ions on the electrode, oxidation-reduction reaction does not occur, the super capacitor belongs to physical energy storage, can provide larger pulse current, and is suitable for high-power occasions and occasions needing instantaneous power support. (3) And (4) quick charging. The super capacitor can adapt to large charging current for charging, and can realize quick charging. (4) Is less affected by the ambient temperature. At present, the working temperature of the super capacitor produced by manufacturers is generally between-35 ℃ and 60 ℃. (5) And (4) environmental protection. Unlike conventional chemical batteries that use metal or metal oxide as an electrode, supercapacitors generally use activated carbon as an electrode material. The carbon electrode does not cause harm to producers or users in the production and use processes, and is also beneficial to environmental protection. (6) The cycle life is long.
The advantages of the super capacitor make it have important applications in many fields, such as personal electronic equipment, hybrid electric vehicles, digital communication equipment, digital cameras, mobile phones, electric tools, laser technology, solar cells, military and aerospace fields. The storage capacity and performance of supercapacitors are however closely related to the electrode material, which is the core part of the capacitor. The performance of the activated carbon electrode material, in particular the electricity storage performance of the activated carbon material, is directly influenced by the pore distribution (effective pore content) and the internal resistance of the system when the supercapacitor works. The difference of the effective pore content determines the effective surface area of the double electric layer capacitor, and the more the effective pore surface area is, the larger the ion charge amount of the electrolyte which can be stored, namely the larger the electricity storage amount of the super capacitor is; the internal resistance is actually directly related to the capacity of the electrolyte ions of the super capacitor to adsorb and separate from the effective micropore surface of the active carbon electrode besides the conductivity (tabletting) performance of the active carbon, and the larger the capacity of adsorbing and separating from the effective surface is, the smaller the internal resistance of the super capacitor system is, the smaller the energy consumed by the capacitor in the self system during working is, and the better the performance of the capacitor is. The graphite type supercapacitor active carbon electrode material prepared by using coconut shell raw materials and a water vapor physical activation method has excellent performance, and does not have a series of researches (such as an industrial preparation step-by-step purification method CN109592681B, a twice-activation industrial preparation method CN109850892B and a three-step physical activation preparation method CN109592680A) on the graphite type supercapacitor active carbon electrode material, and the performance of the graphite type supercapacitor active carbon electrode material can be comparable to that of the commercial supercapacitor active carbon electrode material with good performance sold in the market at present. Although the conductivity of graphite is better than that of common carbon, the carbon electrode prepared by the activated carbon electrode into the graphite type is expected to improve the conductivity of the activated carbon so as to be beneficial to reducing the internal resistance and improve the application characteristics of the activated carbon when the activated carbon is used as the electrode material of the super capacitor, as mentioned above, the internal resistance of the electrode is also related to the adsorption and separation capacity of electrolyte ions; in order to improve the electricity storage performance, the use of the electrolyte is considered, and the effective micropore surface area of the activated carbon electrode material of the supercapacitor needs to be increased, such as the effective specific surface is increased by increasing the interlayer spacing of graphite carbon ring layers. More importantly, a transmission channel is required to be added, so that the increased effective specific surface area can be effectively utilized, and electrolyte ions can be efficiently absorbed and desorbed to reduce the internal resistance of the system.
In fact, the existence of ion and electron transmission channels has a great relationship with the microstructure of the activated carbon, and if crystal phase particles in the activated carbon graphite system exist in a nanocrystalline state, the boundary of a carbon ring layer existing around nanocrystalline grains is greatly increased. Graphite is known to have an interlayer spacing of 0.335nm, and it is practical to enlarge the carbon ring layer-to-layer spacing by forming carbon vacancy defects in the carbon ring layer to increase the effective specific surface area and thus the volume density. Therefore, the existence of the nanocrystalline greatly improves the transmission channel of electrolyte ions entering the carbon ring layer, and finally reduces the internal resistance and improves the energy density.
Activated carbon is known to be a system containing an ultra large number of bulk micropores, consisting of pore walls and pores. The content and the aperture of the control hole are designed to be proper, so that the thickness of the hole wall is suitable for the generation of an independent crystal grain phase, namely, the crystal phase is not grown to a crystal grain which is far larger than the thickness of the hole wall when crossing the hole due to the small aperture of the body when being formed (at the moment, the small hole only exists in the formed large-scale crystal grain as a defect), the thickness of the hole wall is kept as small as possible, so that the size of the crystal grain is limited in a nanometer range when the crystal grain is grown in the hole wall, the nanometer crystal grain can be obtained, meanwhile, the carbon layer edge of a large number of nanometer crystal grains can be contacted through the periphery of the aperture, the transmission inlet of ions transmitted into the carbon ring layer of the crystal grain.
And then, the carbon vacancy defect is formed in the carbon ring layer to enlarge the layer-to-layer distance of the carbon ring, so that the effective specific surface area is improved, the capacity density is improved, and the defect in the carbon layer also increases a transmission inlet for ions to be transmitted into the carbon ring layer of the crystal grain, which is also beneficial to improving the probability of the ions to enter the layer and reducing the internal resistance of the super capacitor.
In a word, the crystal grains with the nanometer scale are controlled to be formed, a large number of carbon layer edges are exposed in holes, carbon vacancy defects in the carbon ring layers of the crystal grains are increased, a better transmission channel inlet is provided for electrolyte ions, the rapid transmission performance of the ions in the hole structures is improved, the electrolyte ions enter between layers to form a double electric layer, and simultaneously the internal resistance of a system can be reduced, so that the specific capacitance of the super capacitor is increased. Therefore, if the problem of forming nano crystal grains and carbon ring layer vacancies can be solved directly in the process of industrially preparing the activated carbon, the method is beneficial to the batch preparation of the coconut shell activated carbon with higher energy density, and has important significance for promoting the industrialization and large-scale application of the high-performance activated carbon.
According to the thought, the scheme provides an industrial preparation method for controlling and forming the nano-crystalline of the coconut shell raw material active carbon supercapacitor electrode material. Particularly, in the industrial activation preparation of the activated carbon by the coconut shell activated carbon steam activation process, after the activation reaction is finished, the gas reaction atmosphere, the gas pressure, the reaction time and the temperature are continuously controlled on line in the production process to control the pore size distribution and the pore wall thickness, and the defects generated in the carbon ring layer and the number of the defects are controlled, so that the ion transmission channel and the transmission capacity are improved, and the purposes of effectively reducing the internal resistance and improving the energy density of the super capacitor are achieved. The essence of the control and adjustment is that the atmosphere composition and the reaction capability of the atmosphere and carbon are comprehensively controlled, the hole wall thickness is adjusted and the nanoscale crystal grains are controlled to exist only in the hole wall independently through the extremely weak reaction for a long time, so that the aim of ensuring the carbon to participate in the reaction with the atmosphere and not damaging the formed integral structure is fulfilled. By utilizing the continuous industrial process preparation method of the electrode material active carbon of the super capacitor, the aperture of the prepared active carbon body can be successfully controlled to be larger than 1.2nm, the hole wall thickness is 1.2-1.3 nm, and the nano crystalline phase with the grain size of 1.13-1.16 nm is controlled to be formed. Greatly promotes the transmission of ions in the pore structure, reduces the internal resistance, and improves the specific capacitance and energy density of the super capacitor. The problems of low specific capacitance and high internal resistance of the traditional super capacitor are successfully solved, and the active carbon for the super capacitor electrode material with high energy density is prepared.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to further improve the performance problem of the electrode material of the active carbon super capacitor sold in the market at present, and provides an industrial preparation method for controlling the formation of nanocrystalline of the electrode material of the active carbon super capacitor, which can control the formation of the nanocrystalline phase of the active carbon in the electrode material of the coconut shell raw material super capacitor and the generation of carbon vacancy defects in a carbon ring layer, is a method suitable for controlling the formation of nanocrystalline in the electrode material of the coconut shell raw material active carbon super capacitor with correspondingly lower internal resistance and higher energy density, and can be used for the industrial preparation process of the active carbon.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an industrial preparation method for controlling the formation of nanocrystalline by using an active carbon supercapacitor electrode material is characterized in that coconut shell active carbon is utilized, a step-by-step purification process (see CN109592681B for specific process) is carried out on the basis of industrial preparation, the process is continued on a production line after the process is finished, the reaction atmosphere and the reaction conditions are controlled to control the active carbon to form nanocrystalline, the aperture of the prepared supercapacitor active carbon body is larger than 1.2nm, the hole wall thickness is 1.2-1.3 nm, the nanocrystalline phase with the grain size of 1.13-1.16 nm is controlled to form, and the supercapacitor electrode material is suitable for being used as the active carbon of the supercapacitor electrode material and has higher energy density.
The preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
the method comprises the following steps: in the original placeOn the production line for preparing the activated carbon material by the industrial preparation step-by-step purification process, after the preparation process is finished, nitrogen or argon or pure CO is continuously filled into the reaction chamber on line2And (3) discharging reaction gas in the preparation process of the continuous activation process, preserving heat at 650-700 ℃, and continuing for 5-10 min. Wherein the total flow rate of gas is per unit volume of the reaction chamber (m)3)0.2～0.4m3And/min. Then carrying out subsequent reaction.
Step two: and subsequently, carrying out reaction for 3-4 h at the temperature of 650-710 ℃ in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide or mixed gas of carbon dioxide and oxygen, and controlling to obtain the coconut shell supercapacitor electrode material active carbon material with independently generated nanocrystalline in the hole wall. Wherein the total amount of the gas is controlled to be 0.05-0.08 m3Kg/min. The mole percentage of the carbon dioxide and the oxygen is 100 to 95 percent.
The supercapacitor single-electrode specific capacitance prepared from the coconut shell activated carbon with the nanocrystalline phase prepared by the invention is 102.1-112F/g, the capacitor energy density is 25.48-28.83 Wh/kg, and the supercapacitor single-electrode specific capacitance is suitable for being used as a high-performance supercapacitor electrode material activated carbon.
Total gas amount unit m in the present invention3The/min kg means the corresponding gas volume introduced per minute per kg of carbonized material.
Compared with the background art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method is novel and simple, can be used for preparing the activated carbon for the electrode material of the super capacitor with higher energy density, has low cost and high yield, and can continuously control the reaction atmosphere, the gas pressure, the reaction time and the temperature of the gas during the reaction time in the production process after the water vapor activation reaction is finished so as to control the pore size distribution, the pore wall thickness, the defects generated in the carbon ring layer and the defect quantity to obtain the nano crystal grains. When the active carbon inner crystal phase particles exist in a nanocrystalline state, the carbon ring layer boundary existing around the nanocrystalline crystal particles can be greatly increased, and meanwhile, the defect of carbon vacancy in the carbon ring layer of the crystal particles is increased, so that the entrance of an ion interlayer channel is greatly increased, the transmission capability is improved, the problems of lower specific capacitance and higher internal resistance of the traditional super capacitor are successfully solved, and the energy density is improved. The size of the active carbon crystal particle for the coconut shell super capacitor electrode material with the nano crystal phase can reach 1.13-1.16 nm, and the thickness of the hole wall is 1.2-1.3 nm. The specific capacitance of the single electrode of the super capacitor prepared by the electrode is 102.1-112F/g, the energy density is 25.48-28.83 Wh/kg, and the super capacitor is suitable for being used as a high-performance super capacitor electrode material active carbon. Compared with the active carbon similar products for the electrode material of the super capacitor sold in the market at present, the specific capacitance and the energy density of the technical product are both superior to those of the high-purity active carbon for the electrode material of the super capacitor sold in the market, and the technical product is at the domestic and international advanced level.
Drawings
FIG. 1, schematic drawing of isolated nanocrystals
FIG. 2 XRD patterns of coconut shell activated carbon with nanocrystalline phase prepared in example 1
FIG. 3 XRD patterns of coconut shell activated carbon with nanocrystalline phase prepared according to example 2
FIG. 4 TEM image of coconut shell activated carbon with nanocrystalline phase prepared according to example 1
FIG. 5 TEM image of coconut shell activated carbon with nanocrystalline phase prepared according to example 2
FIG. 6 Ragon graph of coconut shell activated carbon with nanocrystalline phase prepared according to example 1
FIG. 7 Ragon graph of coconut shell activated carbon with nanocrystalline phase prepared according to example 2
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is clearly and completely described below. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely a few embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without any inventive step, are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Example 1:
the preparation method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: on the production line for preparing the activated carbon material by the original industrialized preparation step-by-step purification process, the process for preparing the activated carbon is finishedThen, nitrogen gas is filled into the reaction furnace continuously on line, reaction gas in the preparation process of the continuous activation process is discharged, the temperature is kept at 700 ℃, and the time lasts for 10min, wherein the volume (m) of each unit of reaction chamber3) The total flow rate of nitrogen is 0.4m3And/min. And then carrying out subsequent reaction.
Step two: continuously introducing 100% carbon dioxide atmosphere into the reaction furnace, controlling the temperature at 710 ℃, and controlling the total gas amount to be 0.08m3And (4) reacting for 4 hours to obtain the coconut shell super capacitor electrode material activated carbon material independently generating the nanocrystalline in the pore wall.
As shown in FIG. 2, the finally obtained activated carbon had a diffraction angle at the (002) peak position of 22.67 ℃ and a crystal grain size of 1.13nm according to the Debyscherrer equation. As shown in FIG. 4, the thickness of the obtained activated carbon pore wall is 1.2nm, and the size of the formed crystal grain is 1.13 nm. The specific capacitance of the single electrode of the prepared super capacitor is 112.5F/g. As shown in FIG. 6, the maximum energy density and power density of the prepared two-electrode supercapacitor were 28.83Wh/kg and 9.89kW/kg, respectively.
Example 2:
the preparation method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: on the production line of preparing the activated carbon material by the original industrialized preparation step-by-step purification process, after the process of preparing the activated carbon is finished, carbon dioxide gas is continuously filled into a reaction furnace on line, the reaction gas in the preparation process of the continuous activation process is discharged, the temperature is kept at 650 ℃, and the reaction time is continued for 5min, wherein the volume (m) of each unit of reaction chamber3) The total flow rate of carbon dioxide gas was 0.2m3And/min. And then carrying out subsequent reaction.
Step two: continuously introducing mixed gas of carbon dioxide and oxygen into the reaction furnace, keeping the mole percentage of the carbon dioxide and the oxygen at 95 percent, controlling the temperature at 650 ℃, and controlling the total gas amount to be 0.05m3And (4) reacting for 4 hours to obtain the coconut shell super capacitor electrode material activated carbon material independently generating the nanocrystalline in the pore wall.
As shown in FIG. 3, the diffraction angle at the (002) peak of the activated carbon obtained in this example was 23.02 °, and the crystal grain size was 1.16nm according to the Debyscherrer equation. As shown in FIG. 5, the thickness of the pore wall of the activated carbon obtained in this example is 1.3nm, and the size of the formed crystal grain is controlled to 1.16 nm. The specific capacitance of the single electrode of the prepared super capacitor is 102.1F/g. As shown in FIG. 7, the maximum energy density and power density of the prepared two-electrode supercapacitor were 25.48Wh/kg and 7.01kW/kg, respectively.
The invention prepares the coconut shell raw material super capacitor electrode material active carbon with a nano crystalline phase, and the formation of nano-scale crystal grains in the active carbon is controlled by continuously controlling reaction atmosphere and reaction conditions in the production process after the reaction of the original industrial preparation step-by-step purification process is finished. The specific capacitance of the double-electrode super capacitor prepared by the electrode is 102.1-112F/g, and the energy density is 25.48-28.83 Wh/kg. The coconut shell raw material super capacitor electrode material active carbon with the nano crystalline phase prepared by the invention reduces the internal resistance and improves the specific capacitance and energy density of the super capacitor. The problems of low specific capacitance and high internal resistance of the traditional super capacitor are successfully solved, and the active carbon for the super capacitor electrode material with high energy density is prepared. Compared with the activated carbon similar products for the electrode materials of the super capacitors sold in the market at present, the specific capacitance and the energy density of the product of the technology are both superior to those of the activated carbon for the electrode materials of the super capacitors sold in the market, and the product is at the domestic and international advanced level.
Claims (7)
1. An industrial preparation method for controlling the formation of nanocrystalline by an electrode material of an activated carbon super capacitor is characterized in that on the basis of an industrial preparation step-by-step purification method of coconut shell super capacitor high-purity activated carbon, after the reaction of the step-by-step purification method, the reaction atmosphere, the pressure, the reaction time and the temperature of reaction gas are continuously controlled on a production line so as to regulate the thickness of a mesoporous activated carbon wall and control nanocrystalline grains in the pore wall to be independently formed.
2. The industrial preparation method of the activated carbon supercapacitor electrode material controlled nanocrystal formation according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the pore wall formed by the modulated porous activated carbon is 1.2-1.3 nm, the size of the nanocrystal grains is 1.13-1.16 nm, the bulk pore diameter is greater than 1.2nm, and the edges of the independent nanocrystal carbon layers are exposed in the pores in large quantities.
3. The industrial preparation method of the activated carbon supercapacitor electrode material controlled nanocrystal formation according to claim 1, wherein the continuous control on the production line specifically comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: on the production line of preparing the activated carbon material by the original industrial preparation step-by-step purification method of the coconut shell super-capacitor high-purity activated carbon, after the preparation of the activated sample by the step-by-step purification process is finished, nitrogen or argon or pure CO is filled into a reaction chamber2Gas, namely discharging reaction gas in the preparation process of the continuous activation process, preserving heat at 650-700 ℃, and continuing for 5-10 min;
step two: and subsequently, carrying out reaction in carbon dioxide or mixed gas of carbon dioxide and oxygen at 650-710 ℃ for 3-4 h, and controlling to obtain the coconut shell supercapacitor electrode material activated carbon material with nanocrystalline independently generated in the hole wall.
4. The industrial preparation method of the electrode material of the activated carbon supercapacitor for controlling the formation of the nanocrystal, according to claim 3, wherein in the first step, the total flow rate of the gas is one unit of the volume of the reaction chamber (m)3)0.2～0.4m3/min。。
5. The industrial preparation method of the activated carbon supercapacitor electrode material controlled nanocrystal, according to claim 3, characterized in that in the second step, the total flow of the reaction gas is controlled to be 0.05-0.08 m3/min·kg。
6. The industrial preparation method of the activated carbon supercapacitor electrode material controlled nanocrystal formation according to claim 3, wherein in the second step, the reaction gas atmosphere is: carbon dioxide atmosphere or mixed gas of the carbon dioxide atmosphere and oxygen, and the mole percentage of the carbon dioxide and the oxygen is 100 to 95 percent.
7. The industrial preparation method of the activated carbon supercapacitor electrode material controlled to form the nanocrystals, according to claim 3, is characterized in that the prepared activated carbon material can be directly used in the traditional process of subsequent grinding and impurity removal treatment to prepare the obtained activated carbon for the supercapacitor, the specific capacitance of the single electrode of the prepared supercapacitor reaches 102.1-112F/g, and the energy density of the supercapacitor is 25.48-28.83 Wh/k.
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