CN113095005A - Steam generator dirt deposition analysis method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for analyzing scale deposition of a steam generator. The method is suitable for predicting the deposition rule of the deposits in the steam generator and evaluating the thermal performance influence of the steam generator according to the distribution area and the distribution quantity of the deposits. The method mainly comprises the following steps: establishing a steam generator calculation domain simplified geometric model; performing node division on a geometric model of the steam generator; carrying out independence verification on the grids by using an existing three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator; development of fouling deposition models; establishing a mechanism for influencing the thermal performance of the steam generator by the sediment; and (5) performing coupling solving on the thermal hydraulic power and the corrosion product deposition of the steam generator.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of nuclear reactor thermal hydraulic calculation, and particularly relates to a method for analyzing scale deposition of a steam generator.
Background
The steam generator is one of important equipment for primary and secondary heat measurement and exchange of the nuclear power station, and the reliability of the operation process of the steam generator directly influences the economy and safety of the nuclear power station. As run times increase, commercial pressurized water reactor steam generators present reliability problems due to degradation of materials, one of which is the deposition of corrosion products. Regardless of how tightly the secondary side water chemistry is controlled, fouling and corrosion products always increase with increasing operating time on the secondary side. Nuclear power plant steam generators are operated with reliability that is challenged worldwide by scaling of the secondary side of the heat transfer tubes and the deposition of corrosion products on the tube sheets.
Depending on the location of the foulants in the steam generator and their effect, there are two main types of fouling of the tubes and plugging of the tube support plates. These deposits are believed to have different detrimental effects, affecting the behaviour and the efficiency of the steam generator.
Pipe fouling is a deposit on the surface of a pipe. Due to the presence of the deposits, the total thermal resistance between the primary and secondary flows increases, reducing the heat transfer efficiency. In addition, tube fouling can also lead to reduced steam generator outlet pressure and reduced efficiency. Another is support plate plugging by deposits that create high velocity zones and transverse velocities in the secondary stream, and in some cases flow induced vibration and tube cracking. These factors all contribute to the economics and safety of the nuclear power plant. Therefore, steam generators often require expensive down time checks and cleaning of the fouling deposits.
After commercial operation, the nuclear power unit continuously generates working conditions such as reduced power operation, long-term temporary stop, forced overhaul and the like, the working conditions aggravate the accumulation of two-loop corrosion products in the steam generator, but at present, a steam generator performance monitoring and evaluating system is not established for the steam generator, each plant is in the self-management stage of engineers, has no uniform monitoring index, cannot perform transverse benchmarking, and is still in the monitored blind area. And the pressure of the newly produced steam generator is abnormally reduced, which brings warning to a nuclear power plant manager.
Based on the background, the position of sludge accumulation in the steam generator is known, the influence of sediments on the thermal performance of the steam generator is evaluated, the thermal performance of the steam generator is regularly evaluated and predictively evaluated, a steam generator performance evaluation technical guide rule with comprehensive coverage and strong operability is formed, and reference is provided for technical decision and major repair actions.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for analyzing fouling deposition of a steam generator, which can predict the deposition rule of the deposition on a steam generator tube bundle, a tube plate and a support plate by using a computational fluid dynamics method and evaluate the influence of the thermal performance of the steam generator according to the distribution area and the distribution quantity of colloidal particle deposition and the characteristics of the structure and the physical properties of the colloidal particle deposition.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a steam generator scale deposition analysis method comprising the steps of:
step 1: according to the calculation requirements, the structure of the steam generator is simplified and a three-dimensional geometric model of the steam generator is built: the deposition of corrosion products of the steam generator mainly occurs on a tube bundle area, a support plate and a tube plate, so that the geometric model of the steam generator is simplified and only comprises a descending section, a tube bundle, a support plate, an ascending section and a barrel body of the rotary vane type steam-water separator;
step 2: meshing the three-dimensional geometric model of the steam generator in the step 1 by using meshing software, and meshing a computational domain by using a pure hexahedral mesh in consideration of high requirement of two-phase flow calculation on the mesh quality;
and step 3: using a steam generator three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program to calculate the calculation domain in a stable operation state under an undeposited working condition, carrying out grid independence verification on the grid divided in the step 2, and verifying the sensitivity of a calculation result to grid density change so as to find out optimal node distribution;
and 4, step 4: calculating the deposition distribution area and distribution quantity of the particles on the tube bundle area of the steam generator and the support plate, and specifically comprising the following steps:
step 4-1: calculating deposit mass
During the operation of the steam generator, with the continuous deposition of the scale and the detachment of part of the deposit, the deposition rate of the scale is expressed as:
wherein:
mddeposition Mass per surface area, kg/m2；
t is time, t;
mDdeposition Rate per surface area, kg/m2/s；
mRRe-entrainment Rate per surface area, kg/m2/s；
The deposition rate of foulant per unit surface area on the heat transfer tube surface is expressed as:
mD＝Kρmφ (2)
wherein:
ρmdensity of the mixture, kg/m3；
Phi-particle concentration, kg/kg;
k-deposition coefficient, m/s;
the value of K is related to heat exertion, inertia, diffusion, gravity, centrifugal sedimentation and boiling factors;
the removal rate of the particles is assumed to be proportional to the amount of the deposited material, and is expressed as:
mD＝λmd (3)
wherein:
lambda-removal factor, s-1；
According to the formulas (1) to (3), an expression of the change of the deposit quality with time is solved:
step 4-2: calculating the thickness of the deposit: due to the complexity of the deposit to form a porous deposit, the porosity is epsilon, assuming that the deposit is a dense layerfRegardless of the potential porous layer that may be created on the dense layer, the deposit thickness is given by the deposit mass divided by the deposit density and porosity:
wherein:
ρd-density of particles, kg/m3；
εf-porosity;
and 5: establishing a mechanism for the influence of deposits on the thermal performance of the steam generator:
the deposition of corrosion products inside the steam generator has a major effect on the thermal performance of the steam generator in two ways: increase in heat transfer tube thermal resistance and clogging of support plates; the quantitative studies of these two mechanisms of influence are as follows:
(1) heat transfer tube bundle
For the heat transfer tube bundle, the influence of dirt is mainly heat transfer resistance, so that the influence of the dirt on the heat transfer resistance is only considered, and the influence of the dirt on the flow is not considered;
assuming that the deposit consists only of magnetite and, furthermore, the pores of the deposit are considered to be saturated with steam, this assumption maximises fouling resistance since the thermal conductivity of steam is lower than that of water;
based on the above assumptions, the maxwell model was used to calculate the relative thermal conductivity of the continuous solid phase containing inclusions:
wherein:
kf-the thermal conductivity of the continuous solid phase containing inclusions, W/M/K;
kmg-the thermal conductivity of magnetite, W/M/K;
kv-the thermal conductivity of the saturated steam at the secondary side of the steam generator, W/M/K;
saturation temperature T of magnetite on secondary side of steam generatorsatThe following thermal conductivities are expressed as:
kmg＝3.86-0.00137Tsat (7)
obtaining fouling thermal resistance according to the thickness and the heat conductivity coefficient of a deposition layer:
(2) support plate
After the dirt is deposited on the support plate, the support plate can be blocked to a certain extent, the flow area is reduced, and the flow resistance of the fluid is influenced, so that after the dirt is deposited on the support plate, the resistance of the support plate is recalculated by using a resistance calculation model in the three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator in the step 3;
step 6: performing thermal hydraulic and corrosion product deposition coupling calculation:
after corrosion products in the steam generator are deposited at the positions of the heat transfer tubes, the tube plates and the tube supporting plates, certain influence is caused on the flow heat transfer of fluid in the steam generator; on the other hand, due to the change of the flowing heat transfer condition after the deposition of corrosion products, the deposition rate of the dirt is newly influenced, and the specific coupling solving steps are as follows:
step 6-1: under the condition of not adding any corrosion product, using the three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator in the step 3 to perform steady-state solution on a calculation domain in the steam generator, and taking the solution as an initial condition of coupling calculation;
step 6-2: adding a dirt deposition model in a steam generator transient thermotechnical hydraulic program, setting a time step length to be delta t, and calculating the thickness delta of the deposits of corrosion products at different positions within the delta t time;
step 6-3: recalculating fouling thermal resistance and support plate resistance after deposition according to the thickness delta of the deposit obtained in the previous step, and returning the calculated parameters to a three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator for iterative calculation with the following time step;
step 6-4: if the calculated time t reaches the required time, i.e. t equals ttotalIf yes, the calculation is finished; if the required time is not reached, t < ttotalAnd continuing to calculate the next time step t + delta t, wherein the new fouling thermal resistance calculated in the step 6-3 and the resistance of the supporting plate need to be calculated again in the step 6-2 until the calculation time meets the calculation requirement.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) realizes the coupling calculation of the three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program and the dirt deposition of the steam generator
2) The three-dimensional distribution of dirt on the tube bundle, the support plate and the like at the required time can be predicted;
3) the effect of deposits on steam generator thermal performance can be quantified;
4) the method is innovative, the model is independent, and different types of steam generators and different types of solvers can be selected according to requirements.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a model building method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the mechanism of scale deposition.
FIG. 3 illustrates fouling build-up of heat transfer tubes.
FIG. 4 shows the build-up of scale on the support plate.
Detailed Description
The following describes the present invention in further detail by taking the development process of a typical steam generator fouling deposition model and a coupled heat exchange model as an example with reference to the flowchart shown in fig. 1:
the invention discloses a method for analyzing scale deposition of a steam generator, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: according to the calculation requirements, the structure of the steam generator is simplified and a three-dimensional geometric model of the steam generator is built: the deposition of corrosion products of the steam generator mainly occurs on the tube bundle area, the supporting plate and the tube plate, so that the geometric model of the steam generator can be simplified, and the geometric model only comprises a descending section, the tube bundle, the supporting plate, an ascending section and a barrel body of the rotary vane type steam-water separator, and other components in the steam generator, such as a water supply ring, a gravity separation section, a corrugated plate dryer and the like are not considered.
Step 2: and (3) carrying out meshing on the three-dimensional geometric model of the steam generator in the step (1) by using meshing software, and carrying out meshing on a calculation domain by using a pure hexahedral mesh in consideration of high requirement of two-phase flow calculation on the mesh quality.
And step 3: and (3) performing calculation under a stable operation state under an undeposited working condition on the calculation domain by using an existing three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator, performing grid independence verification on the grid divided in the step (2), and verifying the sensitivity of a calculation result to grid density change so as to find the optimal node distribution.
And 4, step 4: calculating the deposition distribution area and distribution quantity of the particles on the tube bundle area of the steam generator and the support plate, and specifically comprising the following steps:
step 4-1: calculating deposit mass
While the steam generator is in operation, with continuous deposition of scale and partial deposition falling off, fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the scale deposition mechanism, the high turbulence intensity and the mass transfer coefficient increase the transport rate of particles from the dispersion fluid to the wall surface, the particles are transported to the contraction velocity circulation area, the particles have a small tendency to be removed due to the very low hydrodynamic force of the area, and at the contraction, the flash evaporation of the two-phase mixture causes the deposition of dissolved iron, which contributes to the deposition and consolidation of the area. The deposition rate of scale can be expressed as:
wherein:
mddeposition Mass per surface area, kg/m2；
t is time, t;
mDdeposition Rate per surface area, kg/m2/s；
mRRe-entrainment Rate per surface area, kg/m2/s；
The rate of deposition of foulant per unit surface area on the heat transfer tube surface can be expressed as:
mD＝Kρmφ (2)
wherein:
ρmdensity of the mixture, kg/m3；
Phi-particle concentration, kg/kg;
k-deposition coefficient, m/s;
the value of K is related to factors such as heat strength, inertia, diffusion, gravity, centrifugal sedimentation, boiling and the like.
Assuming that the removal rate of particulates is proportional to the deposit mass, it can be expressed as:
mD＝λmd (3)
wherein:
lambda-removal factor, s-1；
From equations (1) to (3), an expression of the change in deposit mass with time can be solved:
step 4-2: calculating the thickness of the deposit: due to the complexity of the deposit to form a porous deposit, the porosity is epsilon, assuming that the deposit is a dense layerfRegardless of the potential porous layer that may be created on the dense layer, the deposit thickness is given by the deposit mass divided by the deposit density and porosity:
wherein:
ρd-density of particles, kg/m3；
εf-porosity.
And 5: establishing a mechanism for the influence of deposits on the thermal performance of the steam generator:
the deposition of corrosion products inside the steam generator has a major effect on the thermal performance of the steam generator in two ways: increased heat transfer tube resistance and clogging of the support plates. The quantitative studies of these two mechanisms of influence are as follows:
(1) heat transfer tube bundle
As shown in fig. 3, in the case of a heat transfer tube bundle, the fouling is mainly affected by the thermal resistance of heat transfer due to fouling accumulation, and therefore, only the effect of fouling on the thermal resistance is considered, and the effect of fouling on the flow is not considered.
The present invention assumes that the deposit consists only of magnetite, although in practice a few other elements such as copper are also found, and is not considered in the present invention based on simplification considerations. Furthermore, the pores of the deposits are believed to be saturated with steam, which assumption maximizes fouling resistance since the thermal conductivity of steam is lower than that of water.
Based on the above assumptions, the maxwell model was used to calculate the relative thermal conductivity of the continuous solid phase containing inclusions:
wherein:
kf-the thermal conductivity of the continuous solid phase containing inclusions, W/M/K;
kmg-the thermal conductivity of magnetite, W/M/K;
kv-the thermal conductivity of the saturated steam at the secondary side of the steam generator, W/M/K;
magnetite inSecondary side saturation temperature T of steam generatorsatThermal conductivity at (. degree. C.) can be expressed as:
kmg＝3.86-0.00137Tsat (7)
obtaining fouling thermal resistance according to the thickness and the heat conductivity coefficient of a deposition layer:
(2) support plate
As shown in fig. 4, after the dirt is deposited on the support plate, the support plate is blocked to a certain extent, the flow area is reduced, and the flow resistance of the fluid is affected, so that after the dirt is deposited on the support plate, the resistance of the support plate is recalculated by using the resistance calculation model in the three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator in step 3.
Step 6: performing thermal hydraulic and corrosion product deposition coupling calculation:
corrosion products in the steam generator deposit at the positions of the heat transfer tubes, the tube plates, the tube support plates and the like, and then flow and heat transfer of fluid in the steam generator are influenced to a certain extent; on the other hand, due to the change of the flowing heat transfer condition after the deposition of corrosion products, the deposition rate of the dirt is newly influenced, and the specific coupling solving steps are as follows:
step 6-1: under the condition of not adding any corrosion product, using the three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator in the step 3 to perform steady-state solution on a calculation domain in the steam generator, and taking the solution as an initial condition of coupling calculation;
step 6-2: adding a dirt deposition model in a steam generator transient thermotechnical hydraulic program, setting a time step length to be delta t, and calculating the thickness delta of the deposits of corrosion products at different positions within the delta t time;
step 6-3: recalculating fouling thermal resistance and support plate resistance after deposition according to the thickness delta of the deposit obtained in the previous step, and returning the calculated parameters to a three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator for iterative calculation with the following time step;
step 6-4: if the calculated time t reaches the required time, i.e. t equals ttotalIf yes, the calculation is finished; if the required time is not reached, t < ttotalAnd continuing to calculate the next time step t + delta t, wherein the new fouling thermal resistance calculated in the step 6-3 and the resistance of the supporting plate need to be calculated again in the step 6-2 until the calculation time meets the calculation requirement.
Claims (1)
1. A steam generator scale deposition analysis method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: according to the calculation requirements, the structure of the steam generator is simplified and a three-dimensional geometric model of the steam generator is built: the deposition of corrosion products of the steam generator mainly occurs on a tube bundle area, a support plate and a tube plate, so that the geometric model of the steam generator is simplified and only comprises a descending section, a tube bundle, a support plate, an ascending section and a barrel body of the rotary vane type steam-water separator;
step 2: meshing the three-dimensional geometric model of the steam generator in the step 1 by using meshing software, and meshing a computational domain by using a pure hexahedral mesh in consideration of high requirement of two-phase flow calculation on the mesh quality;
and step 3: using a steam generator three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program to calculate the calculation domain in a stable operation state under an undeposited working condition, carrying out grid independence verification on the grid divided in the step 2, and verifying the sensitivity of a calculation result to grid density change so as to find out optimal node distribution;
and 4, step 4: calculating the deposition distribution area and distribution quantity of the particles on the tube bundle area of the steam generator and the support plate, and specifically comprising the following steps:
step 4-1: calculating deposit mass
During the operation of the steam generator, with the continuous deposition of the scale and the detachment of part of the deposit, the deposition rate of the scale is expressed as:
wherein:
mddeposition Mass per surface area, kg/m2；
t is time, t;
mDdeposition Rate per surface area, kg/m2/s；
mRRe-entrainment Rate per surface area, kg/m2/s；
The deposition rate of foulant per unit surface area on the heat transfer tube surface is expressed as:
mD＝Kρmφ (2)
wherein:
ρmdensity of the mixture, kg/m3；
Phi-particle concentration, kg/kg;
k-deposition coefficient, m/s;
the value of K is related to heat exertion, inertia, diffusion, gravity, centrifugal sedimentation and boiling factors;
the removal rate of the particles is assumed to be proportional to the amount of the deposited material, and is expressed as:
mD＝λmd (3)
wherein:
lambda-removal factor, s-1；
According to the formulas (1) to (3), an expression of the change of the deposit quality with time is solved:
step 4-2: calculating the thickness of the deposit: due to the complexity of the deposit to form a porous deposit, the porosity is epsilon, assuming that the deposit is a dense layerfRegardless of the potential porous layer that may be created on the dense layer, the deposit thickness is given by the deposit mass divided by the deposit density and porosity:
wherein:
ρd-density of particles, kg/m3；
εf-porosity;
and 5: establishing a mechanism for the influence of deposits on the thermal performance of the steam generator:
the deposition of corrosion products inside the steam generator has a major effect on the thermal performance of the steam generator in two ways: increase in heat transfer tube thermal resistance and clogging of support plates; the quantitative studies of these two mechanisms of influence are as follows:
(1) heat transfer tube bundle
For the heat transfer tube bundle, the influence of dirt is mainly heat transfer resistance, so that the influence of the dirt on the heat transfer resistance is only considered, and the influence of the dirt on the flow is not considered;
assuming that the deposit consists only of magnetite and, furthermore, the pores of the deposit are considered to be saturated with steam, this assumption maximises fouling resistance since the thermal conductivity of steam is lower than that of water;
based on the above assumptions, the maxwell model was used to calculate the relative thermal conductivity of the continuous solid phase containing inclusions:
wherein:
kf-the thermal conductivity of the continuous solid phase containing inclusions, W/M/K;
kmg-the thermal conductivity of magnetite, W/M/K;
kv-the thermal conductivity of the saturated steam at the secondary side of the steam generator, W/M/K;
saturation temperature T of magnetite on secondary side of steam generatorsatThe following thermal conductivities are expressed as:
kmg＝3.86-0.00137Tsat (7)
obtaining fouling thermal resistance according to the thickness and the heat conductivity coefficient of a deposition layer:
(2) support plate
After the dirt is deposited on the support plate, the support plate can be blocked to a certain extent, the flow area is reduced, and the flow resistance of the fluid is influenced, so that after the dirt is deposited on the support plate, the resistance of the support plate is recalculated by using a resistance calculation model in the three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator in the step 3;
step 6: performing thermal hydraulic and corrosion product deposition coupling calculation:
after corrosion products in the steam generator are deposited at the positions of the heat transfer tubes, the tube plates and the tube supporting plates, certain influence is caused on the flow heat transfer of fluid in the steam generator; on the other hand, due to the change of the flowing heat transfer condition after the deposition of corrosion products, the deposition rate of the dirt is newly influenced, and the specific coupling solving steps are as follows:
step 6-1: under the condition of not adding any corrosion product, using the three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator in the step 3 to perform steady-state solution on a calculation domain in the steam generator, and taking the solution as an initial condition of coupling calculation;
step 6-2: adding a dirt deposition model in a steam generator transient thermotechnical hydraulic program, setting a time step length to be delta t, and calculating the thickness delta of the deposits of corrosion products at different positions within the delta t time;
step 6-3: recalculating fouling thermal resistance and support plate resistance after deposition according to the thickness delta of the deposit obtained in the previous step, and returning the calculated parameters to a three-dimensional thermal hydraulic calculation program of the steam generator for iterative calculation with the following time step;
step 6-4: if the calculated time t reachesThe required time, i.e. t ═ ttotalIf yes, the calculation is finished; if the required time is not reached, t < ttotalAnd continuing to calculate the next time step t + delta t, wherein the new fouling thermal resistance calculated in the step 6-3 and the resistance of the supporting plate need to be calculated again in the step 6-2 until the calculation time meets the calculation requirement.
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| A.BOLMA: "The contribution of the organic pollutants from the feedwater of the steam generator to the corrosion processes and deposits - operation problems", 《IEEE》 * |
| 姚彦贵等: "压水堆蒸汽发生器三维两相热工水力分析程序开发与验证", 《压力容器》 * |
| 梅金娜等: "核电站蒸汽发生器的积污问题", 《腐蚀科学与防护技术》 * |
| 白庭河等: "纵剖式离心压缩机中间冷却器流场分布对污垢沉积速率的影响", 《石油化工设备》 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN113095005B (en) | 2022-08-05 |
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