CN113053471B - Method for nondestructive on-line detection of Brinell hardness of fan spindle - Google Patents
Method for nondestructive on-line detection of Brinell hardness of fan spindle Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000007546 Brinell hardness test Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000692 Student's t-test Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012353 t test Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007542 hardness measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16C—COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY; CHEMOINFORMATICS; COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE
- G16C60/00—Computational materials science, i.e. ICT specially adapted for investigating the physical or chemical properties of materials or phenomena associated with their design, synthesis, processing, characterisation or utilisation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/32—Polishing; Etching
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/40—Investigating hardness or rebound hardness
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
- G06F30/23—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using finite element methods [FEM] or finite difference methods [FDM]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0076—Hardness, compressibility or resistance to crushing
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for nondestructive on-line detection of Brinell hardness of a fan spindle, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the steps of (1) constructing a constitutive model based on real tissue evolution by analyzing a Brinell hardness method and a Richner hardness method and a fitting method and a relation between a fitting model and a process and parameters; constructing a prediction model; finally, embedding the model into a finite element system through a finite element analysis technology to obtain hardness distribution rules under different process conditions. The advantages are that: the technical problem that the Brinell hardness of the main shaft of the fan cannot be detected accurately in a nondestructive and online manner in the prior art is solved on the whole, and a basis is provided for realizing accurate assessment of the in-service state of the main shaft of the fan, enhancing the accurate control of a quality tool on the use process and prolonging the fatigue life of the in-service parts. Compared with the prior art, the invention can greatly reduce the cost of manpower and material resources, improve the efficiency, and fill the blank of nondestructive online detection of the Rich hardness of the main shaft of the fan.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for nondestructive on-line detection of Brinell hardness of a fan spindle, in particular to a method for nondestructive on-line detection of Brinell hardness of a fan spindle with a material mark of 42CrMo4, belonging to the technical field of hardness testing of metal materials.
Background
For in-service units, whether in thermal power, wind power or other industries, if the in-service units are inspected in the future, a nondestructive method is adopted to detect the in-service units, for example: hardness detection, nondestructive detection, on-site metallographic detection, and the like. Because of the proportional relationship between hardness and strength, engineering is often used to measure the performance. The portable hardness tester has the advantages of small volume, light weight, simple and convenient test, convenient carrying, high detection efficiency, slight damage to test surfaces and the like, so that the portable hardness tester is widely applied to the field detection of in-service equipment.
The prior art is limited by the prior art, and the prior detection technology cannot accurately carry out nondestructive online detection on the Brinell hardness of the main shaft of the fan with the material mark of 42CrMo 4.
Although portable hardness testing devices are widely used in field testing of in-service equipment, no standard is currently available that uses hardness values as a basis for determination. In general, it is important to accurately convert the Brinell hardness value into the Brinell hardness value to determine whether the conversion is performed. The conversion between the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness is now in accordance with GB/T17394.4-2014 section 4 of the test for the Brinell hardness of metallic materials: the hardness values obtained in Table 1 in the conversion Table are, however, the test objects applicable to Table 1 are "carbon steel, low alloy steel and cast steel", and are not applicable to fan spindles strictly; if the conversion is carried out according to table 1, deviation is liable to be caused, and the actual hardness of the measured part cannot be reflected. Therefore, a comparison test is needed to find out the conversion relation between the Brinell hardness and the Brinell hardness, which is consistent with the comparison test, so as to fill the blank of the Brinell hardness test standard of the fan main shaft material.
Although GB/T17394.4-2014 section 1 of the Brinell hardness test for metallic materials: the requirements concerning comparative tests have not been mentioned in test methods, but since GB/T17394.4-1998 "test method for hardness of metal" has clear requirements for comparative tests: "for a specific material, to convert the Lev hardness value to other hardness values more accurately, a comparative test must be performed to obtain a corresponding conversion relationship. ".
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for nondestructive on-line detection of Brinell hardness of a fan spindle, in particular to a method for nondestructive on-line detection of Brinell hardness of a fan spindle with the material mark of 42CrMo4, which provides a basis for accurately evaluating the in-service state of the fan spindle and accurately controlling the using process of a reinforcing quality tool on the basis of elucidating the relation between the Brinell hardness method (dynamic test method) and the Brinell hardness method (static test method) and the fitting method and the fitting model and different processes and parameters.
The object of the invention is achieved by the following means:
a method for nondestructive on-line detection of Brinell hardness of a fan spindle is characterized in that a constitutive model based on real tissue evolution is constructed by analyzing the Brinell hardness method (dynamic test method) and the Brinell hardness method (static test method) and fitting the relationship between the fitting method and the fitting model and the process and parameters; constructing a prediction model; finally, embedding the model into a finite element system through a finite element analysis technology to obtain hardness distribution rules under different process conditions.
The analysis specifically refers to: and analyzing the hardness distribution characteristics, the change rule and the like.
The constitutive model of the real tissue evolution is based on the implementation of different processes, and comprises the following steps: annealing, normalizing and tempering.
The prediction model refers to: and according to the relation between the Brinell hardness and the Richter hardness of the material, combining the expression of the constitutive model to obtain a confidence interval of the material at normal temperature, and further obtaining an equation of the Richter hardness.
The embedding is specifically to obtain a regression equation with a hypothesis test value P greater than 0.05 by using the significance of the hypothesis test verification equation based on the finite element technology.
The invention relates to a system for realizing the method, which comprises the following steps: the device comprises a process implementation processing unit, a Brinell hardness and Lev hardness test detection unit, a Brinell hardness and Lev hardness modeling unit and a verification unit, wherein: the process implementation processing unit outputs a microstructure change rule and transmits the microstructure change rule to the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness test detection unit, the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness test detection unit outputs the hardness change rule and transmits the hardness change rule to the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness modeling unit, and the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness modeling unit outputs an analytical expression and transmits the analytical expression to the verification unit through a finite element technology and compares the analytical expression with an output result of the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness test detection unit.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
the invention integrally solves the technical problem that the Brinell hardness of a main shaft of a fan with the material mark of 42CrMo4 cannot be detected accurately in a nondestructive and online manner in the prior art.
Compared with the prior art, the method establishes the constitutive model suitable for the Brinell hardness and the Brinell hardness of the main shaft of the 42CrMo4 finished product fan based on the real evolution rule of the microstructure in the treatment process, and can accurately predict the Brinell hardness distribution value of the main shaft of the 42CrMo4 finished product fan. The invention provides a basis for realizing accurate assessment of the in-service state of the fan main shaft, enhancing the accurate control of a quality tool on the use process and improving the fatigue life of the in-service part. Compared with the prior art, the invention can greatly reduce the cost of manpower and material resources, improve the efficiency, and fill the blank of nondestructive online detection of the Rich hardness of the main shaft of the fan.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the embodiment relates to a method for nondestructive on-line detection of brinell hardness of a fan spindle with a material mark of 42CrMo4, wherein the material consists of a large amount of sorbite and a small amount of ferrite, and the specific operation comprises the following steps:
and step one, cutting a fan main shaft material with the material mark of 42CrMo4 to prepare 3 groups of samples. And respectively carrying out annealing treatment, normalizing treatment and quenching and tempering treatment on the 3 groups of samples. 1 block is selected from the 3 groups to be cut, inlaid, polished and corroded to prepare a metallographic specimen, and the metallographic specimen is placed under an optical microscope to observe the microstructure morphology of the specimen.
Step two, on the basis of the step one, respectively carrying out surface processing on 3 groups of samples through a milling machine and a grinding machine, and carrying out a test on the samples in a Brinell hardness machine to obtain Brinell hardness data; and then respectively placing 3 groups of samples on a Brinell hardness machine, carrying out a Brinell hardness test on the premise of not influencing the detection result near each Brinell hardness point, carrying out a plurality of Brinell hardness tests near each Brinell hardness point, and recording the average value of the test as 1 group of effective values of the Brinell hardness to obtain the Brinell hardness data corresponding to the Brinell hardness data.
Thirdly, building a constitutive model suitable for a fan main shaft material with a material mark of 42CrMo4 based on the weight relation, wherein the model comprises model fitting relativity, and the expression is as follows:
，
where r is the model fitting correlation, x i In order to obtain the value of the hardness of the steel,is the average value of the Lev hardness value, y i Is Brinell hardness value, < >>The average value of the Brinell hardness values is shown.
The weight relation comprises: the weighting characteristics and the degree to which their weights deviate from a single point.
The modeling process is specifically as follows:
(1) since the least squares method is weighted according to distance from somewhere in the middle, the weights thereof are related to the significant deviation that a single point has, the numerical fitting method is selected as the least squares method;
(2) according to the definition and the property of the hardness, the fitting model is selected as a primary function, and therefore, the model established on the basis is as follows: y=a+bx, where a, b are constants, x is the brinell hardness number, and y is the brinell hardness number.
(3) Under different process conditions, the uniformity of the materials is different, the predicted result has fluctuation, a confidence interval with the probability of 95% can be introduced for correction, the range of the confidence interval is obtained, and the expression is as follows:will->Substituting the model formula y=a+bx gives δ, where +.>Delta is a constant that is a predicted value for model equation y=a+bx.
(4) According to the constitutive model expression: y=a+bx, brought into confidence intervalAnd in the second step, the Brinell hardness value and the Li hardness value can obtain a 42CrMo4 fan main shaft material constitutive equation of various microstructure evolution.
Step four, based on finite element technology, adopting hypothesis test to test the constitutive equation, wherein the hypothesis test expression is: t>t α/2 (n-2), wherein t is a t-test method statistic and n is an experimental number.
The present example was divided into 3 groups (1 group of samples for each 3) of 9 pieces of samples, and the sample size was 200 ﹡ 100 ﹡ mm, and 30 groups of data were finally obtained by measurement. Through specific practical experiments, the obtained experimental data under different process conditions are shown as follows:
the analytical expression: y= -290.76+1.06x, where x is the brinell hardness number and y is the brinell hardness number;
wherein r is a model fitting correlation; when the data amount is larger than 25, the correlation coefficient is larger than 0.4, namely, the two groups of data are considered to be correlated, and the closer the correlation coefficient is to 1, the stronger the correlation is.
Confidence interval is +.>Delta=29.12 (HBW 5/750), where +.>Delta is a constant that is a predicted value for model equation y=a+bx.
Hypothesis testing: let α=0.05, |t|= 39.767 =t 0.025 (28) Where α is the confidence probability, t is the t-test method statistic, n is the number of experiments, i.e., the P value is greater than 0.05, where P is the hypothesis test value. It is obvious to illustrate the regression equation.
In conclusion, the characteristic of the relation between the Brinell hardness and the Brinell hardness of the material with the material grade of 42CrMo4 fan main shaft material is different from that of carbon steel, low alloy steel and cast steel materials, and the method is based on weight relation and different process analytic modeling methods, introduces a correlation prediction method and finite element technology hypothesis test, so that the method has higher prediction precision of the Brinell hardness of the material grade of 42CrMo4 fan main shaft material in a nondestructive online detection manner, and omits a Brinell hardness test final detection means with high cost and complex operation.
The foregoing embodiments may be partially modified in numerous ways by those skilled in the art without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the claims and not by the foregoing embodiments, and all such implementations are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for nondestructively and online detecting Brinell hardness of a fan spindle is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the steps of (1) constructing a constitutive model based on real tissue evolution by analyzing a Brinell hardness method and a Richner hardness method and a fitting method and a relation between a fitting model and a process and parameters; constructing a prediction model; finally, embedding the model into a finite element system through a finite element analysis technology to obtain hardness distribution rules under different process conditions; the material mark of the fan main shaft is 42CrMo4; the specific operation comprises the following steps:
cutting a fan main shaft material with the material mark of 42CrMo4 into 3 groups of samples, and respectively carrying out annealing treatment, normalizing treatment and quenching and tempering treatment on the 3 groups of samples; 1 block is selected from the 3 groups to be cut, inlaid, polished and corroded to prepare a metallographic specimen, and the metallographic specimen is placed under an optical microscope to observe the microstructure morphology of the specimen;
step two, on the basis of the step one, respectively carrying out surface processing on 3 groups of samples through a milling machine and a grinding machine, and carrying out a test on the samples in a Brinell hardness machine to obtain Brinell hardness data; respectively placing 3 groups of samples on a Brinell hardness machine, carrying out a Brinell hardness test on the premise of not influencing a detection result near each Brinell hardness point, carrying out a plurality of Brinell hardness tests near each Brinell hardness point, and recording the average value of the test as 1 group of effective values of the Brinell hardness to obtain the Brinell hardness data corresponding to the Brinell hardness data;
thirdly, building a constitutive model suitable for a fan main shaft material with a material mark of 42CrMo4 based on the weight relation, wherein the model comprises model fitting relativity, and the expression is as follows:
，
where r is the model fitting correlation, x i In order to obtain the value of the hardness of the steel,is the average value of the Lev hardness value, y i The hardness of the steel is given as the Brinell hardness value,is the average value of Brinell hardness values;
the weight relation comprises: the weighting characteristics and the degree of deviation of their weights from a single point;
the modeling process is specifically as follows:
(1) selecting a numerical fitting method as a least square method;
(2) selecting a fitting model as a primary function, and establishing a model as follows: y=a+bx, where a, b are constants, x is the brinell hardness number, y is the brinell hardness number;
(3) and (3) introducing a confidence interval with the probability of 95% for correction to obtain a range of the confidence interval, wherein the expression is as follows:will->Substituting the model formula y=a+bx gives δ, where +.>Delta is a constant that is a predicted value for model equation y=a+bx;
(4) according to the constitutive model expression: y=a+bx, brought into confidence intervalAnd the Brinell hardness value and the Li hardness value in the second step can obtain 42CrMo4 fan main shaft material constitutive equation of various microstructure evolution;
step four, based on finite element technology, adopting hypothesis test to test the constitutive equation, wherein the hypothesis test expression is: t>t α/2 (n-2), wherein t is a t-test method statistic and n is an experimental number.
2. The method for nondestructive on-line detection of brinell hardness of a spindle of a blower of claim 1, wherein: the analysis refers to: and analyzing the hardness distribution characteristics and the change rule.
3. The method for nondestructive on-line detection of brinell hardness of a spindle of a blower of claim 1, wherein: the constitutive model of the real tissue evolution is based on the implementation of different processes, and comprises the following steps: annealing, normalizing and tempering.
4. The method for nondestructive on-line detection of brinell hardness of a spindle of a blower of claim 1, wherein: the prediction model refers to: and according to the relation between the Brinell hardness and the Richter hardness of the material, combining the expression of the constitutive model to obtain a confidence interval of the material at normal temperature, and further obtaining an equation of the Richter hardness.
5. The method for nondestructive on-line detection of brinell hardness of a spindle of a blower of claim 1, wherein: the embedding is based on finite element technology, and the significance of the hypothesis test verification equation is utilized to obtain a regression equation with the hypothesis test value P being greater than 0.05.
6. The method for nondestructive on-line detection of brinell hardness of a spindle of a blower of claim 1, wherein: a system for implementing the method, comprising: the device comprises a process implementation processing unit, a Brinell hardness and Lev hardness test detection unit, a Brinell hardness and Lev hardness modeling unit and a verification unit, wherein: the process implementation processing unit outputs a microstructure change rule and transmits the microstructure change rule to the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness test detection unit, the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness test detection unit outputs the hardness change rule and transmits the hardness change rule to the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness modeling unit, and the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness modeling unit outputs an analytical expression and transmits the analytical expression to the verification unit through a finite element technology and compares the analytical expression with an output result of the Brinell hardness and Brinell hardness test detection unit.
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