CN113049451A - Device and method for simulating formation process of mud skin between ultra-thick covering layer and impervious wall - Google Patents
Device and method for simulating formation process of mud skin between ultra-thick covering layer and impervious wall Download PDFInfo
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- CN113049451A CN113049451A CN202110395441.6A CN202110395441A CN113049451A CN 113049451 A CN113049451 A CN 113049451A CN 202110395441 A CN202110395441 A CN 202110395441A CN 113049451 A CN113049451 A CN 113049451A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
- G01N13/04—Investigating osmotic effects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N13/00—Investigating surface or boundary effects, e.g. wetting power; Investigating diffusion effects; Analysing materials by determining surface, boundary, or diffusion effects
- G01N2013/003—Diffusion; diffusivity between liquids
Abstract
The invention relates to a device and a method for simulating the forming process of mud skin between an ultra-thick covering layer and an impervious wall, wherein the device comprises an air pump, a mud bucket, an observation cylinder and a water storage tank, the observation cylinder consists of a base, a sleeve and an upper cover, a water inlet hole communicated with the interior of the sleeve is arranged in the base, the water inlet hole is connected with the bottom of the water storage tank through a water inlet pipe, a mud inlet and an air outlet are arranged on the upper cover, a mud control valve is arranged at the mud inlet, a mud pipe is connected to the mud control valve, a mud bucket air inlet and a mud bucket slurry outlet are arranged at the top end of the mud bucket, a pressure regulating valve is arranged at the mud bucket air inlet, a pressure gauge and an air plug are arranged on the pressure regulating valve, the air plug is connected with the air. The invention realizes the real-time dynamic observation and sample preparation of the mud dip-dyeing process of the dam foundation soil of the saturated super-thick covering layer and the formation process of the surface mud skin, and the whole device has simple structure, low cost and convenient operation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of water conservancy project geotechnical test research, in particular to a test device for simulating a forming process of mud skins between an ultra-thick covering layer dam foundation and an impervious wall and a using method thereof.
Background
The high mountain rivers in western regions of China have abundant hydroelectric resources vertically and horizontally, however, the development of hydropower cannot avoid the construction of a large dam reservoir, but the large dam base is constructed on most river beds in western regions due to the fact that an ultra-thick covering layer exists, the replacement and filling cost is too high, and the seepage prevention and the stability of the dam base of the dam are particularly important when the covering layer is directly constructed. At present, a common design method is to arrange a core wall-impervious wall on a covering layer dam foundation, wherein the impervious wall is generally a concrete impervious wall, and the interface characteristics of the impervious wall and the surrounding covering layer soil body under the action of load are particularly important for the design and safety evaluation of a dam, particularly an interface containing mud skins after being impregnated with slurry. As the covering layer is usually sand gravel or fine-particle sandy soil and the like, loose soil is easily impregnated by mud under the action of high water pressure, so that mud skin is formed on the interface of the covering layer soil body and the impervious wall, the interface characteristic is further influenced, the interface part is in an adverse stress state, and the safety of the dam is threatened. Therefore, the actual engineering condition is fully and reasonably considered, the research on the interface characteristics of the dam foundation with the mud skin and the concrete of the ultra-thick covering layer is very important, and a test device for simulating the formation process of the mud skin between the dam foundation with the ultra-thick covering layer and the impervious wall and a use method thereof are urgently needed to provide foundation guarantee for researching the interface characteristics of the concrete impervious wall of the dam foundation with the ultra-thick covering layer.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a device for simulating the forming process of the mud skin between the super-thick covering layer and the impervious wall and a using method thereof, which can simulate the forming process of the mud skin between the dam foundation of the super-thick covering layer and the impervious wall.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a device for simulating the forming process of mud skin between an ultra-thick covering layer and an impervious wall comprises an air pump, a mud barrel, an observation barrel and a water storage tank, wherein the observation barrel consists of a base, a transparent sleeve fixed on the base and an upper cover fixed on the sleeve, a water inlet communicated with the interior of the sleeve is arranged in the base, a water inlet valve is arranged at the inlet of the water inlet and connected with a water inlet pipe through an air plug connector, the water inlet pipe is connected with the bottom of the water storage tank, a mud inlet and an air outlet are arranged on the upper cover, a mud control valve is arranged at the mud inlet and connected with a mud inlet pipe through an air plug connector, an exhaust valve is arranged at the air outlet, a mud barrel air inlet and a mud barrel slurry outlet are arranged at the top end of the mud barrel, the mud inlet pipe is connected with the mud barrel slurry outlet, a slurry pumping pipe connected with the mud barrel is arranged in the mud barrel, and the bottom end of the slurry pumping pipe extends into the bottom of the mud barrel, the outer wall of the mud inlet pipe is connected with a mud outlet of the mud bucket in a sealing mode, the air inlet of the mud bucket is provided with a pressure regulating valve, a pressure gauge and an air plug are mounted on the pressure regulating valve, an air inlet pipe is connected to the air plug, the air inlet pipe is connected with an air pump, and a camera is arranged on one side of the observation barrel.
The sleeve is the organic glass sleeve, and telescopic internal diameter and height are 500mm, and telescopic wall thickness is 10mm, and the thickness of base and upper cover is 20mm, has placed permeable stone, filter paper, soil body and mud in proper order from above down in the sleeve.
The base, the sleeve and the upper cover are fixed together through the screw rod and the nut, one end of the screw rod is fixed on the base, a through hole corresponding to the screw rod is formed in the upper cover, and the other end of the screw rod penetrates through the through hole and then the nut is fastened to fix the base, the sleeve and the upper cover together.
The screw, the screw cap, the base and the upper cover are all made of stainless steel.
The base and the upper cover are both provided with grooves matched with the sleeve, and rubber sealing rings are placed in the grooves.
An air pump valve is mounted on an air outlet of the air pump and connected with the air inlet pipe through an air plug.
The water storage tank is a tank body with an opening at the upper end, a water overflow opening is arranged on one side wall of the water storage tank, and a drain valve is arranged at the water overflow opening.
The water inlet pipe, the mud inlet pipe and the air inlet pipe are pressure-resistant hoses.
The use method of the device for simulating the forming process of the mud skin between the ultra-thick covering layer and the impervious wall comprises the following steps:
(a) drying the soil body, taking a proper amount of dried soil body to perform specific gravity GsMeasurement is carried out and then the specific gravity G is determinedsCalculating the mass m of the soil body to be dried according to the volume V and the pore ratio e of the soil bodysAs shown in formula (1):
weighing the soil mass with the required mass by using an electronic balance for later use;
(b) firstly, washing a water inlet hole of a base by using a water tap to ensure smooth water inlet, soaking the permeable stone in water, taking out the permeable stone and placing the permeable stone on the base, placing a piece of filter paper with the size equal to the inner periphery of a sleeve on the permeable stone, and sleeving a rubber sealing ring on the edge of the permeable stone;
(c) firstly, coating a layer of transparent lubricating oil inside the sleeve, then placing the sleeve on a base, distributing weighed soil in the organic glass sleeve in three layers uniformly and compacting, laying a rubber sealing ring in a groove of an upper cover, and fastening an observation cylinder by using a screw and a nut;
(d) closing each valve, connecting an air pump with a mud bucket by using an air plug and an air inlet pipe, connecting the mud bucket with an observation cylinder by using the air plug and a mud inlet pipe, connecting the observation cylinder with a water storage tank by using the air plug and a water inlet pipe, placing the water storage tank at a position slightly higher than the interface of mud and soil body by 20cm, switching on a power supply of the air pump, adjusting a pressure regulating valve to enable the reading of a pressure gauge to be 5kPa, placing a camera beside the observation cylinder and regulating the focal length to record video, opening a water inlet valve to saturate the soil body, adjusting the water storage tank to a position where the liquid level is equal to the interface of the mud and the soil body after saturation is finished, and closing the water inlet valve and a water outlet;
(e) sequentially opening the air pump valve, the pressure regulating valve, the slurry control valve and the exhaust valve, closing the exhaust valve and the slurry control valve when slurry overflows from the exhaust valve, regulating the pressure regulating valve until the injection pressure is a set value, and then opening the slurry control valve, the water inlet valve and the water discharge valve of the water storage tank;
(f) in the test process, video recording collection is carried out on the whole permeation process by adopting a camera, and the thickness of mud skins, bridge plug areas and infection areas at different positions around the barrel of the sleeve is recorded every 8 hours;
(g) and stopping the test after the mud is completely impregnated into the soil body, analyzing the change of the mud skin bridge plug area and the impregnation area by video recording, researching the mud skin forming and mud impregnation process, changing the pressure or the soil body pore ratio, and repeating the steps to obtain the impregnation of the mud in the soil body and the formation rule of the mud skin under the conditions of different pressure differences and different pore ratios.
The soil body is sand or sand gravel, the porosity ratio of the sand is 0.50 or 0.5 or 0.60, and the porosity ratio of the sand gravel is 0.30 or 0.35 or 0.40.
The invention can simulate the forming process of the mud skin between the dam foundation of the super-thick covering layer and the impervious wall through the observation cylinder, the mud bucket, the water storage tank and the air pump, realizes the real-time dynamic observation and sample preparation of the mud impregnating process and the forming process of the mud skin on the surface of the dam foundation of the saturated super-thick covering layer, and has simple structure, low cost and convenient operation of the whole device.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the formation of the mud skin of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further explained with reference to the drawings.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the device for simulating the formation process of the mud skin between the ultra-thick covering layer and the impervious wall comprises an air pump 1, a mud bucket 7, an observation cylinder and a water storage tank 25, wherein the observation cylinder comprises a base 11, a transparent sleeve 14 fixed on the base and an upper cover 18 fixed on the sleeve, a water inlet communicated with the inside of the sleeve is arranged in the base 11, a water inlet valve 15 is arranged at the inlet of the water inlet, the water inlet valve 15 is connected with a water inlet pipe 28 through an air plug connector, the water inlet pipe 28 is a pressure-resistant hose, the water inlet pipe 28 is connected with the bottom of the water storage tank 25, a mud inlet and an air outlet are arranged on the upper cover 18, a mud control valve 20 is arranged at the mud inlet, the mud control valve 20 is connected with a mud inlet pipe 29 through an air plug connector, the mud inlet pipe. The top of mud bucket is equipped with mud bucket air inlet and goes out the thick liquid mouth with the mud bucket, it is connected with mud bucket grout outlet to advance the mud pipe, be equipped with the mud pipe 8 of drawing that is connected with mud bucket grout outlet in the mud bucket, the bottom of drawing the mud pipe 8 stretches into to the bottom of mud bucket, the outer wall that advances the mud pipe is met with mud bucket grout outlet seal, mud bucket air inlet is equipped with air-vent valve 6, install manometer 5 and air connector 4 on the air-vent valve 6, the air-vent valve is used for controlling the pressure that mud pours into the observation section of thick bamboo into, pressure differential in the actual engineering is simulated to this, be connected with intake pipe 3 on the air connector 4, intake pipe 3 links to each other with air pump 1, observation section of thick bamboo one side is equipped with camera 22, the system appearance in-process utilizes the camera to take notes the observation, be used for observing mud impregnation process and soil.
The sleeve 14 is the organic glass sleeve, and telescopic internal diameter and height are 500mm, and telescopic wall thickness is 10mm, and the thickness of base and upper cover is 20mm, has placed permeable stone 12, filter paper 13, soil body 16 and mud 17 in proper order from below in the sleeve, and permeable stone and filter paper can prevent and treat the inlet opening that mud blockked up in the base.
The base, the sleeve and the upper cover are fixed together through the screw rod 9 and the nut 19, wherein one end of the screw rod 9 is fixed on the base 11, a through hole corresponding to the screw rod 9 is formed in the upper cover 18, the other end of the screw rod 9 penetrates through the through hole and then the nut 19 is fastened to fix the base, the sleeve and the upper cover together, grooves matched with the sleeve are formed in the base and the upper cover, the rubber sealing rings 10 are placed in the grooves, and the screw rod and the nut are fastened to guarantee the airtightness of the observation cylinder.
Screw rod, nut, base and upper cover are stainless steel and make, and the sample is not polluted by the rust when guaranteeing the experiment, also increases the device's life.
An air pump valve 2 is arranged on an air outlet of the air pump, and the air pump valve 2 is connected with an air inlet pipe 3 through an air plug.
The water storage tank 25 is a tank body with an opening at the upper end, an overflow port 23 is arranged on one side wall of the water storage tank, a drain valve 24 is arranged at the overflow port, and the height of the water storage tank is adjustable and is used for observing the covering soil body at the lower part of the cylinder.
Example 2
The soil body is sand or sand gravel, the pore ratio of the sand is selected to be 0.50 or 0.5 or 0.60, the pore ratio of the sand gravel is selected to be 0.30 or 0.35 or 0.40, and due to the larger particle size of the sand gravel of the covering layer, the sand gravel is graded and scaled to the maximum particle size of 50mm which is met by the test equipment according to geotechnical test regulations (SL 237-1999). The pressure difference can be 50kPa-600kPa, 100kPa, 200kPa, 300kPa and 400kPa are selected according to the prior engineering experience during the test study, the maximum permeation time is set to be 72 hours according to the conditions of different depth positions.
In the embodiment, the pressure difference is 100kPa and the sand with the porosity ratio of 0.6 is taken as an example, and the pressure difference is the difference between the mud pressure and the formation pressure. The slurry used in the test adopts novel impervious wall positive electricity adhesive slurry, and the slurry is fully stirred in the manufacturing process and is placed for 24 hours to be fully hydrated and swelled; before use, the performances of the slurry, such as density, Ma's funnel viscosity and the like, are tested, so that the slurry meets the requirements of technical Specifications for concrete diaphragm wall construction of water conservancy and hydropower engineering (SL 174-2014).
The use method of the device for simulating the forming process of the mud skin between the ultra-thick covering layer and the impervious wall comprises the following steps:
(a) drying the sand, taking proper amount of dried sand, and performing specific gravity G on the sandsMeasurement is carried out and then the specific gravity G is determinedsCalculating the mass m of the sand to be dried according to the volume V and the pore ratio e of the soil bodysAs shown in formula (1):
weighing sandy soil with required mass by using an electronic balance for later use;
(b) firstly, flushing a water inlet hole of a base 11 by using a water tap to ensure smooth water inlet, soaking a permeable stone 12 in water, taking out the permeable stone and placing the permeable stone on the base 11, placing a piece of filter paper 13 with the same size as the inner periphery of a sleeve on the permeable stone 12, and sleeving a rubber sealing ring 10 on the edge of the permeable stone 12;
(c) firstly, coating a layer of transparent lubricating oil inside an organic glass sleeve, then placing the sleeve 14 on a base, uniformly distributing weighed soil 16 in the sleeve in three layers to compact the soil, filling the soil to the height of 250mm of the sleeve, padding a rubber sealing ring in a groove of an upper cover, and fastening the sleeve 14 with a base 11 and an upper cover 18 by using a screw rod 9 and a screw cap 19;
(d) closing each valve, connecting an air pump 1 with a mud bucket 7 by using an air plug and an air inlet pipe 3, connecting the mud bucket 7 with an observation cylinder by using the air plug and a mud inlet pipe 29, connecting the observation cylinder with a water storage tank 25 by using the air plug and a water inlet pipe 28, placing the water storage tank 25 at a position slightly higher than the interface of mud and soil, switching on a power supply of the air pump, adjusting a pressure regulating valve 6 to enable the reading of a pressure gauge to be 5kPa, placing a camera 22 beside the observation cylinder and regulating the focal length to record video, opening a water inlet valve 15 to saturate soil, adjusting the water storage tank 25 to a position where the liquid level is equal to the interface of the mud and the soil after saturation is finished, and closing the water inlet valve 15 and a drain valve 24 of the water storage tank;
(e) sequentially opening the air pump valve 2, the pressure regulating valve 6, the slurry control valve 20 and the exhaust valve 21, closing the exhaust valve 21 and the slurry control valve 20 when slurry overflows from the exhaust valve 21, regulating the pressure regulating valve 6 until the injection pressure is 100kPa, and then opening the slurry control valve 20, the water inlet valve 15 and the water discharge valve 24 of the water storage tank;
(f) in the test process, video recording collection is carried out on the whole permeation process by adopting a camera 22, and the thickness of mud skins, bridge plug areas and infection areas at different positions around the barrel of the sleeve is recorded every 8 hours;
(g) and stopping the test after the mud is completely impregnated into the soil body, analyzing the changes of the mud skin bridge plug area 27 and the impregnation area 26 through video recording so as to research the mud skin formation and mud impregnation process, pumping out the upper mud and the saturated water in the soil body, dismounting the upper cover, researching the permeation condition of the mud in the filled soil in a layering and slicing manner, and comparing and analyzing the permeation condition with the measured result on the surface. According to the actual situation, the maximum penetration time can be adjusted, and the diffusion rule of the slurry in the filled soil is intensively researched. Through the analysis and research of the series of working conditions, the formation rule of the mud skin in the mud penetration process is accurately mastered, and reference is provided for the pressure difference and the penetration time required by the mud skin generation in the mechanical property test.
Claims (10)
1. A device for simulating the forming process of mud skin between an ultra-thick covering layer and an impervious wall is characterized by comprising an air pump, a mud barrel, an observation barrel and a water storage tank, wherein the observation barrel consists of a base, a transparent sleeve fixed on the base and an upper cover fixed on the sleeve, a water inlet communicated with the interior of the sleeve is arranged in the base, a water inlet valve is arranged at the inlet of the water inlet, the water inlet valve is connected with a water inlet pipe through an air plug, the water inlet pipe is connected with the bottom of the water storage tank, a mud inlet and an air outlet are arranged on the upper cover, a mud control valve is arranged at the mud inlet, the mud control valve is connected with a mud inlet pipe through an air plug, an exhaust valve is arranged at the air outlet, a mud barrel air inlet and a mud barrel slurry outlet are arranged at the top end of the mud barrel, the mud inlet pipe is connected with the mud barrel slurry outlet, a slurry pumping pipe connected with the mud barrel is arranged in the mud, the bottom of slurry pumping pipe stretches into the bottom to the mud bucket, and the mud bucket air inlet is equipped with the air-vent valve, installs manometer and air bayonet joint on the air-vent valve, is connected with the intake pipe on the air bayonet joint, and the intake pipe links to each other with the air pump, observes a section of thick bamboo one side and is equipped with the camera.
2. The device for simulating the forming process of the mud skin between the ultra-thick covering layer and the impervious wall as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sleeve is an organic glass sleeve, the inner diameter and the height of the sleeve are both 500mm, the wall thickness of the sleeve is 10mm, the thickness of the base and the thickness of the upper cover are both 20mm, and the permeable stone, the filter paper, the soil body and the mud are sequentially placed in the sleeve from bottom to top.
3. The device for simulating the formation of the mud-skin between the ultra-thick covering layer and the impervious wall according to claim 1, wherein the base, the sleeve and the upper cover are fixed together by a screw and a nut, wherein one end of the screw is fixed on the base, the upper cover is provided with a through hole corresponding to the screw, and the other end of the screw passes through the through hole and then is fastened with the nut to fix the base, the sleeve and the upper cover together.
4. The apparatus for simulating the formation of a mud flap between an ultra-thick coating and a diaphragm wall of claim 3, wherein said screw, said nut, said base and said cover are made of stainless steel.
5. The device for simulating the formation of a mud flap between an ultra-thick covering layer and an impervious wall as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base and the upper cover are each provided with a groove for engaging with the sleeve, and a rubber sealing ring is disposed in the groove.
6. The device for simulating the forming process of the mud skin between the ultra-thick covering layer and the impervious wall as claimed in claim 1, wherein an air pump valve is arranged on an air outlet of the air pump, and the air pump valve is connected with the air inlet pipe through an air plug.
7. The apparatus for simulating the formation of mud and leather between an ultra-thick covering layer and a watertight wall according to claim 1, wherein the water storage tank is a tank body with an open upper end, a water overflow port is arranged on one side wall of the water storage tank, and a drain valve is arranged at the water overflow port.
8. The apparatus for simulating the formation of a mud flap between an ultra-thick coating and a diaphragm wall according to claim 1, wherein the water inlet pipe, the mud inlet pipe and the air inlet pipe are pressure-resistant hoses.
9. Use of a device for simulating the process of forming a sheet between an ultra-thick coating and a diaphragm wall according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the following steps:
(a) drying the soil body, taking a proper amount of dried soil body to perform specific gravity GsMeasurement is carried out and then the specific gravity G is determinedsCalculating the mass m of the soil body to be dried according to the volume V and the pore ratio e of the soil bodysAs shown in formula (1):
weighing the soil mass with the required mass by using an electronic balance for later use;
(b) firstly, washing a water inlet hole of a base by using a water tap to ensure smooth water inlet, soaking the permeable stone in water, taking out the permeable stone and placing the permeable stone on the base, placing a piece of filter paper with the size equal to the inner periphery of a sleeve on the permeable stone, and sleeving a rubber sealing ring on the edge of the permeable stone;
(c) firstly, coating a layer of transparent lubricating oil inside the sleeve, then placing the sleeve on a base, distributing weighed soil in the organic glass sleeve in three layers uniformly and compacting, laying a rubber sealing ring in a groove of an upper cover, and fastening an observation cylinder by using a screw and a nut;
(d) closing each valve, connecting an air pump with a mud bucket by using an air plug and an air inlet pipe, connecting the mud bucket with an observation cylinder by using the air plug and a mud inlet pipe, connecting the observation cylinder with a water storage tank by using the air plug and a water inlet pipe, placing the water storage tank at a position slightly higher than the interface of mud and soil body by 20cm, switching on a power supply of the air pump, adjusting a pressure regulating valve to enable the reading of a pressure gauge to be 5kPa, placing a camera beside the observation cylinder and regulating the focal length to record video, opening a water inlet valve to saturate the soil body, adjusting the water storage tank to a position where the liquid level is equal to the interface of the mud and the soil body after saturation is finished, and closing the water inlet valve and a water outlet;
(e) sequentially opening the air pump valve, the pressure regulating valve, the slurry control valve and the exhaust valve, closing the exhaust valve and the slurry control valve when slurry overflows from the exhaust valve, regulating the pressure regulating valve until the injection pressure is a set value, and then opening the slurry control valve, the water inlet valve and the water discharge valve of the water storage tank;
(f) in the test process, video recording collection is carried out on the whole permeation process by adopting a camera, and the thickness of mud skins, bridge plug areas and infection areas at different positions around the barrel of the sleeve is recorded every 8 hours;
(g) and stopping the test after the mud is completely impregnated into the soil body, analyzing the change of the mud skin bridge plug area and the impregnation area by video recording, researching the mud skin forming and mud impregnation process, changing the pressure or the soil body pore ratio, and repeating the steps to obtain the impregnation of the mud in the soil body and the formation rule of the mud skin under the conditions of different pressure differences and different pore ratios.
10. The method for using the device for simulating the process of forming the mud-skin between the super-thick covering layer and the impervious wall as claimed in claim 9, wherein the soil body is sand or sand gravel, the porosity ratio of the sand is 0.50 or 0.5 or 0.60, and the porosity ratio of the sand gravel is 0.30 or 0.35 or 0.40.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202110395441.6A CN113049451A (en) | 2021-04-13 | 2021-04-13 | Device and method for simulating formation process of mud skin between ultra-thick covering layer and impervious wall |
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| CN202110395441.6A CN113049451A (en) | 2021-04-13 | 2021-04-13 | Device and method for simulating formation process of mud skin between ultra-thick covering layer and impervious wall |
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