CN113049358A - Characterization method for dynamic fracture performance of metal material - Google Patents
Characterization method for dynamic fracture performance of metal material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a characterization method of dynamic fracture performance of a metal material, and belongs to the technical field of material dynamic mechanics experiments. And dynamically loading the standard three-point bending sample by using the separated Hopkinson pressure bar, wherein the characterization parameter is an energy value consumed when the standard three-point bending sample is dynamically fractured. The split Hopkinson pressure bar is
The separated Hopkinson pressure bar has the loading air pressure of 2-4 atm and the deformation strain rate of 103s‑1～104s‑1The device comprises a split Hopkinson pressure bar, a signal acquisition system and a signal processing system, wherein the split Hopkinson pressure bar is used for loading and supporting a sample, and the signal processing system is used for acquiring stress-time curves of incident waves, transmitted waves and reflected waves in the loading process. According to the inventionThe method can quantitatively characterize the metal material with the strain rate of 103s‑1～104s‑1Dynamic fracture properties.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a characterization method of dynamic fracture performance of a metal material, and belongs to the technical field of material dynamic mechanics experiments.
Background
The dynamic deformation and failure behavior of the material refers to the mechanical behavior of the material under the condition of high strain rate (higher than 5/s), and relates to various civil and military fields such as explosive forming, impact synthesis, high-speed penetration, impact protection and the like.
Studies have demonstrated a clear difference between the dynamic and quasi-static mechanical behavior of materials: under quasi-static conditions, the strain rate at which the material deforms is low, and each unit inside the material can be considered to be in a state of stress equilibrium and thermal equilibrium at any time point; under dynamic conditions, the strain rate of deformation is high, and at the moment, the interior of the material deviates from a stress equilibrium state and a thermal equilibrium state, so that not only can the deformation mechanism be distinguished from that under quasi-static conditions, but also a failure mode (such as adiabatic shear failure) which cannot occur under quasi-static conditions can occur. Therefore, knowing only the quasi-static behavior of a material does not help researchers predict the macroscopic dynamic mechanical properties and failure conditions of a material at high strain rates.
A great deal of research shows that the fracture behavior of the material is related to the loading rate, and the fracture performance under dynamic loading is obviously different from that under quasi-static loading, so that the characterization method and characterization parameters of the material under quasi-static conditions are not suitable for the research on the fracture performance under dynamic conditions.
At present, the dynamic fracture toughness K is a commonly used parameter for characterizing the dynamic fracture performance of materialsIdThe fracture initiation time, the crack propagation speed and the like, and the above characterization quantities are closely related to the time parameter, which is the maximum difference between the dynamic fracture performance characterization parameter and the quasi-static characterization parameter.
To investigate the dynamic fracture behavior of materials, there have been numerous attempts to test the characterizationSexual studies, but the testing methods and characterization methods have not yet formed standards. According to loading equipment, the characterization experiment of the current dynamic fracture performance can be divided into a Charpy/pendulum impact method and an SHPB (split Hopkinson pressure bar) loading method. The method is characterized in that a split Hopkinson bar is modified to load a one-point bending sample, a three-point bending sample, a single-edge notch tensile sample, a double-edge notch tensile plate-shaped sample, a central notch tensile sample or a compact tensile sample, wherein the mode that the three-point bending sample is loaded only by bullets and a wedge-shaped incident bar is widely applied, and the corresponding characterization parameter is KId. The advantages of dynamic fracture performance study with SHPB: one is that the crack propagation speed obtained by loading can easily reach 105MPam1/2s-1And the second is an oscillographic impact research method, a load-time curve can be obtained by a method of attaching a strain gauge on a waveguide rod, and the crack initiation time of a sample can be obtained by a method of attaching a strain gauge on the sample.
Although the SHPB loading method has the above advantages, the method has not been standardized for the following three reasons: the first is that the measurement of the crack initiation time is inaccurate; secondly, the design and connection of the test piece are difficult; thirdly, the stress intensity factor is difficult to measure in real time, and the current application is an approximate formula generated by means of simulation, so that the obtained KIdThe values are largely influenced by the selection model and the results obtained are not necessarily accurate.
Although the research on the dynamic fracture performance by using the SHPB has the problems, the SHPB is a testing method meeting the laboratory conditions and is convenient to operate, so that the SHPB is worth trying to further modify the equipment and proposing new characterization parameters, so that the SHPB is suitable for the research on the dynamic fracture performance.
Therefore, the characterization method of the dynamic fracture performance of the metal material based on the SHPB equipment is provided, the characterization of the dynamic fracture resistance of the metal material is realized, the crack initiation time is accurately determined, the experiment is convenient, the measurement is more accurate, and the actual application level is reached; it becomes a technical problem to be solved urgently in the technical field.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to characterize the dynamic fracture resistance of the metal material, the invention aims to provide a characterization method for the dynamic fracture performance of the metal material, which has the advantages of accurate measurement of the crack initiation time, convenient experiment and more accurate measurement. By adopting the method, the dynamic fracture performance of the metal material can be quantitatively characterized.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for characterizing the dynamic fracture performance of a metal material comprises the following steps: and dynamically loading the standard three-point bending sample by using the separated Hopkinson pressure bar, wherein the characterization parameter is an energy value consumed when the standard three-point bending sample is dynamically fractured.
Preferably, the split Hopkinson pressure bar is
The separated Hopkinson pressure bar has the loading air pressure of 2-4 atm and the deformation strain rate of 103s-1～104s-1The device comprises a split Hopkinson pressure bar, a signal acquisition system and a signal processing system, wherein the split Hopkinson pressure bar is used for loading and supporting a sample, and the signal processing system is used for acquiring stress-time curves of incident waves, transmitted waves and reflected waves in the loading process.
Preferably, the stress-time curves of the collected incident wave, the collected transmitted wave and the collected reflected wave are calculated by the following energy formula, and the energy E carried by the incident wave, the reflected wave and the transmitted wave respectively is obtainedInto、EInverse directionAnd ETransparent film；
The energy formula is:
in the formula EbIs the modulus of elasticity of the rod, AbIs the cross-sectional area of the rod, CbIs the wave velocity of the rod, epsilon(x)At position x on the rodA strain value; epsilon(t)Is the value of the strain of the rod at a time t, t0The moment of onset of the stress wave, t, recorded for the strain gauge attached to the rodfThe moment at which the stress wave ends.
Preferably, the sample used in the characterization is a standard three point bend sample having dimensions: b (thickness) is 3-4 mm, W (width) is 2B, S (distance between two branches) is 4W, and L (length) > 2.1W.
Preferably, the characterizing parameter, i.e. the amount of energy consumed by the sample in the dynamic fracture, is calculated by subtracting the energy of the transmitted wave and the reflected wave from the energy of the incident wave in the dynamic loading.
The invention also aims to provide a quasi-in-situ experimental analysis method for dynamic deformation and failure behaviors of the metal material.
The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
a quasi-in-situ experimental analysis method for dynamic deformation and failure behavior of a metal material comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a standard three-point bending sample;
(2) the method comprises the following steps that punches are arranged at the tail end of an incident rod and the front end of a transmission rod of a separated Hopkinson pressure bar and used for loading and supporting a sample, strain gauges are attached to the incident rod and the transmission rod, the sample prepared in the step (1) is dynamically loaded on the separated Hopkinson pressure bar provided with the punches, the sample is damaged in the first round of stress wave loading process, and stress-time curves of the incident wave, the transmission wave and the reflection wave in the loading process are obtained through a signal acquisition system;
(3) calculating stress-time curves of the incident wave, the transmitted wave and the reflected wave collected in the step (2) to obtain energy E carried by the incident wave, the reflected wave and the transmitted wave respectivelyInto、EInverse directionAnd ETransparent film(ii) a The specific calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula EbIs the modulus of elasticity of the rod, AbIs the cross-sectional area of the rod, CbIs the wave velocity of the rod, epsilon(t)Is the value of the strain of the rod at a time t, t0The moment of onset of the stress wave, t, recorded for the strain gauge attached to the rodfThe moment when the stress wave ends; epsilon(x)Is the strain value at position x on the rod.
(4) Utilizing the energy E obtained in the step (3)Into、EInverse directionAnd ETransparent filmCalculating the energy consumed by the dynamic fracture of the sample, i.e. EBreak-off＝EInto-EInverse direction-ETransparent filmAnd the value can represent the dynamic fracture performance of the metal material.
Preferably, the standard three-point bending sample in step (1) is an aluminum alloy, steel or titanium alloy having the dimensions: b (thickness) is 3-4 mm, W (width) is 2B, S (distance between two branches) is 4W, and L (length) > 2.1W.
Preferably, the diameter of the split Hopkinson pressure bar in the step (2) is
Preferably, the dynamic loading pressure in the step (2) is 2atm to 4atm, and the deformation strain rate is 103s-1～104s-1。
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) according to the method, the energy value is adopted to characterize the dynamic fracture performance of the metal material, so that the problem that the fracture moment cannot be accurately measured when fracture time characterization is adopted in the traditional method can be effectively solved.
(2) The invention adopts the energy value to characterize the dynamic fracture performance of the metal material, is a quantitative characterization method, and can realize comparison by unifying the sample size, the loading energy and the loading strain rate.
(3) By using the separated Hopkinson pressure bar system as a loading device, the dynamic fracture performance test of the metal material can be carried out under the laboratory condition.
(4) By using a standard three-point bending sample as a sample, the fracture performance of the same material under quasi-static and dynamic conditions can be easily compared, and the interference caused by different stress states due to different samples is avoided.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific embodiments, which are not meant to limit the scope of the invention.
Detailed Description
The invention relates to a method for characterizing the dynamic fracture performance of a metal material, which uses dynamic loading equipment
The separated Hopkinson pressure bar obtains 10 at the loading air pressure of 2-4 atm3s-1～104s-1The tail end of the incident rod and the front end of the transmission rod are both provided with punches for loading and supporting a sample, strain gauges are attached to the incident rod and the transmission rod, and stress-time curves of incident waves, transmission waves and reflection waves in the loading process are obtained through a signal acquisition system; the test specimens used were standard three-point bend specimens whose dimensions can be described as: b is 3-4 mm, W is 2B, S is 4W, and L is more than 2.1W; the characterization parameter of the characterization method is the energy consumed by the occurrence of dynamic fracture, and the energy consumed by the occurrence of dynamic fracture E can be known by energy conservationBreak-offEnergy E carried by incident waveInto"- (" energy E carried by transmitted wave)Transparent filmEnergy E carried by the "+" reflected waveInverse direction"), the energy calculation methods carried by the three stress waves are all as follows:
in the formula EbIs the modulus of elasticity of the rod, AbIs the cross-sectional area of the rod, CbIs the wave velocity of the rod, epsilon(t)Is the stress value of the rod at time t, t0The moment of onset of the stress wave, t, recorded for the strain gauge attached to the rodfThe moment at which the stress wave ends.
The invention relates to a quasi-in-situ experimental analysis method for dynamic deformation and failure behavior of a metal material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) standard three point bend samples were prepared with dimensions: b is 3-4 mm, W is 2B, S is 4W, and L is more than 2.1W;
(2) subjecting the sample prepared in the step (1) to a split Hopkinson pressure bar with a punch head with a strain rate of 103s-1～104s-1The stress-time curves of incident waves, transmitted waves and reflected waves are dynamically loaded and collected, and the loading air pressure is adjusted to ensure that the sample is damaged in the first round of stress wave loading process;
(3) calculating the three stress-time curves collected in the step (2) to obtain energy E carried by incident waves, reflected waves and transmitted waves respectivelyInto、EInverse directionAnd ETransparent film；
(4) And (4) calculating the energy consumed by the dynamic fracture of the sample by using the three energy values obtained in the step (3), wherein the values can represent the dynamic fracture performance of the metal material.
The structural morphology and the grain orientation information observed by the method are further compared and analyzed, and the change process of the structure is reduced, so that the dynamic compression deformation and the failure behavior of the metal material are revealed.
Example 1
A quasi-in-situ experimental analysis method for dynamic deformation and failure behavior of a metal material comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a standard three-point bending sample of the aluminum alloy, wherein the sizes of the sample are respectively as follows: b is 3mm, W is 2B, S is 4W, L is 13 mm;
(2) punching heads are arranged at the tail end of an incident rod and the front end of a transmission rod of the separated Hopkinson pressure bar with the diameter of 30mm and used for loading and supporting a sample, strain gauges are attached to the incident rod and the transmission rod, the sample prepared in the step (1) is dynamically loaded on the separated Hopkinson pressure bar with the punching heads, the loading air pressure is 2atm, the sample is damaged in the first round of stress wave loading process, and stress-time curves of the incident wave, the transmission wave and the reflection wave in the loading process are obtained through a signal acquisition system;
(3) calculating the three stress-time curves acquired in the step (2) by the following energy formula to obtain incident waves and reflectionsEnergy E carried by the wave and the transmitted wave respectivelyInto＝50J、EInverse direction30J and ETransparent film＝15J；
The energy formula is:
in the formula EbIs the modulus of elasticity of the rod, AbIs the cross-sectional area of the rod, CbIs the wave velocity of the rod, epsilon(t)Is the value of the strain of the rod at a time t, t0The moment of onset of the stress wave, t, recorded for the strain gauge attached to the rodfThe moment when the stress wave ends;
(4) utilizing the energy E obtained in the step (3)Into、EInverse directionAnd ETransparent filmCalculating the energy consumed by the dynamic fracture of the sample, i.e. EBreak-off＝EInto-EInverse direction-ETransparent filmThe value of 5J is a value that characterizes the dynamic fracture properties of the metallic material.
Example 2
A quasi-in-situ experimental analysis method for dynamic deformation and failure behavior of a metal material comprises the following steps:
(1) standard three point bend samples of steel were prepared with dimensions: b is 3mm, W is 2B, S is 4W, L is 15 mm;
(2) the method comprises the following steps that punches are arranged at the tail end of an incident rod and the front end of a transmission rod of a separated Hopkinson pressure bar with the diameter of 35mm and used for loading and supporting a sample, strain gauges are attached to the incident rod and the transmission rod, the sample prepared in the step (1) is dynamically loaded on the separated Hopkinson pressure bar with the punches, the loading air pressure is 3atm, the sample is damaged in the first round of stress wave loading process, and stress-time curves of incident waves, transmission waves and reflection waves in the loading process are obtained through a signal acquisition system;
(3) calculating stress-time curves of the incident wave, the transmitted wave and the reflected wave collected in the step (2) to obtain energy E carried by the incident wave, the reflected wave and the transmitted wave respectivelyInto＝150J、EInverse direction120J and ETransparent film＝15J；
(4) Utilizing the energy E obtained in the step (3)Into、EInverse sum ETransparent filmCalculating the energy consumed by the dynamic fracture of the sample, i.e. EBreak-off＝EInto-EInverse direction-ETransparent film15J, the value of which characterizes the dynamic fracture properties of the metallic material.
Example 3
A quasi-in-situ experimental analysis method for dynamic deformation and failure behavior of a metal material comprises the following steps:
(1) a standard three point bend sample of titanium alloy was prepared with dimensions: b is 4mm, W is 2B, S is 4W, L is 18 mm;
(2) the method comprises the following steps that punches are arranged at the tail end of an incident rod and the front end of a transmission rod of a separated Hopkinson pressure bar with the diameter of 40mm and used for loading and supporting a sample, strain gauges are attached to the incident rod and the transmission rod, the sample prepared in the step (1) is dynamically loaded on the separated Hopkinson pressure bar with the punches, the loading air pressure is 3.5atm, the sample is damaged in the first round of stress wave loading process, and stress-time curves of incident waves, transmission waves and reflection waves in the loading process are obtained through a signal acquisition system;
(3) calculating stress-time curves of the incident wave, the transmitted wave and the reflected wave collected in the step (2) to obtain energy E carried by the incident wave, the reflected wave and the transmitted wave respectivelyInto＝120J、EInverse direction100J and ETransparent film＝10J；
(4) Utilizing the energy E obtained in the step (3)Into、EInverse directionAnd ETransparent filmCalculating the energy expended by the dynamic fracture of the sample, i.e. EBreak-off＝EInto-EInverse direction-ETransparent filmThe value of 10J is a value that can characterize the dynamic fracture properties of the metallic material.
The method disclosed by the invention can quantitatively characterize the metal material with the strain rate of 103s-1～104s-1Dynamic fracture properties.
The present invention includes, but is not limited to, the above embodiments, and any equivalent substitutions or partial modifications made under the principle of the spirit of the present invention should be considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for characterizing the dynamic fracture performance of a metal material comprises the following steps: and dynamically loading the standard three-point bending sample by using the separated Hopkinson pressure bar, wherein the characterization parameter is an energy value consumed when the standard three-point bending sample is dynamically fractured.
2. The method for characterizing the dynamic fracture properties of a metallic material according to claim 1, wherein: the split Hopkinson pressure bar is
The separated Hopkinson pressure bar has the loading air pressure of 2-4 atm and the deformation strain rate of 103s-1～104s-1The device comprises a split Hopkinson pressure bar, a signal acquisition system and a signal processing system, wherein the split Hopkinson pressure bar is used for loading and supporting a sample, and the signal processing system is used for acquiring stress-time curves of incident waves, transmitted waves and reflected waves in the loading process.
3. The method for characterizing the dynamic fracture properties of a metallic material according to claim 2, wherein: calculating the stress-time curves of the incident wave, the transmitted wave and the reflected wave through the following energy formulas to obtain energy E carried by the incident wave, the reflected wave and the transmitted wave respectivelyInto、EInverse directionAnd ETransparent film；
The energy formula is:
in the formula EbIs the modulus of elasticity of the rod, AbIs the cross-sectional area of the rod, CbIs the wave velocity of the rod, epsilon(t)Is the value of the strain of the rod at a time t, t0Onset of stress wave recorded for strain gauge attached to rodTime of (t)fAt the moment of termination of the stress wave,. epsilon(x)Is the strain value at position x on the rod.
4. The method for characterizing the dynamic fracture properties of a metallic material according to claim 3, wherein: the samples used in the characterization were standard three-point bend samples with dimensions: b is 3-4 mm, W is 2B, S is 4W, and L is more than 2.1W.
5. The method for characterizing the dynamic fracture properties of a metallic material according to claim 4, wherein: the method for calculating the characterization parameters, namely the energy value consumed when the sample is dynamically fractured, is to subtract the transmitted wave energy and the reflected wave energy from the incident wave energy during dynamic loading.
6. A quasi-in-situ experimental analysis method for dynamic deformation and failure behavior of a metal material comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a standard three-point bending sample;
(2) the method comprises the following steps that punches are arranged at the tail end of an incident rod and the front end of a transmission rod of a separated Hopkinson pressure bar and used for loading and supporting a sample, strain gauges are attached to the incident rod and the transmission rod, the sample prepared in the step (1) is dynamically loaded on the separated Hopkinson pressure bar provided with the punches, the sample is damaged in the first round of stress wave loading process, and stress-time curves of the incident wave, the transmission wave and the reflection wave in the loading process are obtained through a signal acquisition system;
(3) calculating stress-time curves of the incident wave, the transmitted wave and the reflected wave collected in the step (2) to obtain energy E carried by the incident wave, the reflected wave and the transmitted wave respectivelyInto、EInverse directionAnd ETransparent film(ii) a The specific calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula EbIs the modulus of elasticity of the rod, AbIs the cross-sectional area of the rod, CbIs the wave velocity of the rod, epsilon(t)Is the value of the strain of the rod at a time t, t0The moment of onset of the stress wave, t, recorded for the strain gauge attached to the rodfAt the moment of termination of the stress wave,. epsilon(x)The strain value at the position x on the rod is taken as the upper position of the rod;
(4) utilizing the energy E obtained in the step (3)Into、EInverse directionAnd ETransparent filmCalculating the energy consumed by the dynamic fracture of the sample, i.e. EBreak-off＝EInto-EInverse direction-ETransparent filmAnd the value can represent the dynamic fracture performance of the metal material.
7. The method for the quasi-in-situ experimental analysis of the dynamic deformation and failure behavior of the metal material according to claim 6, wherein: the standard three-point bending sample is aluminum alloy, steel or titanium alloy.
8. The method for the quasi-in-situ experimental analysis of the dynamic deformation and failure behavior of metallic materials according to claim 7, wherein: the standard three-point bending sample has the following dimensions: b is 3-4 mm, W is 2B, S is 4W, and L is more than 2.1W.
9. The method for the quasi-in-situ experimental analysis of the dynamic deformation and failure behavior of the metal material according to claim 6, wherein: the diameter of the separated Hopkinson pressure bar is
10. The method for the quasi-in-situ experimental analysis of the dynamic deformation and failure behavior of the metal material according to claim 6, wherein: the dynamic loading air pressure is 2-4 atm, and the deformation strain rate is 103s-1～104s-1。
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