CN113016943A - Monoatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Monoatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN113016943A CN113016943A CN202110353118.2A CN202110353118A CN113016943A CN 113016943 A CN113016943 A CN 113016943A CN 202110353118 A CN202110353118 A CN 202110353118A CN 113016943 A CN113016943 A CN 113016943A
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Abstract
The application relates to the technical field of animal feed additives, in particular to a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics and a preparation method thereof. A monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics is prepared from the following raw materials: a support and an active metal; the active metal is selected from one or more of trace elements contained in organisms; the active metal is encapsulated in situ on the support in the form of a single atom. The monatomic feed additive replacing antibiotics can effectively replace the existing antibiotics, is mixed into the livestock feed according to the addition of 0.1% -0.5%, has the effects of preventing diseases and promoting growth of the antibiotics and the like, and does not cause dependence on the drugs and environmental pollution.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of animal feed additives, in particular to a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The feed antibiotic is one of additives commonly used in traditional livestock and poultry breeding, and is mainly used for treating diseases caused by bacteria. The feed antibiotics are widely applied in large-scale and intensive culture production, the survival rate of livestock and poultry can be improved, and accordingly abundant economic benefits are brought, but the continuous indiscriminate abuse of antibiotics brings many defects, and the feed antibiotics are mainly concentrated on the following three aspects: firstly, the abuse of antibiotics easily causes the generation of drug resistance of animal body bacteria, possibly accelerates the generation of 'super bacteria', finally causes the failure of the antibiotics and causes a devastating disaster of livestock and poultry cultivation; secondly, part of antibiotics are absorbed into bodies by animals, remain in meat, eggs, milk, skins and furs of livestock and poultry products, are ingested by human bodies, and directly damage the health of human beings; thirdly, the feed antibiotics can return to the environment in the form of original shape or excrement, which can pollute water source and soil, culture environment drug-resistant bacteria, kill environment microorganisms and have great ecological environment hidden danger.
Under the influence of the current "banning" policy, the livestock and poultry industry faces significant challenges, focusing on the following three aspects: firstly, the breeding production level is reduced, once no antibiotics are added into the feed, the resistance of animals to bacteria is reduced, the morbidity is increased, and the production level of livestock breeding is further influenced; secondly, the breeding cost is increased, and in order to reduce the morbidity of animals, the prevention and control work must be done in a farm, so that the upgrading of hardware facilities and the matched biological safety are brought, and the breeding cost is increased; thirdly, the feed cost is increased, and in order to reduce cultivation worry caused by 'banning' of resistance, feed enterprises can select high-quality protein or improve feed formula in feed production, so that the feed production cost is increased.
Therefore, in order to meet the requirement of modern high-density culture, a green and environment-friendly feed additive with antibiotic function is required to be sought.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of the related art, the present application aims to provide a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics and a preparation method thereof.
In a first aspect, the application provides a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics, which adopts the following technical scheme: a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics is prepared from the following raw materials: a support and an active metal; the active metal is selected from one or more of trace elements contained in organisms; the active metal is encapsulated in situ on the support in the form of a single atom.
The monatomic feed additive for replacing the antibiotics can effectively replace the existing antibiotics, is mixed into the livestock feed according to the addition amount of 0.1-0.5 percent, has the effects of preventing diseases and promoting growth and the like of the antibiotics, does not cause the dependence on medicines for the livestock and poultry, does not cause the environmental pollution, can effectively kill harmful bacteria and viruses in animals, obviously reduces the diarrhea condition of piglets, effectively kills the bacteria and the viruses which cause the diarrhea of the piglets and improves the survival rate of the piglets; aiming at the problem that the existing antibiotics have drug resistance, the single-atom feed additive can effectively kill drug-resistant bacteria.
Preferably, the carrier is food-grade montmorillonite specially used for the animal feed additive.
By adopting the technical scheme, the safety of the prepared animal feed additive can be ensured.
Preferably, the active metal is selected from one or more of Fe, Cu and Zn, and the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier is 1 (20-200).
By adopting the technical scheme, the killing rate of the monatomic feed additive replacing antibiotics on staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli with antibiotic resistance reaches more than 99.9%, and the monatomic feed additive prepared by the method has the advantages of improving the antibacterial effect and reducing the production cost.
In a second aspect, the present application provides a method for preparing a monatomic feed additive that replaces antibiotics.
A preparation method of a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics comprises the following steps:
step one, preparing a carrier precursor;
preparing an active metal monoatomic precursor to obtain a mixed solution containing the active metal monoatomic precursor;
step three, preparing a monatomic feed additive precursor: adding the carrier precursor prepared in the step one into the mixed liquid prepared in the step two, carrying out ultrasonic treatment, stirring and mixing, adding water for washing, filtering to be neutral, drying, and grinding the product to obtain powder;
step four, generating the monoatomic feed additive in situ: and (3) heating the obtained powder, cooling and grinding to obtain the monatomic feed additive capable of replacing antibiotics.
By adopting the technical scheme, the preparation method is simple and easy to produce in batches and popularize and apply.
Preferably, the first step, preparing the carrier precursor: the method comprises the steps of taking food-grade montmorillonite special for the animal feed additive as a raw material, adding a sodium carbonate solution with the pH value of 8, uniformly mixing the food-grade montmorillonite and an alkaline solution according to the mass ratio of (20-80): 1, transferring the mixture into a reaction kettle for roasting and puffing, taking out the mixture, cooling and grinding the mixture to obtain a carrier precursor, wherein the roasting temperature of the reaction kettle is 420-500 ℃, the pressure in the kettle is 0.8-1.0 MPa and the roasting time is 10-20 min.
By adopting the technical scheme, the porous carrier precursor can be prepared, and the active metal monoatomic in-situ intercalation to the carrier precursor is facilitated.
Preferably, the first step, preparing the carrier precursor: taking food-grade montmorillonite special for animal feed additives as a raw material, adding a sodium carbonate solution with pH of 8 into the food-grade montmorillonite of 300-800 meshes, uniformly mixing the montmorillonite and an alkaline solution in a mass ratio of 50:1, transferring the mixture into a reaction kettle for roasting and puffing, wherein the roasting temperature of the reaction kettle is 450 ℃, the pressure in the kettle is 0.8-1.0 MPa, and the roasting time is 10min, taking out the mixture, cooling and grinding the mixture to obtain a carrier precursor.
By adopting the technical scheme, the porous carrier precursor can be prepared, so that the active metal monoatomic in-situ intercalation can be conveniently carried out on the carrier precursor, and the monoatomic feed additive with the killing rate of over 99.9 percent on the antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli can be prepared.
Preferably, the second step prepares an active metal monoatomic precursor: dripping 10-40 ml of 5% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid aqueous solution into a metal salt solution at the speed of 60-150 mu L/s, stirring for 2-5 h, then heating to 60 ℃ within 20-40 min, and continuing stirring for 2-4 h to obtain a mixed solution.
By adopting the technical scheme, the active metal monoatomic precursor is prepared, so that the active metal monoatomic precursor can be conveniently embedded in the carrier precursor in situ.
Preferably, the metal salt in the second step is one or a combination of more of ferric chloride, zinc chloride and copper chloride, the concentration of the metal salt solution is 50-200 g/L, and the solvent of the metal salt solution is deionized water.
By adopting the technical scheme, the preparation parameters are convenient to control, and the active metal monoatomic precursor can be prepared.
Preferably, the preparation of the monatomic feed additive precursor in step three is as follows: and (2) adding the carrier precursor prepared in the step one into the mixed liquid prepared in the step two according to the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier of 1 (20-200), carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30-60 min, stirring and mixing for 12-18 h, adding water, washing and filtering to be neutral, carrying out vacuum drying for 4-6 h at 100 ℃, and carrying out ball milling on the product for 30-60 min to prepare powder.
By adopting the technical scheme, the active metal can be encapsulated on the carrier in a single-atom form in situ.
Preferably, the in situ generation of the monatomic catalyst of step four: and (3) heating the powder obtained in the third step for 2-3 h at the temperature of 400-600 ℃ in the atmosphere of 2-15% of hydrogen and argon, cooling, and performing ball milling until the particle size is less than 3 mu m to obtain the required single-atom feed additive.
By adopting the technical scheme, the prepared monatomic catalyst is activated at high temperature, and is reduced by the hydrogen-argon mixed gas, so that the monatomic catalyst is prevented from being oxidized and inactivated at high temperature.
In summary, the present application has the following advantages:
1. the prepared alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additive can efficiently activate oxygen in an animal body, generate active oxygen species, oxidize cell membranes, proteins and genetic substances of bacteria, kill the bacteria, can effectively kill various bacteria, and cannot enable microorganisms to generate drug resistance.
2. Compared with the environmental pollution caused by large-scale abuse of antibiotics, the single-atom feed additive has the advantages of no toxicity, no harm, no environmental pollution, stable structure and no side effect on animals and human beings.
3. The single-atom feed additive for replacing antibiotics in the application has the advantages of cheap raw materials, simple synthesis process and equipment, easy operation and capability of reducing the cost of the feed by replacing the antibiotics.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a transmission electron microscope photograph of the single atom feed supplement of the present application corrected for spherical aberration.
Detailed Description
The present application will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples and the accompanying drawings.
Raw materials
Preparation example
Preparation example 1
Grinding the purchased food-grade montmorillonite by a star ball mill, screening by using a 300-mesh screen, screening powder passing through the 300-mesh screen, screening by using a 325-mesh screen, and taking the powder on the 325-mesh screen as a target montmorillonite powder, thereby obtaining the 300-mesh 325-mesh montmorillonite powder.
Preparation example 2
Grinding the purchased food-grade montmorillonite by a star ball mill, screening by using a 800-mesh screen, screening powder screened by using the 800-mesh screen, screening by using a 100-mesh screen, and taking the powder intercepted on the 1000-mesh screen as the target montmorillonite powder, thereby obtaining the 800-mesh 1000-mesh montmorillonite powder.
Examples
Example 1
The application discloses a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics, which is prepared from the following raw materials: the carrier is food-grade montmorillonite specially used for animal feed additives, the active metal is selected from iron elements contained in organisms, and the active metal is encapsulated on the carrier in a single-atom form in situ.
A preparation method of a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing a carrier precursor: adding 2g of a sodium carbonate solution with pH of 8 into 100g of 300-325-mesh montmorillonite powder in preparation example 1, mixing at 500rpm for 5min, transferring to a reaction kettle for roasting and puffing, wherein the roasting temperature is 450 ℃, the pressure in the kettle is 0.8MPa, the roasting time is 10min, taking out the mixture from the reaction kettle after roasting is finished, cooling at room temperature, grinding the product to room temperature by using a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and zirconium oxide balls with the particle size of 1.2mm are used as grinding balls) until the particle size of the obtained powder is 1-2 mu m, and preparing a carrier precursor;
step 2, preparing an active metal monoatomic precursor: dripping 40ml of 5% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid aqueous solution into 200ml of 200g/L ferric chloride solution at 100 mu L/s, stirring for 3h at 500rpm, then heating to 60 ℃ at a constant heating speed within 30min, continuing stirring for 3h at 500rpm, and cooling to room temperature after stirring to obtain a mixed solution;
step 3, preparing a monatomic feed additive precursor: adding the carrier precursor prepared in the step 1 into the mixed solution prepared in the step 2 according to the mass ratio of active metal to carrier of 1:20, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min, stirring and mixing at a stirring speed of 500rpm for 12h, adding water, washing, filtering to be neutral, carrying out vacuum drying for 4h at 100 ℃, and grinding the product for 30min at a rotating speed of 50r/min by adopting a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and zirconium oxide balls with the diameter of 1.2mm are used as grinding balls) to prepare powder;
step 4, generating the monoatomic feed additive in situ: and (3) heating the powder obtained in the step (3) for 2 hours in a 10% hydrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere at the temperature of 400 ℃, cooling to room temperature, grinding the product by using a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and 1.2mm zirconia balls are used as grinding balls) until the particle size of the obtained powder is less than 2 mu m, thus obtaining the required alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additive, and referring to figure 1, the active metal contained in the prepared feed additive is combined on a carrier in a monatomic form.
Example 2
The application discloses a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics, which is prepared from the following raw materials: the carrier is food-grade montmorillonite specially used for animal feed additives, the active metal is selected from copper element contained in organisms, and the active metal is encapsulated on the carrier in a form of single atom in situ.
A preparation method of a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing a carrier precursor: adding 2g of sodium carbonate solution with PH 8 into 100g of montmorillonite with the particle size of 300-325 meshes, mixing for 5min at 500rpm, transferring to a reaction kettle for roasting and puffing, wherein the roasting temperature is 450 ℃, the pressure in the kettle is 0.9MPa, the roasting time is 10min, taking out the mixture from the reaction kettle after the roasting is finished, cooling to room temperature, grinding by adopting a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container, and zirconia balls with the particle size of 1.2mm are used as grinding balls) until the particle size of the obtained powder is 1-2 mu m, and preparing a carrier precursor;
step 2, preparing an active metal monoatomic precursor: dripping 20ml of 5% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid aqueous solution into 100ml of 50g/L copper chloride solution at 100 mu L/s, stirring for 3h at 500rpm, then heating to 60 ℃ at a constant heating speed within 30min, continuing stirring for 3h at 500rpm, and after stirring, cooling to room temperature to obtain a mixed solution;
step 3, preparing a monatomic feed additive precursor: adding the carrier precursor prepared in the step 1 into the mixed liquid prepared in the step 2 according to the mass ratio of active metal to carrier of 1:100, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min, stirring and mixing at a stirring speed of 500rpm for 12h, adding water, washing and filtering to be neutral, carrying out vacuum drying for 4h at 100 ℃, and grinding the product for 30min by adopting a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and zirconium oxide balls with the diameter of 1.2mm are used as grinding balls) to prepare powder;
step 4, generating the monoatomic feed additive in situ: and (3) heating the powder obtained in the step (3) for 2 hours in a 10% hydrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere at the temperature of 500 ℃, cooling to room temperature, grinding the product by using a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and 1.2mm zirconia balls are used as grinding balls) until the particle size of the obtained powder is less than 2 mu m, thus obtaining the required alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additive, wherein the active metal contained in the prepared feed additive is combined on a carrier in a monatomic form.
Example 3
The application discloses a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics, which is prepared from the following raw materials: the carrier is food-grade montmorillonite specially used for animal feed additives, the active metal is selected from copper and zinc elements contained in organisms, and the active metal is encapsulated on the carrier in a form of single atom in situ.
A preparation method of a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing a carrier precursor: adding 2g of sodium carbonate solution with PH 8 into 100g of montmorillonite with the particle size of 300-325 meshes, mixing for 5min at 500rpm, transferring to a reaction kettle for roasting and puffing, wherein the roasting temperature is 450 ℃, the pressure in the kettle is 1.0MPa, the roasting time is 10min, taking out the mixture from the reaction kettle after the roasting is finished, cooling to room temperature, grinding the product by using a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and 1.2mm zirconia balls are used as grinding balls) until the particle size of the obtained powder is 1-2 mu m, and preparing a carrier precursor;
step 2, preparing an active metal monoatomic precursor: dripping 40ml of 5% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid aqueous solution into 100g/L copper chloride and 200g/L zinc chloride aqueous solution at 100 mu L/s, wherein the total amount of the copper chloride and the zinc chloride aqueous solution is 200ml, the molar ratio of Cu to Zn in the copper chloride and the zinc chloride aqueous solution is 1:1, stirring for 3h at 500rpm, then heating to 60 ℃ within 30min at a constant heating speed, continuing stirring for 3h at 500rpm, and cooling to room temperature after stirring to obtain a mixed solution;
step 3, preparing a monatomic feed additive precursor: adding the carrier precursor prepared in the step 1 into the mixed liquid prepared in the step 2 according to the mass ratio of active metal to carrier of 1:200, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min, stirring and mixing at a stirring speed of 500rpm for 12h, adding water, fully washing and filtering to be neutral, carrying out vacuum drying for 4h at 100 ℃, and grinding the product for 30min by adopting a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and zirconium oxide balls with the diameter of 1.2mm are used as grinding balls) to prepare powder;
step 4, generating the monoatomic feed additive in situ: and (3) heating the powder obtained in the step (3) for 2 hours under the conditions of 10% hydrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere and 400 ℃, cooling to room temperature, grinding the product by using a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and 1.2mm zirconia balls are used as grinding balls) until the particle size of the obtained powder is less than 2 mu m, and thus obtaining the required alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additive.
Example 4
The application discloses a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics, which is prepared from the following raw materials: the carrier is food-grade montmorillonite specially used for animal feed additives, the active metal is selected from copper and iron elements contained in organisms, and the active metal is encapsulated on the carrier in a form of single atom in situ.
A preparation method of a monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing a carrier precursor: adding 2g of sodium carbonate solution with PH 8 into 100g of montmorillonite with the particle size of 300-325 meshes, mixing for 5min at 522rpm, transferring to a reaction kettle for roasting and puffing, wherein the roasting temperature is 450 ℃, the pressure in the kettle is 1.0MPa, the roasting time is 10min, taking out the mixture from the reaction kettle after the roasting is finished, cooling to room temperature, grinding the product by using a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and 1.2mm zirconia balls are used as grinding balls) until the particle size of the obtained powder is 1-2 mu m, and preparing a carrier precursor;
step 2, preparing an active metal monoatomic precursor: 30ml of a 5% aqueous solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was added dropwise at 100. mu.L/s to a 100g/L aqueous solution of ferric chloride and 50g/L aqueous solution of cupric chloride, the volume of the aqueous solution of ferric chloride and cupric chloride being 150ml, and the ratio of Fe in the aqueous solution of ferric chloride and cupric chloride: stirring the solution for 3h at 500rpm with the molar ratio of Cu of 1:1, then heating to 60 ℃ at a constant heating speed within 30min, continuously stirring for 3h at 500rpm, and cooling to room temperature after stirring to obtain a mixed solution;
step 3, preparing a monatomic feed additive precursor: adding the carrier precursor prepared in the step 1 into the mixed liquid prepared in the step 2 according to the mass ratio of active metal to carrier of 1:100, carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30min, stirring and mixing at a stirring speed of 500rpm for 12h, adding water, washing and filtering to be neutral, carrying out vacuum drying for 4h at 100 ℃, and grinding the product for 30min by adopting a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and zirconium oxide balls with the diameter of 1.2mm are used as grinding balls) to prepare powder;
step 4, generating the monoatomic feed additive in situ: and (3) heating the powder obtained in the step (3) for 2 hours under the conditions of 10% hydrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere and 600 ℃, cooling to room temperature, grinding the product by using a planetary ball mill (polytetrafluoroethylene is used as an inner container and 1.2mm zirconia balls are used as grinding balls) until the particle size of the obtained powder is less than 2 mu m, and thus obtaining the required alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additive.
Example 5
Example 5 differs from example 1 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 100.
Example 6
Example 6 differs from example 1 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 200.
Example 7
Example 7 differs from example 2 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 20.
Example 8
Example 8 differs from example 2 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 200.
Example 9
Example 9 differs from example 3 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 20.
Example 10
Example 10 differs from example 3 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 100.
Example 11
Example 11 differs from example 4 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 20.
Example 12
Example 12 differs from example 4 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 200.
Comparative example
Comparative example 1
Comparative example 1 differs from example 1 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 15.
Comparative example 2
Comparative example 2 differs from example 1 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 250.
Comparative example 3
Comparative example 3 differs from example 2 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 15.
Comparative example 4
Comparative example 4 differs from example 2 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 250.
Comparative example 5
Comparative example 5 differs from example 3 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 15.
Comparative example 6
Comparative example 6 differs from example 3 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 250.
Comparative example 7
Comparative example 7 differs from example 4 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 15.
Comparative example 8
Comparative example 8 differs from example 4 in that: the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier was 1: 250.
Performance test
1. Toxicology test
1.1 acute toxicity test (LD)50)：
2 dose groups of 5000mg/kg (0.5%), 10000mg/kg (1%) and 1 blank group were established for each group according to the use addition amount of the monatomic feed additive prepared in examples 1 to 4. Taking 18-22g of white mice, 10 mice in each group, half of males and females, setting two groups of dosage groups, namely a test A and a test B, not administering the drug to a blank control group, continuously administering the drug to the test A group and the test B group for 7 days according to the set dosage, observing the spirit, appetite, drinking water, activity and poisoning conditions of the white mice every day, and recording the death number of the white mice.
1.2 cumulative toxicity test (20 day cumulative test method):
mice weighing 15-18g each with 10 animals each, and each of the animals and males, and the monatomic feed additives prepared in examples 1-4 were each set up in 2 dose groups and 1 control group, and repeatedly compared, and the groups were test group a and test group B, respectively. The blank control group is not administrated, the test group is administrated by gastric gavage according to the dosage of 5000mg/kg (0.5 percent) and 10000mg/kg (1 percent), the administration is continued for 20 days, and the spirit, appetite and death condition and abnormal reaction are observed in the mice during the administration period. After the administration was stopped, the mice were observed for death and weight change within 7 days.
2. Antibacterial experiments
The monatomic feed additives prepared in examples 1 to 12, the monatomic feed additives prepared in comparative examples 1 to 8, and common antibiotics (streptomycin, penicillin, lincomycin) were subjected to an antibacterial experimental test:
step 1, preparing bacteria (escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, streptococcus, shigella, enterococcus faecalis and bacillus subtilis) which are freshly cultured for 18-24h, washing down the lawn with 5ml PBS solution (0.03mol/L) to prepare bacterial suspension, diluting the bacterial suspension with PBS to the required concentration (dropping 100 mu L on a control sample, recovering 1 x 10 bacteria number4-9×104cfu/patch);
step 2, respectively weighing a certain amount of feed additive and antibiotic, dispersing the feed additive and antibiotic in PBS to prepare sample solution (the concentration is 2000ppm), and putting the sample solution into a 250ml conical flask;
step 3, fixing the conical flask on a shaking table, and shaking for 1h at 300 r/min;
and 4, after 0 hour and 1 hour of oscillation respectively, taking 0.5mL of sample liquid or sample liquid diluted by PBS (phosphate buffer solution) appropriately, inoculating the sample liquid into a plate by an agar pouring method, and performing colony counting after culturing for 18-24 hours in a constant temperature box at 36-37 ℃.
The test is repeated for 3 times, and the bacteriostasis rate is calculated according to the formula:
X＝(A-B)/A×100％
in the formula:
x-antimicrobial Rate,%;
a-average colony number before oscillation of the sample to be tested;
b-average number of colonies after shaking the sample.
3. Antiviral experiments:
the monatomic feed additives prepared in examples 1 to 12 and the monatomic feed additives prepared in comparative examples 1 to 8 were subjected to virus inactivation experiments, and the detection method was described in reference to "disinfection technical code" 2002 edition-2.1.1.10.7:
step 1, preparation of virus suspension:
(1) the frozen test host cells (Vero cells) were taken out from liquid nitrogen, rapidly thawed in warm water at 37 ℃, transplanted into a cell tube containing a cell maintenance fluid by a capillary pipette, aspirated several times to mix them well, immediately centrifuged (3000r/min, 3min), and the supernatant removed. Adding appropriate cell maintenance liquid, blowing and sucking for several times, mixing, centrifuging, and transferring into culture flask containing 10ml complete culture medium. Cell growth was observed day by day and used for the disinfection test when the cells grew up in a monolayer.
(2) Taking out test virus seeds (porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine rotavirus) frozen at low temperature, thawing in water bath at 37 deg.C, diluting with cell maintenance solution by 10 times, inoculating into cell bottle full of monolayer cells, placing in 37 deg.C incubator, adsorbing with cells, and growing. The lesions were observed day by day, and when 3/4 cells showed lesions, the virus was harvested.
(3) The culture solution containing virus and host cell is treated through ultrasonic wave (or repeated freezing and thawing) to break the host cell and release virus. The pellet (mainly cell debris) was then removed by centrifugation as quickly as possible (6000r/min, 15min) and the supernatant was the desired viral suspension. The mixture was dispensed into sterile centrifuge tubes (1.5ml) at a rate of 1.0ml per tube.
Step 2, an experimental group, namely preparing 2000ppm disinfectant for the monatomic feed additive prepared in the embodiment 1-12 and the monatomic feed additive prepared in the comparative example 1-8, sucking 0.5ml of disinfectant solution into a test tube, putting the test tube into a water bath at 20 ℃ and 1 ℃ for 5min, sucking 0.5ml of virus suspension, and uniformly mixing. And adding 1.0ml of deionized water after the virus is inactivated for 24 hours, and uniformly mixing. The final sample is aspirated (or serially diluted in a virus-safe diluent) according to the assay specifications for subsequent virus titer determination.
And 3, sucking 0.5ml of deionized water into the control group, placing the control group in a water bath at 20 ℃ and 1 ℃ for 5min, sucking 0.5ml of virus suspension, and mixing uniformly. Adding 1.0ml deionized water after 10min, and mixing. Subsequent virus titer determinations were performed.
The test is repeated for 3 times, and the virus inactivation rate is calculated according to the formula:
X＝(C-D)/C×100％
in the formula:
x-rate of virus inactivation,%;
c-mean total virus number of control group;
d-mean total virus number in experimental group.
4. Piglet diarrhea experimental design: the monatomic feed additive prepared in examples 1-12 and the monatomic feed additive prepared in comparative examples 1-8 are respectively fed to sows, and then the sows feed piglets to study the influence of the monatomic feed additive replacing antibiotics on piglet diarrhea. A batch of diarrhea piglets are fed by sows, the sows feed normal pig feed in the first seven days, the substitute antibiotic monoatomic feed additive is added in 10g on the basis of the normal pig feed fed by the sows in the last seven days, the piglets are fed indoors under the same temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions, and the diarrhea condition of the piglets fed with the substitute antibiotic monoatomic feed additive is observed.
5. Drug resistance antibacterial experiment:
and (3) carrying out drug resistance antibacterial experiment tests on the monatomic feed additive prepared in examples 1-12 and the monatomic feed additive prepared in comparative examples 1-8, streptomycin and lincomycin:
step 1, preparing bacteria (staphylococcus aureus and enterobacter coli with antibiotic resistance) which are freshly cultured for 18-24h, washing the lawn with 5ml PBS solution (0.03mol/L) to prepare bacterial suspension, diluting the bacterial suspension with PBS to the required concentration (dropping 100 mu L on a control sample, recovering the bacterial count of 1 × 104-9×104cfu/patch);
step 2, respectively weighing a certain amount of feed additive and antibiotic, dispersing the feed additive and antibiotic in PBS to prepare sample liquid (the concentration is 2000ppm respectively), and putting the sample liquid into a 250ml conical flask;
step 3, fixing the conical flask on a shaking table, and shaking for 1h at 300 r/min;
and 4, after 0 hour and 1 hour of oscillation respectively, taking 0.5mL of sample liquid or sample liquid diluted by PBS (phosphate buffer solution) appropriately, inoculating the sample liquid into a plate by an agar pouring method, and performing colony counting after culturing for 18-24 hours in a constant temperature box at 36-37 ℃.
The test is repeated for 3 times, and the bacteriostasis rate is calculated according to the formula:
X＝(A-B)/A×100％
in the formula:
x-antimicrobial Rate,%;
a-average colony number before oscillation of the sample to be tested;
b-average number of colonies after shaking the sample.
6. Animal experiment design: the broiler chickens were fed with the alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additives prepared in example 1, example 2, example 3 and example 4, and the influence of the alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additives on the production performance of the broiler chickens was studied. 210 white feather broilers are adopted and randomly divided into 7 groups, and each group contains 30 white feather broilers which are respectively raised in a room with the same temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions. 7 groups are all fed with basic ration of broiler chickens, a blank group 1 is not added with any feed additive, a blank group 2 is added with 55mg/kg of feed additive grade montmorillonite, a control group is added with 55mg/kg of antibiotic streptomycin, an experimental group is added with 1% of basic ration to replace antibiotic monatomic feed additive, the basic ration is self-prepared corn-soybean meal type ration, and the nutrition level meets or exceeds the national nutrition standard.
Index determination and method: the test period is 21 days, the feeding amount of each time is accurately recorded, the broiler chickens and the rest feed are weighed every week, and the average daily feed intake, the average daily gain and the feed conversion rate are correspondingly measured. Mortality was recorded daily.
Detection method/test method
TABLE 1 cumulative toxicity test of examples 1-4
Note: the same letter in the same column indicates no significant difference (P > 0.05)
As can be seen by combining examples 1-4 with Table 1, the results of the cumulative toxicity test are: in an acute toxicity test, the test groups A, B and blank control groups of the monatomic feed additives 1-4 test white mice have no abnormal expression after 7 days of acute toxicity, compared with the control group, the white mice in the two test groups have no abnormal expression, and the acute toxicity white mice have normal expression under the conditions of appetite, mental state, drinking and eating and the like. After 10000mg/kg of the monatomic feed additive of the group A and the group B are respectively drenched, the two groups of mice with acute toxicity have no toxic death, and half of lethal dose, namely LD is more than 10000mg/kg, does not need to be measured according to the toxicological evaluation standard. Acute toxicity test results show that the monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics, prepared by the method, is a non-toxic substance.
In an accumulative toxicity test, after the groups A and B of the monoatomic feed additives 1-4 are administrated for 20 days, the appetite, spirit, drinking water and the like of the two groups of white mice are normal, the death condition is not generated, and after the administration is stopped for 7 days, the white mice are normal. As can be seen from Table 1, after 20 days of administration, the initial weight, the final weight and the average weight gain of the test groups of the monatomic feed additives 1 to 4 were not significantly different from those of the blank control group.
Table 2 shows the parameters of the antibacterial test in examples 1 to 12 and comparative examples 1 to 8
Combining the examples 1-12 and the comparative examples 1-8 and combining the table 1, it can be seen that the killing rate of the monatomic feed additive to escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, streptococcus, shigella, enterococcus faecalis and bacillus subtilis can reach more than 99.9%, the killing rate of streptomycin to escherichia coli only can reach more than 99.9%, the killing rate of penicillin to streptococcus only can reach more than 99.9%, and the killing rate of lincomycin to staphylococcus aureus only can reach more than 99.9%, under the condition of 2000ppm, the monatomic feed additive in the application can replace various antibiotics.
Table 2 shows the antiviral experiment test parameters of examples 1 to 12 and comparative examples 1 to 8
| Transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pig | Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus | Porcine rotavirus | |
| Example 1 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 2 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 3 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 4 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 5 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 6 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 7 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 8 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 9 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 10 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 11 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Example 12 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Comparative example 1 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Comparative example 2 | 88.2％ | 85.6％ | 91.2％ |
| Comparative example 3 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Comparative example 4 | 92.4％ | 90.2％ | 89.2％ |
| Comparative example 5 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Comparative example 6 | 93.4％ | 92.6％ | 94.1％ |
| Comparative example 7 | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ | ≥99.9％ |
| Comparative example 8 | 94.3％ | 95.1％ | 92.8％ |
Combining examples 1-12 and comparative examples 1-8 and combining table 2, it can be seen that the virus inactivation rate of the monatomic feed additive replacing antibiotics reaches more than 99.9% for the transmissible gastroenteritis virus, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and the porcine rotavirus under the condition of 2000 ppm. It is shown that the monatomic feed additive prepared in this application in place of antibiotics has an important role in the treatment of porcine viral diarrhea.
Table 3 shows the experimental parameters for the diarrhea test of the piglets in examples 1-12 and comparative examples 1-8
By combining examples 1-12 and comparative examples 1-8 with table 3, it can be seen that the diarrhea of piglets is obviously improved and the survival rate of piglets can be improved after sows are fed with the alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additive.
Table 4 shows the parameters of the antibiotic resistance test in examples 1 to 12 and comparative examples 1 to 8
Combining examples 1-12 and comparative examples 1-8 and combining table 4, it can be seen that the killing rate of the monatomic feed additive to staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli with antibiotic resistance reaches over 99.9% under the condition of 2000ppm, while the killing rate of streptomycin to escherichia coli with antibiotic resistance is only 42.6%, and the killing rate of lincomycin to staphylococcus aureus with antibiotic resistance is only 45.3%, so that the alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additive in the application does not generate drug resistance as the antibiotic does.
Table 5 shows the influence of addition of monatomic antibiotic instead of additive on the productivity of broiler chickens
By combining examples 1-4 and table 5, it can be seen that when the alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additive provided by the invention is used for feeding broiler chickens, compared with a blank group 1 and a blank group 2, average daily feeding and average daily weight gain are significantly higher than those of the blank group, and the mortality is lower than that of the blank group, so that the alternative antibiotic monatomic feed additive provided by the invention can promote the production performance of broiler chickens, reduce the incidence rate of animal diseases, has no significant difference with an antibiotic control group, and can be used for effectively replacing antibiotics.
In summary, the monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics in the application can effectively replace the existing antibiotics, and is mixed into the livestock feed according to the addition of 0.1% -0.5%, so that the effects of preventing diseases and promoting growth and the like of the antibiotics are achieved, and the livestock cannot depend on the drugs, and the environmental pollution is avoided.
The single-atom feed additive replacing antibiotics in the application can effectively kill harmful bacteria and viruses in animals, in an antibacterial experiment, the killing rate of the monatomic feed additive replacing antibiotics in the application on common escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, streptococcus, shigella, enterococcus faecalis and bacillus subtilis of an animal body reaches over 99.9 percent, while in the antibacterial experiment, the killing rate of the common antibiotics streptomycin the animal body only aiming at the escherichia coli reaches 99.9 percent, the killing rate of other bacteria is less than 45 percent, the killing rate of penicillin only aiming at streptococcus reaches 99.9 percent, the killing rate of other bacteria is less than 50 percent of antibiotic, the killing rate of lincomycin to staphylococcus aureus only reaches 99.9 percent, the killing rate of other bacteria is less than 40%, so that the monatomic feed additive can replace various antibiotics.
In an antiviral test, the monatomic feed additive replacing antibiotics in the application has the inactivation rate of more than 99.9% for the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) and the porcine rotavirus (PoRV) with the most serious harm to the porcine viral diarrhea, and can improve the survival rate of piglets.
In a pig farm diarrhea test, the monatomic feed additive replacing antibiotics in the application obviously reduces the diarrhea condition of piglets, effectively kills bacteria and viruses causing diarrhea of the piglets, and improves the survival rate of the piglets.
The monatomic feed additive can effectively kill drug-resistant bacteria, in a drug-resistant antibacterial experiment, the killing rate of the monatomic feed additive replacing antibiotics on antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli reaches more than 99.9%, and compared with the antibiotic experiment, the killing rate is less than 48%.
In addition, in the feeding test of the broiler chickens, the mortality, the feed rate, the daily growth and other numerical values of the broiler chickens fed with the monatomic feed additives in the examples 1-4 in the application are obviously better than those of the control group, so that the monatomic feed additives replacing antibiotics in the examples 1-4 in the application can replace antibiotics to be used as special feed additives.
The embodiments of the present invention are preferred embodiments of the present application, and the scope of the present application is not limited by the embodiments, so: all equivalent changes made according to the structure, shape and principle of the present application shall be covered by the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A single-atom feed additive for replacing antibiotics is characterized in that: the monatomic feed additive is prepared from the following raw materials: a support and an active metal; the active metal is selected from one or more of trace elements contained in organisms; the active metal is encapsulated in situ on the support in the form of a single atom.
2. The monatomic feed additive of claim 1, in place of an antibiotic, wherein: the carrier is food-grade montmorillonite.
3. The monatomic feed additive of claim 1, in place of an antibiotic, wherein: the active metal is selected from one or more of Fe, Cu and Zn, and the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier is 1 (20-200).
4. A method of preparing a monatomic feed additive in place of antibiotics of any of claims 1-3, wherein: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, preparing a carrier precursor;
preparing an active metal monoatomic precursor to obtain a mixed solution containing the active metal monoatomic precursor;
step three, preparing a monatomic feed additive precursor: adding the carrier precursor prepared in the step one into the mixed solution prepared in the step two, carrying out ultrasonic treatment, stirring and mixing, adding water for washing, filtering to be neutral, drying, and grinding the product to obtain powder;
step four, generating the monoatomic feed additive in situ: and heating the obtained powder, cooling and grinding to obtain the monatomic feed additive capable of replacing antibiotics.
5. The method for preparing the monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics of claim 4, wherein: step one, preparing a carrier precursor: adding a sodium carbonate solution with the pH =8 into food-grade montmorillonite serving as a raw material, wherein the mass ratio of the food-grade montmorillonite to an alkaline solution is (20-80): 1, uniformly mixing, transferring the mixture into a reaction kettle for roasting and puffing, wherein the roasting temperature of the reaction kettle is 420-.
6. The method for preparing the monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics of claim 5, wherein: step one, preparing a carrier precursor: adding a sodium carbonate solution with pH =8 into food-grade montmorillonite serving as a raw material, uniformly mixing the food-grade montmorillonite and an alkaline solution according to the mass ratio of 50:1, transferring the mixture into a reaction kettle for roasting and puffing, taking out the mixture, cooling and grinding the mixture to obtain a carrier precursor, wherein the roasting temperature of the reaction kettle is 450 ℃, the pressure in the kettle is 0.8-1.0 MPa, and the roasting time is 10 min.
7. The method for preparing the monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics of claim 4, wherein: preparing an active metal monoatomic precursor in the second step: dripping 10-40 ml of 5% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid aqueous solution into a metal salt solution at the speed of 60-150 mu L/s, stirring for 2-5 h, then heating to 60 ℃ within 20-40 min, and continuously stirring for 2-4 h to obtain a mixed solution.
8. The method for preparing a monatomic feed additive in place of antibiotics of claim 7, wherein: and the metal salt in the second step is one or a combination of more of ferric chloride, zinc chloride and copper chloride, the concentration of the metal salt solution is 50-200 g/L, and the solvent of the metal salt solution is deionized water.
9. The method for preparing a monatomic feed additive in place of antibiotics of claim 7, wherein: preparing a monatomic feed additive precursor in the third step: and (2) adding the carrier precursor prepared in the step one into the mixed liquid prepared in the step two according to the mass ratio of the active metal to the carrier of 1 (20-200), carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30-60 min, stirring and mixing for 12-18 h, adding water, washing and filtering to be neutral, carrying out vacuum drying for 4-6 h at 100 ℃, and carrying out ball milling on the product for 30-60 min to prepare powder.
10. The method for preparing the monatomic feed additive for replacing antibiotics of claim 4, wherein: generating the monatomic catalyst in situ in the fourth step: and (3) heating the powder obtained in the third step at the temperature of 400-600 ℃ in the atmosphere of 2-15% hydrogen-argon mixed gas for 2-3 h, cooling, and performing ball milling until the particle size is less than 3 mu m to obtain the required monatomic feed additive.
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