CN113013391A - Method for preparing nitrogen-doped multidimensional and hierarchical porous carbon material adaptive to sulfur anode carrier of aluminum-sulfur battery - Google Patents
Method for preparing nitrogen-doped multidimensional and hierarchical porous carbon material adaptive to sulfur anode carrier of aluminum-sulfur battery Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A method for preparing nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon material with high specific surface area and high pore volume, which is used as a sulfur positive electrode carrier adapted to an aluminum-sulfur battery. The method comprises the following specific steps in sequence: firstly, preparing a polymer precursor with high nitrogen content through an amine-aldehyde polycondensation reaction; secondly, carbonizing the precursor through the action of high-temperature volatilization of zinc salt and the like to prepare the nitrogen-doped multidimensional porous carbon material; thirdly, optimizing the pore channel structure of the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical pore carbon material by etching potassium hydroxide; fourthly, loading elemental sulfur into the nitrogen-doped multidimensional multi-level porous carbon through a sublimation method to form a composite positive electrodeA pole; fifthly, preparing the anode piece of the aluminum-sulfur battery; sixthly, assembling the battery and evaluating the performance. The battery assembled by the anode material of the aluminum-sulfur battery prepared by the method and acetamide/aluminum chloride electrolyte is 0.2A g‑1After 50 times of circulation, the discharge capacity is kept at 1000mAh g‑1Above, at 1A g‑1After 700 times of lower circulation, the discharge capacity is kept at 400mAh g‑1Above that, the coulombic efficiency is kept above 96%. The invention has the advantages of low cost of raw materials, environmental protection, good structure optimization effect, easy modification, good cycle performance of the assembled aluminum-sulfur battery and the like. The invention is applied to the field of aluminum-sulfur batteries.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for preparing a nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon material adaptive to a sulfur anode carrier of an aluminum-sulfur battery, and particularly relates to the technical field of aluminum-sulfur batteries.
Background
Through the rapid development of the lithium ion in recent decades, the lithium ion is widely applied to the fields of electronic products, power energy, military affairs and the like. Currently, the secondary battery market still dominates lithium ion batteries. But the future large-scale application prospect of the lithium ion battery is limited by factors such as resource scarcity, high cost, potential safety hazard and the like.
The aluminum ion battery has the advantages of low price, high safety, environmental protection and the like, wherein the aluminum-sulfur battery draws wide attention due to the low price and the ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity. However, the sulfur positive electrode has problems of poor conductivity, large volume expansion during charging, slow reaction kinetics, and dissolution of polysulfide into the electrolyte, which may be present. Meanwhile, due to the characteristics of low ionic conductivity, high viscosity and the like of the electrolyte of the aluminum ion battery, the electrolyte is not well infiltrated with the anode, and the cost is high. Therefore, the reported problems of poor cycle performance, large charge-discharge polarization and the like of the aluminum-sulfur battery are caused by various reasons. The design and development of the composite sulfur anode carrier material with excellent performance for the aluminum-sulfur battery are the key points for solving the problems. The carbon material is an ideal sulfur anode sulfur carrier material due to the advantages of light weight, low cost, rich pore channel structure and the like. However, the electrochemical reaction environment of the aluminum-sulfur battery is completely different from that of the lithium-sulfur battery, and the electrolyte and the positive electrode are not well infiltrated due to low conductivity, high viscosity and the like of the ionic liquid, which puts different requirements on the structural design of the carbon carrier from that of the lithium-sulfur battery.
Aiming at the key problems of the aluminum-sulfur battery, a nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon material with high specific surface area and high pore volume is designed and prepared and is used as a sulfur anode carrier adaptive to the aluminum-sulfur battery. The macropores have the functions of infiltrating electrolyte and accelerating electrolyte conduction, the mesopores can improve the sulfur carrying capacity of the anode, provide ion transmission channels and accelerate ion transmission, and the micropores provide places for reaction and fix sulfur elements. The nitrogen element can be doped to rivet a reaction product, optimize the state density of the composite material, accelerate charge transmission and improve the conductivity of the anode. Meanwhile, the zero-dimensional, one-dimensional and two-dimensional carbon materials can be compounded to effectively construct a multi-dimensional structure carbon material, the conductivity and stability of the positive electrode are improved, and a proper amount of transition metal is introduced to reduce the reaction barrier and catalyze the electrochemical reaction, so that the cycling stability of the battery is improved, the polarization of the battery is reduced, and the electrochemical performance of the aluminum-sulfur battery is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material is prepared by performing polycondensation reaction on a diamine compound and polyformaldehyde, performing high-temperature carbonization on a zinc salt serving as a template to obtain the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material, and performing further modification by using methods such as etching, compounding, element doping and the like. The aluminum-sulfur battery using the series of materials as the sulfur anode carrier has good comprehensive electrochemical performance.
A method for preparing a nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon material adaptive to a sulfur positive electrode carrier of an aluminum-sulfur battery is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) polymer precursor preparation
Adding a diamine compound, paraformaldehyde, a zinc salt and a transition metal salt into a reaction bottle according to a certain proportion, adding a zero-dimensional, one-dimensional or two-dimensional carbon material and a high-boiling-point solvent according to the requirement, heating to 100 ℃ under the protection of argon, continuously stirring for 0.25-3h, cooling and standing to obtain a solution which is formed by uniformly mixing a high-nitrogen-content polymer precursor, the metal salt and the multi-dimensional carbon material. The molar ratio of the diamine compound, paraformaldehyde, zinc salt, transition metal salt and zero-to-two-dimensional carbon material is 1: 1: 1: 0: 0-1: 5: 6: 6: 1, the transition metal salt and the zero to two-dimensional carbon material are not added when the ratio is 0.
(2) Preparation of nitrogen-doped multidimensional and hierarchical porous carbon material
And adding a proper amount of polymer precursor solution into a porcelain boat, and placing the porcelain boat in a tubular furnace for high-temperature carbonization at 700-1000 ℃. Adjusting the air pressure in the tube furnace to 0-0.9 atm, heating to volatilize the solvent and water, heating to 400-700 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1-2h, heating to 700-1000 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 1-4h to obtain the nitrogen-doped multidimensional porous carbon material containing macropores, mesopores and micropores.
(3) Pore channel optimized nitrogen-doped multidimensional multi-level pore carbon material
Uniformly mixing the nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material prepared in the step (1-2) and potassium hydroxide in proportion under the protection of argon, placing the mixture in a tube furnace, slowly heating to 800 ℃, preserving heat for 2 hours, and cooling to room temperature; and (3) washing with acid to remove potassium hydroxide, washing with deionized water to neutrality, and drying in a vacuum oven to obtain the porous channel optimized nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon material.
(4) Preparation of nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional multi-level pore carbon-sulfur composite material
Uniformly grinding the nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon and the sublimed elemental sulfur, wherein the mass fraction of the sublimed elemental sulfur is 30-90 wt.%, and keeping the temperature of 155 ℃ for 12h under the protection of argon gas to obtain the nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon-sulfur composite material.
(5) Preparation of positive pole piece of aluminum-sulfur battery
Grinding the prepared nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon-sulfur composite material and a conductive agent uniformly, adding a binder, mixing uniformly, drying in a vacuum oven, manufacturing a pole piece by using a punch, and compacting the pole piece on a polar fluid.
(6) Battery assembly
And (4) assembling and sealing the nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous carbon-sulfur composite positive plate obtained in the step (5), a glass fiber diaphragm, ionic liquid or ionic liquid-like and an aluminum negative electrode in a glove box to obtain the aluminum-sulfur battery.
Due to the implementation of the technical scheme, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the carbon precursor is prepared by using a template method under a low-pressure state, and the low-pressure state is favorable for generated gas to escape out of the material to form a mutually communicated multi-level pore structure, so that the effects of infiltrating electrolyte, promoting ion migration, improving the sulfur carrying capacity of the anode and the like are achieved in the battery. Meanwhile, the diaminodiphenylmethane contains nitrogen as a nitrogen source and is introduced into the polymer, and the liquid precursor enables the zinc nitrate to be uniformly distributed in the polymer formed by the diaminodiphenylmethane and the polyformaldehyde, thereby being beneficial to forming a uniform pore structure in the pore-forming process.
According to the invention, the reaction temperature of zinc nitrate and decomposition products thereof is utilized, and the temperature gradient is adjusted according to the structural design of the carbon material precursor, so that the required structure is obtained. Specifically, the zinc nitrate is gradually carbonized along with the rise of the temperature, and is decomposed into zinc oxide and nitrogen dioxide gas in the temperature rise process, so that a transparent macroporous structure is formed in a low-pressure state. And (3) preserving the temperature at 400-700 ℃ to ensure that the zinc oxide is reduced by carbon to form a zinc simple substance and carbon dioxide gas, so as to form a mesoporous structure. And (3) keeping the temperature of 700-900 ℃ under a low pressure state to volatilize the zinc simple substance to form a microporous structure so as to remove the zinc element. The nitrogen element exists in the carbon material in the form of pyrrole, pyridine and graphitized nitrogen. The carbon material with nitrogen-doped multidimensional and hierarchical pore structure without further pore channel structure optimization has a specific surface area of more than 1500cm2 g-1Pore volume greater than 0.78cm3 g-1. The macropores have the functions of infiltrating electrolyte and accelerating electrolyte conduction, the mesopores can improve the sulfur carrying capacity of the anode, relieve volume expansion in the charging and discharging process, provide an ion transmission channel and accelerate ion transmission, and the micropores provide places for reaction and fix sulfur elements. The nitrogen element can be doped to rivet a reaction product, optimize the state density of the composite material, accelerate charge transmission and improve the conductivity of the anode. Thereby improving the cycling stability of the cell and reducing cell polarization.
The invention uses the etching method to treat the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon so as to achieve the effects of improving the specific surface area and the pore volume, reshaping the pore structure, optimizing the pore structure and the like. Under the condition of keeping the original multidimensional hierarchical pore structure, the quantity of mesopores and micropores is increased, so that the effects of improving the sulfur carrying capacity, accelerating ion transmission and stabilizing sulfur elements are achieved. The specific surface area of the nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous carbon material with the optimized pore channels is more than 2500cm2 g-1Pore volume greater than 1.24cm3 g-1。
The zero-to-two-dimensional carbon material added in the process of preparing the polymer precursor is uniformly distributed in the structure of the nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon after low-pressure carbonization, and plays roles in improving the conductivity, stabilizing the structure, sulfur element and the like.
The transition metal salt with proper type and quality is added in the process of preparing the polymer precursor, and the carbonized metal elements are uniformly distributed in the structure of the nitrogen-doped multidimensional and hierarchical porous carbon in the forms of simple substances and the like, so that the effects of catalyzing electrochemical reaction, improving reaction discharge voltage and reducing battery polarization in the charge-discharge process of a specific chalcogenide battery are achieved.
According to the invention, the nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous carbon-sulfur composite material is used as a positive electrode sulfur carrier, and low-cost amide/aluminum chloride and other ionic liquids are used as an aluminum-sulfur battery electrolyte, so that the battery circulation stability is improved, and the battery preparation cost is effectively reduced. The aluminum-sulfur battery assembled based on the anode and the electrolyte is safe, reliable, clean and environment-friendly, and is expected to be applied to electronic products, power energy, energy storage power stations and other aspects.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image of nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon in step (2) of embodiment 1 of the present invention, which shows a three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure.
Fig. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of channel-optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon in step (3) of embodiment 1 of the present invention, which shows a three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure, showing more dense mesopores compared to fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a comparison of nitrogen adsorption and desorption curves of nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon in embodiment 1 and channel-optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon in embodiment 1, where the nitrogen adsorption amount of the channel-optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon is greater than that of the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon, and the adsorption and desorption hysteresis loop is fuller, which indicates that the pore structure is changed and the pore volume is increased after etching.
Fig. 4 is a comparison of pore size distribution curves of the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon in embodiment 1 and the channel-optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon in embodiment 1 within a range of 0.6 to 20 nm. And in the mesoporous range of 3-20 nm, the pore diameter distribution trends before and after etching are completely consistent, which shows that the macroporous, mesoporous structure and distribution of the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical pore carbon are completely reserved after etching, and the three-dimensional hierarchical pore structure is not changed. The volume of the inner hole of the pore channel optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon in the mesoporous and microporous range below 3nm is obviously larger than that of the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon, which indicates that part of the mesopores are remolded into micropores in the etching process.
Fig. 5 is an XPS spectrum of N1s in nitrogen-doped three-dimensional multi-pore carbon in embodiment 1 of the present invention. In the form of pyrrole, pyridine and graphitized nitrogen.
Fig. 6 is an EDS spectrum of iron element in nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon in example 3 of the present invention, wherein the iron element is uniformly distributed and contained in an amount of 6.94 wt.%.
Fig. 7 is a scanning electron microscope image of nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous carbon containing carbon nanotubes in embodiment 4 of the present invention, which shows a three-dimensional multi-dimensional porous structure through which one-dimensional carbon nanotubes penetrate and communicate.
Fig. 8 is an aluminum-sulfur battery assembled by applying the prepared cathode material and an electrolyte in embodiment 1 of the present invention. At 0.2A g-1Constant-current charging and discharging are carried out, the charging and discharging voltage range is 0.1-1.75V, and the discharging specific capacity can reach 1583mAh g-1After 50 charge-discharge cycles, the capacity was maintained at 1029mAh g-1The coulombic efficiency reaches 90.8 percent.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
Example 1:
the method for preparing the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical pore carbon material adaptive to the sulfur cathode carrier of the aluminum-sulfur battery is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) polymer precursor preparation
1.98g of diaminodiphenylmethane, 0.75g of paraformaldehyde, 8.91g of zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 20mL of N-methylpyrrolidone are placed in a high-pressure reaction bottle, and are continuously stirred for 4 hours at 100 ℃ under the protection of argon, and then are cooled and kept stand to obtain a solution with high nitrogen content, wherein the polymer precursor and the zinc salt are uniformly mixed.
(2) Preparation of nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material
And (3) taking a proper amount of precursor solution into the square boat, and sintering in a tubular furnace. Regulating the air pressure in the tube furnace to 0.1atm all the time, keeping the temperature at 110 deg.C for 6h, and keeping the temperature for 5 min-1The temperature is raised to 600 ℃, and after the heat preservation is carried out for 1h, the temperature is further increased for 5 min-1Heating to 900 ℃ at the rate of (1), keeping the temperature for 2h, and then naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material containing macropores, mesopores and micropores, wherein the pore volume is 0.78cm3 g-1。
(3) Pore channel optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical pore carbon material
Mixing the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material prepared in the step (1-2) with potassium hydroxide according to a mass ratio of 1: 3 under the protection of argon, placing in a tube furnace, and heating at 2 deg.C for min-1Heating to 800 ℃, keeping the temperature for 2 hours, and cooling to room temperature. Washing with 5% dilute hydrochloric acid, washing with deionized water to neutrality, and drying in a vacuum oven to obtain the pore channel optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical pore carbon material.
(4) Preparation of nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical pore carbon-sulfur composite cathode material
Uniformly grinding the pore channel optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon prepared in the step (3) and the sublimed sulfur simple substance, wherein the mass fraction of the sublimed sulfur simple substance is 50 wt%, and preserving heat for 12 hours at 155 ℃ under the protection of argon gas to obtain the nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon-sulfur composite material.
(5) Preparation of positive pole piece of aluminum-sulfur battery
Firstly, grinding the prepared nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon-sulfur composite material and acetylene serving as a conductive agent uniformly, adding a polytetrafluoroethylene aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 15% as a binder, and mixing uniformly, wherein the mass ratio of the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon-sulfur composite material to the acetylene to the polytetrafluoroethylene is 8: 1:1. and drying in a vacuum oven for 12h, manufacturing a pole piece by using a punch, and compacting the pole piece on the molybdenum mesh pole fluid.
(6) Battery assembly
And (3) taking the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon-sulfur composite material obtained in the step (5) as a positive electrode and Swagelok as a battery mould, and sequentially assembling and sealing a positive electrode shell, a positive electrode plate, a Whatman D glass fiber diaphragm, acetamide/aluminum chloride (molar ratio is 1:1.3) electrolyte, high-purity aluminum foil and a negative electrode shell in a glove box filled with argon gas, and carrying out electrochemical test.
The battery is at 0.2A g-1Constant current charging and discharging are carried out, and the discharge specific capacity can reach 1583mAh g-1After 50 times of charge-discharge circulation, the capacity is kept at 1029mAh g-1The coulombic efficiency reaches 90.8 percent. Batteries at 1A g-1Constant current charge and discharge are carried out, and after 700 charge and discharge cycles, the discharge specific capacity is still more than 400mAh g-1。
Example 2:
otherwise as in example 1.
Except that 1g of zinc chloride was added during the preparation of the polymer precursor in step (1).
The pore channel structure of the prepared nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon is better improved, and the pore volume is 0.88cm higher than that in the step (2) of the embodiment 13 g-1. The aluminum-sulfur battery based on the material shows good long-cycle performance.
Example 3:
otherwise as in example 1. Except that in the step (1), 3.48g of ferric nitrate is added in the process of preparing the polymer precursor, and the iron element in the prepared nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon is uniformly distributed and has the content of 6.94 wt.%. Aluminum-sulfur battery at 0.2A g-1Constant current charging and discharging are carried out, and the average discharge voltage is increased from 0.6V to 0.75V.
Example 4:
otherwise as in example 1.
The difference is that in the step (1), 50mg of carbon nano tube is added into the polymer precursor and is uniformly mixed and then is carbonized at low pressure to obtain the nitrogen-doped multidimensional porous carbon.
Aluminum-sulfur battery at 0.2A g-1Constant current charging and discharging are carried out, and the discharging platform is 0.75V.
Example 5:
otherwise as in example 1.
Except that the cell optimization process in step (3) was not performed during the preparation process.
Aluminum-sulfur battery at 0.2A g-1Constant current charging and discharging are carried out, and the specific discharge capacity can reach 1650mAh g-1After 50 times of charge-discharge circulation, the capacity is kept at 388mAh g-1。
Example 6:
otherwise as in example 1.
The difference is that the mass ratio of the nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon material to the sublimed elemental sulfur in the step (4) is 3: 7. the battery is at 0.2A g-1Constant current charging and discharging are carried out, and the discharge capacity can reach 1341mAh g-1After 50 times of charge-discharge circulation, the specific discharge capacity is kept at 524mAh g-1。
Example 7:
otherwise as in example 1.
In the electrolyte in the step (6), 1M lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonylimide is dissolved in 1, 3-Dioxolane (DOL)/ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME) at a ratio of 1: 1V%, and 1% LiNO3Is an electrolyte. The lithium sulfur battery was assembled using 2032 button cells as the battery mold, lithium plate as the negative electrode, Celgard2500 as the separator.
The battery is at 0.2A g-1Constant current charging and discharging are carried out, and the discharge capacity can reach 1314mAh g-1After 100 times of charge-discharge circulation, the specific discharge capacity is kept at 500mAh g-1。
Example 8:
otherwise as in example 1.
In the step (6), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/aluminum chloride (molar ratio 1:1.3) is used as an electrolyte to assemble the aluminum-sulfur battery.
The battery is at 0.2A g-1Constant current charge and discharge are carried out, and after 50 times of charge and discharge cycles, the discharge specific capacity is kept at 600mAh g-1。
Example 9:
otherwise as in example 1.
And (6) assembling the soft package aluminum-sulfur battery by using the aluminum-plastic film as a battery case.
The battery is at 0.2A g-1Constant current charging and discharging are carried out, and the specific discharge capacity can reach 1043mAh g-1The discharge voltage was 0.6V.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preparing a nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon material adaptive to a sulfur positive electrode carrier of an aluminum-sulfur battery is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) polymer precursor preparation
Adding a diamine compound, paraformaldehyde and zinc salt into a reaction bottle, adding a high-boiling point solvent, heating at 50-150 ℃ under the protection of argon, continuously stirring for 0.25-6h, cooling and standing to obtain a solution which is formed by uniformly mixing a high-nitrogen-content polymer precursor and zinc salt.
(2) Preparation of nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material
Taking a proper amount of uniform solution of the polymer and the zinc salt, adding the uniform solution into a porcelain boat, and placing the porcelain boat in a tube furnace for high-temperature carbonization. And adjusting the air pressure in the tubular furnace to be lower than the atmospheric pressure, heating the tubular furnace to volatilize the N-methyl pyrrolidone and the water, heating the tubular furnace to 400-700 ℃, preserving the heat for 1-2 hours, heating the tubular furnace to 700-1000 ℃, and preserving the heat for 1-4 hours to obtain the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material containing macropores, mesopores and micropores.
2. The method for preparing the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical pore carbon material adapted to the sulfur cathode carrier of the aluminum-sulfur battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the diamine-based compound comprises: one or more of molecules such as diaminodiphenylmethane, p-phenylenediamine, diaminodiphenyl ether, aminobenzophenone, p-aminodiphenylamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, phenylenediamine and derivatives thereof; the zinc salts include: one or more of zinc salts such as zinc nitrate hexahydrate, zinc halide, zinc carbonate, zinc sulfate, zinc acetate and the like. The high boiling point solvent includes: one of N-methyl pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide. The molar ratio of the diamine compound, the paraformaldehyde and the zinc salt is 1: 1: 1-1: 5: 6. the low-pressure range in the tube furnace is 0-0.9 atm.
3. The method of any one of claims 1-2 is adopted to further optimize the pore structure to obtain the pore optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical pore carbon material, and is characterized by further comprising the following steps:
(3) uniformly mixing the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material prepared in the step (1-2) with potassium hydroxide under the protection of argon, placing the mixture in a tubular furnace, slowly heating to 800 ℃, preserving heat for 2 hours, and cooling to room temperature; and (3) washing with acid to remove potassium hydroxide, washing with deionized water to neutrality, and drying in a vacuum oven to obtain the pore channel optimized nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical pore carbon material.
4. The pore optimizing nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon material according to claim 3, wherein in the step (3), the mass ratio of the nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon material to the potassium hydroxide is 1: 2-1: and 4, the concentration of the dilute acid is 1-15 wt.%, and the acid is selected from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4 is adopted to further optimize the structure to obtain the nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical pore composite carbon material, and is characterized in that zero-dimensional, one-dimensional or two-dimensional carbon materials are also added in the step (1).
6. The nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional multi-pore composite carbon material according to claim 5, wherein the carbon material added comprises: one or more of zero-dimensional fullerene, zero-dimensional carbon quantum dots, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, one-dimensional carbon nanowires, one-dimensional carbon fibers, quasi-one-dimensional carbon nanohorns, two-dimensional graphene oxide, two-dimensional graphene fluoride, two-dimensional graphene hydride, two-dimensional graphene alkyne and other zero-two-dimensional carbon materials; the mass of the added carbon material accounts for 0-40% of the total mass of the final nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous composite carbon material, and when the mass is 0, the carbon material is not added.
7. The metal composite nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous carbon material prepared by adopting the method of any one of claims 1 to 6 and further adding a metal functional group is characterized in that a metal compound is also added in the step (1).
8. The metal composite nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous carbon material according to claim 7, wherein the metal cations in the metal compound are selected from manganese, magnesium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper metal cations; the molar ratio of the metal cations in the added metal compound to the zinc ions in the inorganic zinc salt is 0: 1-3: 1, is 0: 1 corresponds to no addition.
9. The method for preparing the aluminum-sulfur battery by adopting the nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous carbon material prepared by any one of the methods of claims 1 to 8 is characterized by further comprising the following steps:
(4) preparation of nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional multi-level pore carbon-sulfur composite material
Uniformly grinding the nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon and the sublimed elemental sulfur, wherein the mass fraction of the sublimed elemental sulfur is 30-90 wt.%, and keeping the temperature of 155 ℃ for 12h under the protection of argon gas to obtain the nitrogen-doped multidimensional hierarchical porous carbon-sulfur composite material.
(5) Preparation of positive pole piece of aluminum-sulfur battery
Grinding the prepared nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon-sulfur composite material and a conductive agent uniformly, adding a binder, mixing uniformly, drying in a vacuum oven, manufacturing a pole piece by using a punch, and compacting the pole piece on a polar fluid.
(6) Battery assembly
And (4) assembling and sealing the nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous carbon-sulfur composite positive plate obtained in the step (5), a glass fiber diaphragm, ionic liquid or ionic liquid-like and an aluminum negative electrode in a glove box to obtain the aluminum-sulfur battery.
10. The method for preparing the nitrogen-doped multi-dimensional porous carbon material-based aluminum-sulfur battery by adopting the method of claim 9, wherein the aluminum negative electrode comprises but is not limited to: metal aluminum, aluminum alloy, foamed aluminum, porous aluminum, electroplated aluminum foil and aluminum cathodes with various coating modifications on the surfaces; the electrolyte includes, but is not limited to: ionic liquids such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium halide/aluminum salt, 1-ethyl-2, 3, 5-trimethylpyrazole-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide/aluminum salt, and ionic liquids such as acetamide/aluminum halide, propionamide/aluminum halide, butyramide/aluminum halide, and urea/aluminum halide.
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