CN112995472B - Single-pixel imaging system and imaging method based on zero photon counting - Google Patents
Single-pixel imaging system and imaging method based on zero photon counting Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a single-pixel imaging system and an imaging method based on zero photon counting, wherein the single-pixel imaging method comprises the following steps: a. generating a binary random measurement matrix sequence; b. loading the measurement matrixes in the binary random measurement matrix sequence onto a spatial light modulator one by one, modulating an image of a target object on the spatial light modulator, allowing a modulated laser beam to enter a time-dependent single photon counter, performing repeated detection on each measurement matrix, and finally giving the number of detected photons; c. and screening the binary random measurement matrix sequence according to the photon counting, reserving the measurement matrix corresponding to the zero photon counting value, and summing the reserved measurement matrices to obtain a reconstructed image of the target object. The invention reconstructs the image by utilizing a zero photon counting means at each pixel, the system noise of the imaging is positioned in the background and is not positioned on the imaging target object, and therefore, the imaging quality based on the zero photon counting is better.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an extremely weak light detection system, in particular to a single-pixel imaging system and an imaging method based on zero photon counting.
Background
Photon counting imaging is a very weak light detection technique, which generally obtains an image by accumulating and fusing at the data processing end by recording the photon count at the imaging location and the probability of detecting photons. The core of photon counting imaging is a surface element detector, and factors such as the scale (array size) of the surface element detector, the sensitivity range of the surface element detector, the response wave band and the like can directly influence the obtained photons, thereby influencing the image obtaining quality. The sensitivity of the surface element detector is low, the price is high, and the surface element detector can be realized only in a few wave bands, so the surface element detector is not suitable for practical use.
In 2014, ahmedkirani, dheera venkatraman, and Dongeek Shin et al propose a first photon imaging method by establishing a probabilistic statistical model of a single photon detection process, combining spatial correlation of target adjacent pixels, and adopting a single-point scanning imaging mechanism, i.e., reconstructing an image by using a first detected photon at each pixel. On the basis of the method, a method for fast first-photon ghost imaging is proposed by Liu Xialin, sabal rainbow and Zeng Guihua and the like in 2018. This method improves on the first photon imaging by modulating the spatial intensity of the pulsed laser source with a binary random speckle pattern. Compared with a single-point scanning imaging mechanism of the first photon imaging, the imaging speed of the fast first photon ghost imaging method is greatly improved. Although this method has been proposed for five to six years, it has not reached the level of imaging of the current conventional optical imaging system in terms of imaging quality. Whether the first photon imaging method or the fast first photon ghost imaging method discards the case where no photons, i.e., zero photons, are detected, and they consider that such zero photons do not contribute to the imaging.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a single-pixel imaging system and a single-pixel imaging method based on zero photon counting, and aims to solve the problem that the imaging quality of the single-pixel imaging method is not high under the condition of extremely weak light at present.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows:
a zero photon count based single pixel imaging system comprising:
the supercontinuum laser is used for emitting laser with the wavelength of 660nm to a target object;
the attenuation sheet is arranged behind the target object, is positioned on a laser light path of the supercontinuum laser and is used for attenuating the laser light to the working range of the detector single photon counting module;
the first lens is arranged behind the attenuation sheet, is arranged on a laser light path of the supercontinuum laser and is used for converging attenuated laser after irradiating a target object;
the spatial light modulator is arranged between the double focal length and the single focal length of the first lens and is used for modulating the laser passing through the target object;
the second lens is arranged on a reflection light path of a laser light path of the super-continuum spectrum laser and used for converging the modulated light into the detector single-photon counting module;
the detector single photon counting module is arranged at the imaging focus of the second lens and used for counting the passing photons within set time;
the time-dependent single photon counter is respectively and electrically connected with the supercontinuum laser, the spatial light modulator and the detector single photon counting module and is used for recording the electrical synchronization of the supercontinuum laser, the overturning moment of the spatial light modulator and the photon arrival moment of the detector single photon counting module; and
and the computer is respectively and electrically connected with the spatial light modulator and the time-dependent single photon counter and is used for controlling the spatial light modulator to load a binary random measurement matrix and processing measurement data transmitted by the time-dependent single photon counter.
The invention can also be realized in the following way:
a single-pixel imaging method based on zero photon counting comprises the following steps:
a. generating a binary random measurement matrix sequence: setting the imaging resolution as m × m, and generating a binary random matrix phi with the same size as m × m, wherein all elements of the binary random matrix are 0 or 1, namely phi i,j Is e {0,1} and the probability that the matrix element takes a value of 0 is T (0)<T<1) I.e. Pr (phi) i,j = 0) = T, the probability of taking a value of 1 is 1-T; generating K measurement matrixes meeting the conditions in total to form a binary random measurement matrix sequence:
{Φ k |k＝1,2,…,K}
b. loading a binary random measurement matrix sequence [ phi ] k And (6) carrying out repeated detection: randomly measuring a binary matrix sequence phi k Loading all measurement matrixes in the device on a spatial light modulator one by one, modulating an image of a target object on the spatial light modulator, enabling a modulated laser beam to enter a time correlation single photon counting system, and enabling the time correlation single photon counting system to count each measurement matrix phi k The N repeated detections are performed within its modulation period, giving finally the number of detected photons, denoted as photon count N k ；
c. Screening measurementsMatrix, reconstruction of the image of the object: according to photon count n k For binary random measurement matrix sequence [ phi ] k Screening is carried out, and only measurement matrixes with photon counting values being zero are reserved to form a measurement matrix sequence: { phi k |n k =0}; after a detection period is finished, summing all the reserved measurement matrixes in the measurement matrix sequence to obtain a reconstructed image of the target object:
the binary random measurement matrix phi in the step a is generated in the following way:
a-1. Generating an m x m order continuous random matrix psi, wherein all matrix elements psi i,j Are independent random variables and are uniformly distributed in the range of (0,1), i.e.. Psi i,j ～U(0，1)；
a-2, taking T as a threshold value, carrying out binarization operation on the continuous random matrix psi:
and obtaining a binary measurement matrix phi.
In the step a, each binary random matrix phi corresponds to a binary random speckle pattern, and K random speckle patterns and 1 mark image are formed together; adding a blank image behind each binary random speckle pattern, and adding a blank image behind the marked image to form 2K +2 patterns.
The concrete mode of the step b is as follows:
b-1, setting the spatial light modulator to be in a circular playing mode, wherein the frame number A =2K +2 of the spatial light modulator is the number of binary random speckle patterns needing to be loaded; setting the laser repetition frequency as B, loading a binary random measurement matrix frame frequency as C by the spatial light modulator, and setting the repeated measurement times of each binary random speckle pattern as B/C;
b-2, loading binary random speckle patterns corresponding to all measurement matrixes in the binary random measurement matrix sequence on the spatial light modulator one by one, modulating the image of a target object on the spatial light modulator, and enabling the modulated laser beam to enter a time-dependent single photon counter;
b-3, taking the frame number A of 2 times as a detection period, and then, taking the required detection time as 2A/C;
b-4, the time correlation single photon counter performs B/C repeated detection on each measurement matrix in the modulation period of the time correlation single photon counter, and finally gives the number n of detected photons k 。
The relative photon count n detected by the structure in step b k Image F of target object on spatial light modulator and measuring matrix phi k The number of overlapping non-zero pixels is positively correlated. The set of non-zero pixels is:
then set S k The more elements in (1), the associated photon count n k The larger.
Because the photon counting process is subject to poisson statistics, the probability that no photon is detected by performing one detection is as follows:
P 0 (W)＝e -ηW
wherein: eta is the quantum efficiency of the single photon counting module of the detector, and W is the average photon number of the measuring beam.
When loading the measurement matrix phi k And then, the time-correlated single photon counter repeatedly detects the modulated light beam for N times in the modulation period, and the probability that no photon is detected is as follows:
from the maximum likelihood estimation, when a photon counts n k When =0, the average photon number of the modulated light beam is zero with a large probability, i.e., W k And =0. Average photon number W of modulated light beam k Is proportional to S k Number of elements of | S k I.e. W k ＝α|S k Where α is a constant representing the number of photons reflected by a single non-zero pixel. It is assumed here that the target object is a uniform binary object and the light source is uniformly illuminated. From W k If =0, | S k L =0. Therefore, the large number of repeated measurements ensures that the zero photon counting in the step c screens out the measurement matrix with the high probability that S is an empty set, namely { phi k |n k =0} and
in close proximity. This will ensure that the reconstructed image has a very high signal-to-noise ratio.
The invention adopts the discarded zero photon counting in the prior imaging technology to reconstruct the image and obtains the image information in a brand-new way. The imaging mode can greatly suppress the influence of shot noise during very weak light imaging, thereby obtaining a high-quality reconstructed image. The invention reconstructs the image by means of zero photon counting at each pixel, the system noise of the imaging is in the background and not on the object to be imaged, so the quality of imaging based on zero photon counting is better than the first photon imaging method and the fast first photon ghost imaging method.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a zero photon counting based single pixel imaging system according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a loaded 1 st binary random speckle pattern.
Fig. 3 is the 10000 th binary random speckle pattern loaded.
Fig. 4 is an image of a target for an experiment.
Fig. 5 shows the result of the single-pixel imaging method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
As shown in FIG. 1, the single pixel imaging system based on zero photon counting of the present invention comprises: the device comprises a supercontinuum laser 1, an attenuation sheet 3, a first lens 4, a spatial light modulator 5, a second lens 6, a detector single photon counting module 7, a time correlation single photon counter 8 and a computer 9. The detector single-photon counting module 7 and the time-dependent single-photon counter 8 form a time-dependent single-photon counting system.
The supercontinuum laser 1 is used to emit laser light having a wavelength of 660nm toward a target object. The attenuation sheet 3 is arranged behind the target object 2, is positioned on a laser light path of the supercontinuum laser 1, and is used for attenuating laser light to the working range of the detector single photon counting module 7 when the laser light is too strong. The first lens 4 is arranged behind the attenuation sheet 3 and is arranged on the laser light path of the supercontinuum laser 1 to converge attenuated laser light after irradiating a target object. The spatial light modulator 5 is disposed between the double focal length and the single focal length of the first lens 4, and modulates the laser light passing through the object. The second lens 6 is arranged on a reflection light path of the laser light path and used for converging the modulated light into the detector single photon counting module 7. The detector single photon counting module 7 is arranged at the imaging focus of the second lens 6 and is used for counting the passing photons within a set time. The time-dependent single photon counter 8 is respectively and electrically connected with the supercontinuum laser 1, the spatial light modulator 5 and the detector single photon counting module 7 and is used for recording the electric synchronization of the supercontinuum laser 1, the overturning moment of the spatial light modulator 5 and the photon arrival moment of the detector single photon counting module 7. And the computer 9 is respectively electrically connected with the spatial light modulator 5 and the time-dependent single photon counter 8 and is used for controlling the spatial light modulator 5 to load a binary random measurement matrix and processing measurement data transmitted by the time-dependent single photon counter 8.
660nm laser emitted by the supercontinuum laser 1 penetrates through a target object 2 and is attenuated by an attenuation sheet 3, the 660nm laser is imaged to a spatial light modulator 5 through a first lens 4, and reflected light is converged to a detector single photon counting module 7 through a second lens 6. The synchronous signal of the supercontinuum laser 1, the synchronous signal of the spatial light modulator 5 and the photon signal detected by the single photon counting module 7 are converged to a time-correlated single photon counter 8 and processed by the time-correlated single photon counter 8. The computer 9 controls the spatial light modulator 5 to load a binary random measurement diagram; the time-correlated single photon counter 8 transmits the measured data back to the computer 9, and the computer 9 processes the data.
The size of the array of the spatial light modulator 5 employed in the present embodiment is: 1024 × 768, the size of each micromirror in the spatial light modulator 5 is: 13.68X 13.68 μm. Each micromirror corresponds to a memory cell, and can be loaded with a value of 0 or 1, so that the micromirror is controlled to flip in two directions of + -12 deg.. A binary random measurement matrix obtained by pre-calculation is loaded on the spatial light modulator 5, so that the turning direction of each micromirror can be controlled. When one beam of light is irradiated on the spatial light modulator 5, in two directions of +/-12 degrees relative to the mirror surface of the spatial light modulator, one beam of light with modulated amplitude respectively exists, the transverse spatial distribution of the light field intensity of the two beams of light is different along with the difference of the loaded random matrix, and the light and shade conditions of the two beams of light at corresponding positions are opposite.
The single-pixel imaging method based on zero photon counting comprises the following steps:
1. a binary random measurement matrix sequence is generated. Firstly, setting the imaging resolution as 40 × 40 pixels, and generating a binary random matrix Φ with the same size as 40 × 40 pixels by MATLAB software, wherein the specific generation mode is as follows:
1-1. Generating a 40 x 40 order continuous random matrix Ψ in which all matrix elements Ψ i,j Are independent random variables and are uniformly distributed in the range of (0,1), i.e.. Psi i,j ～U(0，1)；
1-2, taking T as a threshold value, carrying out binarization operation on the continuous random matrix psi:
thus obtaining a binary random measurement matrix phi.
All elements in the binary random matrix are 0 or 1, i.e., # i,j E {0,1}, and the probability of a matrix element taking a value of 0 is 0.995, and the probability of taking a value of 1 is: 1-0.995=0.005; generating 8000 measurement matrixes meeting the conditions in total to form a binary random measurement matrix sequence:
{Φ k |k＝1,2,…,8000}。
each binary random measurement matrix corresponds to a binary random speckle pattern, 8000 random speckle patterns and 1 marker image (fig. 2) are generated in the experiment. The mark images are used for guaranteeing that a group of binary random speckle patterns can be completely loaded, and a group of complete speckle patterns are arranged between the two mark images. A blank image is added behind each measured speckle pattern and the mark image respectively, and the purpose of loading the blank images is to prevent crosstalk caused by untimely overturn of the spatial light modulator 5. Thus, 8000 × 2+2=16002 sheets are formed.
Fig. 3 is a randomly selected (10000 th) binary random speckle pattern. Comparing fig. 2 with fig. 3, it can be seen that the image of the speckle pattern is much smaller relative to the image of the mark, which is sufficient to distinguish a complete set of speckle patterns.
2. Loading a binary random measurement matrix sequence [ phi ] k And (6) carrying out repeated detection. The specific mode is as follows:
2-1, setting the spatial light modulator 5 to be in a circular playing mode, and loading the number of frames A =8000 × 2+2=16002 of the spatial light modulator 5, that is, the number of binary random measurement matrix speckle patterns. In this embodiment, the laser repetition frequency B =6.49MHz, and the spatial light modulator loads the binary random measurement matrix frame frequency C =1000fps, so that the repetition measurement frequency of each binary random speckle pattern is B/C =6.49 × 10 6 /1000=6490 times.
And 2-2, loading binary random speckle patterns corresponding to all measurement matrixes in the binary random measurement matrix sequence on the spatial light modulator 5 one by one, modulating the image of the target object on the spatial light modulator 5, and enabling the modulated light beam to enter a time-dependent single photon counting system.
2-3, taking 2 times the number of frames as a detection period is to ensure that a complete set of binary random speckle patterns can be detected. The required detection time was 2A/C =2 × 16002/1000 ≈ 33s.
2-4. The time-correlated single photon counting system performs B/C =6490 repeated detections on each measurement matrix in the modulation period, and finally gives the number of detected photons, which is expressed as photon count n k 。
3. And screening the measurement matrix, and reconstructing an image of the target object. Photometer obtained according to step 2-4Number n k For binary random measurement matrix sequence { phi k And (6) screening, and only keeping the measurement matrix with the photon counting value of zero, namely, no photon is detected for 6490 times, namely, the loaded measurement pattern is not overlapped with the target object. The screened measuring matrix sequence is { phi [ ] k |n k =0, and the reconstructed image of the target object can be obtained by summing all the matrices in the measurement matrix sequence:
in this embodiment, "river and large" with the image of 3mm shown in fig. 4 is used as the target object image, and imaging is performed according to the above-mentioned operation steps, and the imaging result shown in fig. 5 is finally obtained.
Claims (4)
1. A single-pixel imaging method based on zero photon counting is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a. generating a binary random measurement matrix sequence: setting the imaging resolution as m × m, and generating a binary random matrix phi with the same size as m × m, wherein all elements of the binary random matrix are 0 or 1, namely phi i,j Belongs to {0,1}, and the probability that the matrix element takes a value of 0 is T (0 < T < 1), namely Pr (phi) i,j = 0) = T, the probability of taking a value of 1 is 1-T; generating K measurement matrixes meeting the conditions in total to form a binary random measurement matrix sequence:
{Φ k |k＝1,2,…,K}；
b. load a binary random measurement matrix sequence [ phi ] k And (6) carrying out repeated detection: randomly measuring a binary matrix sequence phi k Loading all measurement matrixes in the system on a spatial light modulator one by one, modulating an image of a target object on the spatial light modulator, enabling a modulated laser beam to enter a time-dependent single photon counting system, and enabling the time-dependent single photon counting system to count each measurement matrix phi k The N repeated detections are made during its modulation period, and the number of detected photons is given as the photon count N k ；
c、Screening the measurement matrix, reconstructing an image of the target: according to photon count n k For binary random measurement matrix sequence [ phi ] k Screening is carried out, and only measurement matrixes with photon counting values being zero are reserved to form a measurement matrix sequence: { phi k |n k =0}; after a detection period is finished, summing all the reserved measurement matrixes in the measurement matrix sequence to obtain a reconstructed image of the target object:
2. the method of claim 1, wherein the binary random measurement matrix Φ in step a is generated by:
a-1. Generating a continuous random matrix psi of order mxm, where all matrix elements psi i,j Are independent random variables and are uniformly distributed in the range of (0,1), i.e.. Psi i,j ～U(0，1)；
a-2, taking T as a threshold value, carrying out binarization operation on the continuous random matrix psi:
thus obtaining a binary random measurement matrix phi.
3. The single-pixel imaging method based on zero photon counting according to claim 1, wherein each binary random matrix Φ in step a corresponds to a binary random speckle pattern, and K random speckle patterns and 1 mark image are formed together; adding a blank image behind each binary random speckle pattern, and adding a blank image behind the marked image to form 2K +2 patterns.
4. The method of zero photon count based single pixel imaging according to claim 3, wherein step b is performed by:
b-1, setting the spatial light modulator to be in a circulating play mode, wherein the frame number A =2K +2 of the spatial light modulator is the number of binary random speckle patterns needing to be loaded; setting the laser repetition frequency as B, loading a binary random measurement matrix frame frequency as C by the spatial light modulator, and setting the repeated measurement times of each binary random speckle pattern as B/C;
b-2, loading binary random speckle patterns corresponding to all measurement matrixes in the binary random measurement matrix sequence on the spatial light modulator one by one, modulating the image of a target object on the spatial light modulator, and enabling the modulated laser beam to enter a time-dependent single photon counter;
b-3, taking the frame number A of 2 times as a detection period, and setting the required detection time to be 2A/C;
b-4, the time correlation single photon counter performs B/C repeated detection on each measurement matrix in the modulation period of the time correlation single photon counter, and finally gives the number n of detected photons k 。
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