CN112982449B - Ecological reconstruction model of strip mine refuse dump and application - Google Patents
Ecological reconstruction model of strip mine refuse dump and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ecological reconstruction model of a strip mine refuse dump. The reconstructed model is of a platform-slope structure; a plurality of staggered runoff cells are arranged on the platform of the platform-slope structure; a peripheral water retaining cofferdam is arranged from the edge of the platform to the junction of the platform and the side slope; planting trees, shrubs and grasses or shrubs and grasses on the platform; planting shrubs or herbs on the side slope; the platform and the side slope are both of three-layer sponge ecological structures arranged on a matrix layer of the waste dump; from bottom to top, three-layer type sponge ecological structure includes water barrier, contains water layer and surface soil ecological layer. The ecological reconstruction structure has good long-term effect on the growth and species reproduction of vegetation, promotes the growth of species and the stability of an ecological system, and ensures that the diversity, the richness and the biomass of the vegetation in the refuse dump reach good levels. The ecological reconstruction model of the invention ensures that the moisture of the refuse dump is fully preserved and effectively utilized, and greatly improves the ecological reconstruction effect of the opencast coal mine.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an ecological reconstruction model of a strip mine refuse dump, belonging to the technical field of land reclamation and ecological reconstruction.
Background
The large-scale strip mine dumping ground is an artificial huge loose rock-soil accumulation body, a platform-side slope is a basic landform unit, the platform rock-soil is compacted by large-scale machinery in a layering mode, and the side slope is naturally accumulated and dumped to be loose rock-soil (figure 1). The newly-built refuse dump non-uniform settlement is obvious, and many cracks and cave, vegetation coverage are low, and its water erosion characteristic is compared the difference with original place looks and is showing, embodies in 3 specifically: firstly, a hard surface layer soil covering and rolling platform and steep slope loose rock soil create conditions for severe water erosion; secondly, the slope length of 50-80 m causes dense ditch-shaped erosion of the slope surface; and thirdly, the runoff collection path caused by uneven settlement and cracks has larger space-time change characteristics. On the other hand, in the open pit mining, in order to efficiently contain more rock and soil wastes, mechanical carrying and compaction are mostly adopted to increase the capacity of the waste dump, and the influence of the earthing hierarchical structure and physical properties on the ecological layout mode is often ignored, so that the effective control of the water erosion of the waste dump and the construction of a sponge surface structure with high water content are the foundation for land reclamation and vegetation restoration of a large waste dump in a semiarid loess area.
Storm runoff gathered by a large area of a refuse dump platform is easy to gather to wash a slope and a road, severe water and soil loss is caused, a large amount of runoff crack pouring can be caused, the stability of the refuse dump is influenced, and landslide is induced. Therefore, the design of the waste dump needs to consider the scouring damage of the rainstorm to the waste dump and pay more attention to the retention of precious water resources to promote the establishment and the recovery of the vegetation of the waste dump.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an ecological reconstruction model of a strip mine refuse dump, which can fully preserve and effectively utilize the moisture of the refuse dump and greatly improve the ecological reconstruction effect of a strip mine.
The ecological reconstruction model of the open pit refuse dump provided by the invention is of a platform-side slope structure, namely the whole body of the model consists of a platform and a side slope;
the platform of the platform-slope structure is provided with a plurality of staggered runoff cells;
a peripheral water retaining cofferdam is arranged from the edge of the platform to the junction of the platform and the side slope;
planting trees, shrubs and grasses or shrubs and grasses on the platform;
planting shrubs or herbs on the side slope;
the platform and the side slope are both of three-layer sponge ecological structures arranged on a matrix layer of the waste dump;
from bottom to top, three-layer type sponge ecological structure includes water barrier, contains water layer and surface soil ecological layer.
In the ecological reconstruction model, the area of the runoff plot is 50 x 50 cm-100 x 100cm, so that surface water is limited or blocked in the plot, and the surface water in the plot is finally infiltrated and stored in surface soil;
each runoff plot is a horizontal plane, so that the ground of the remediation site is small, flat and uneven;
and an isolation dike is arranged between the adjacent runoff cells.
In the above ecological reconstruction model, a drainage ditch is arranged at a position, close to the side slope, on the platform and matched with the separation dike, so that the effect that light rain does not flow out and heavy rain can be cut off and drained can be achieved.
In the above ecological reconstruction model, the arbor may be Chinese pine, pinus sylvestris and/or poplar;
the shrub can be fructus Hippophae, semen Pruni Armeniacae, amorpha fruticosa and/or herba Caraganae Intermediae;
the herb may be brome, alfalfa and/or sandawa;
the arbor, the shrub, and the herb may be configured as the case may be, such as: the arbor and shrub herb can be prepared from Chinese pine, wild apricot and bromus formosanus; the shrub may be prepared from wild apricot and bromus amastii.
In the ecological reconstruction model, 8-12 rows of protection forests are arranged in the peripheral water-retaining cofferdam.
According to the invention, the drainage ditch is arranged along the lower edge of the side slope of the flat disc of the waste dump, the peripheral water retaining cofferdam is built at the outer edge of the flat disc, arbor irrigation type structures are arranged at the two sides of the drainage ditch and the inner side of the water retaining wall, so that the side slope is prevented from being washed by water, and an ecological engineering system combining biological measures with projects such as scale pits and horizontal ditches of the side slope is established.
In the ecological reconstruction structure, the thickness of the waterproof layer can be 100-200 cm;
the waterproof layer is formed by compacting sand, soil and fly ash;
the permeability coefficient of the water-proof layer can be 0.35-0.7 m/d, and the compactness can be 1200-1400 KPa.
The fly ash can be obtained from a coal-fired thermal power plant;
the fly ash is spherical, the content of the fly ash with the diameter of 17-40 mu m is more than 85%, and the average particle size is about 30 mu m), wherein the fly ash mainly comprises silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide and calcium oxide.
In the ecological reconstruction structure, the thickness of the water containing layer can be 150-250 cm, and is preferably about 2 m;
the water containing layer can be formed by compacting sand, soil and fly ash;
the permeability coefficient of the water containing layer can be 10-20 m/d, and the compactness can be 800-900 KPa.
The sand, the sand and the soil are all from an open pit coal mining layered stripping matrix.
In the ecological reconstruction structure, the thickness of the surface soil ecological layer can be 40-60 cm;
the surface soil ecological layer refers to a surface soil layer stripped before mining or artificially added with a certain amount of organic matters in a mining area, and is suitable for vegetation growth.
The water containing layer in the ecological reconstruction structure is a layer for dynamically accumulating water and keeping the water content, when surface water is too much, water can seep downwards and is kept at the layer, when surface water is too little, the root system is penetrated to the layer to absorb water for adjustment, the thickness of the surface soil ecological layer is 40-60 cm, the root system is conveniently penetrated to the water containing layer to take water, so the water containing layer in the ecological reconstruction structure has the functions and characteristics of buffering and water retention, and not only has the function of water containing, but also has the function of ecological water containing and nourishing.
The ecological reconstruction structure is provided with a surface soil ecological layer of 40-60 cm, a water containing layer of 150-250 cm (the permeability coefficient is 10-20 m/d, and the compactness is 800-900 KPa), and a water resisting layer of 100-200 cm (the permeability coefficient is 0.35-0.7 m/d, and the compactness is 1200-1400 KPa), and can be used for monitoring the thickness and the water content of different soil layers by adopting a ground penetrating radar, water blocked and stored by a platform and a side slope can be better stored and called through a three-layer sponge ecological structure, and the soil layer structure can better meet ecological application.
The ecological reconstruction structure has good long-term effect on the growth and species reproduction of vegetation, promotes the growth of species and the stability of an ecological system, and enables the diversity, the abundance and the biomass of the vegetation in the refuse dump to reach good levels.
The ecological reconstruction model of the invention ensures that the moisture of the refuse dump is fully preserved and effectively utilized, and greatly improves the ecological reconstruction effect of the opencast coal mine.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an existing large-scale open pit coal mine external dump.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the ecological structure of a three-layer sponge used in the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a horizontal flat plate of the ecological reconstruction model of the refuse dump of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the water and soil conservation measures of the ecological reconstruction of the refuse dump of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows the daily precipitation during the study period in example 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the daily rainfall and the slope runoff depth in the study period in embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the daily rainfall and the slope erosion amount in the study period in embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The experimental procedures used in the following examples are all conventional procedures unless otherwise specified.
Materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
Example 1 three-layer sponge ecological Structure
As shown in fig. 2, the schematic diagram of the three-layer type sponge ecological structure of the invention is that after a large-scale soil and rock compaction project (a matrix layer of a dumping site), a water-resisting layer with the thickness of 1m (specifically 1 m-2 m) is laid, the water-resisting layer is formed by compacting sand, soil and fly ash, the permeability coefficient is 0.5m/d, and the compactness reaches 1300 KPa; laying a water containing layer with the thickness of about 2m, wherein the water containing layer is formed by compacting sand, soil and fly ash, the permeability coefficient is 15m/d, and the compactness reaches 850 KPa; and a surface soil ecological layer of 40-60 cm is paved on the uppermost layer, so that a three-layer sponge ecological structure is formed.
The fly ash adopted by the invention is spherical, the content of the fly ash with the diameter of 17-40 mu m is more than 85%, the average grain diameter is about 30 mu m, and the main components are silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide and calcium oxide.
The sand stone, sand and soil adopted by the invention are all from the open pit coal mining layered stripping matrix.
The surface soil ecological layer adopted by the invention is a stripped surface soil layer before mining in a mining area, and is suitable for vegetation growth.
The water containing layer in the ecological reconstruction structure is a layer for dynamically accumulating water and keeping the water content, when the surface water is too much, the water can seep downwards and be kept at the layer, when the surface water is too little, the root system is penetrated to the layer to absorb the water for adjustment, the thickness of the surface soil ecological layer is 40-60 cm, the root system is conveniently penetrated to the water containing layer to take water, and therefore the water containing layer in the ecological reconstruction structure has the functions and the characteristics of buffering and water retention, not only has the function of containing water, but also has the function of ecological water containing and nourishing.
According to the structure arrangement of the ecological reconstruction structure, the thickness and the water content of different soil layers can be monitored by adopting a ground penetrating radar, the water blocked and stored in the platform and the side slope can be better stored and transferred through the three-layer sponge structure, and the soil layer structure can better meet ecological application.
Example 2 application effects of three-layered sponge ecological Structure
Plants (Chinese pine, wild apricot, sea buckthorn and awnless brome) are planted on the three-layer sponge ecological structure and the structure with the surface soil ecological layer (namely, the structure is not provided with a water containing layer and a water resisting layer) with the upper part covered by 50cm, and the growth and the moisture change conditions of the plants on the two structures are examined.
The bottommost layers of the two structures are both rock sand mixed-row stacked structures.
(1) Community characteristic differences
Table 1 shows the results of vegetation characteristic analysis of vegetation planted on the three-layered sponge ecological structure of the present invention at the same reclamation age.
As can be seen from the data in Table 1, the vegetation characteristics of different soil layer structures and plots with different reclamation years have large differences in the indexes of species abundance, Shannon-Wiener index (SWI), aboveground biomass and the like. From the aspect of species abundance, the maximum value is 12.4 (+ -3.8) after 18 years of reclamation, but the difference is not great from 10 years and 22 years, and the vegetation abundance is obviously higher than that of 7 years. From SWI, the highest value is reached after 22 years of natural recovery, 6.8(± 1.1), and the reclamation time of 7 years is significantly different from 10 years, 18 years and 22 years. The highest value after 18 years of reclamation is 154.5 (+ -46.1) g/m in terms of aboveground biomass2After thatIn the order of 22 years, 10 years and 7 years. After 10 years of reclamation, the diversity, the abundance and the biomass of the vegetation in the waste dump all reach better levels.
TABLE 1 characterization of sponge-structured vegetation at different reclamation years
(No same letter in the same row indicates a significant difference (P <0.01))
Table 2 comparison of vegetation growth in earth heaps on different soil structures with similar top soil layers
As can be seen from the data in table 2, the growth of vegetation on different structures showed differences: the vegetation on the unstructured refuse dump is poorer in overall growth than that of a sponge structure, and the vegetation is sparse; the species is few; the no-structure reclamation can be carried out for 10 years, and the vegetation growth of the sponge structure reclamation of 7 years can not be achieved.
Therefore, the soil layer with the sponge structure has good long-term effect on the growth and species reproduction of the vegetation, and promotes the growth of the species and the stability of an ecological system.
(2) Variation of moisture in soil layers
In northwest region, 7-9 months are the concentrated rainfall seasons each year, more than 70% of rainfall is concentrated in the seasons, and most of rainfall is heavy rain. And after 9 months of continuous rainfall for 1 week, monitoring the moisture content of the soil layer, wherein the moisture content at different levels is different. In a sunny day after rain, the temperature rises rapidly and the evaporation increases, as shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 soil moisture content variation of refuse dump with similar different soil layer structure on top soil layer
(3) Water retention effect
Compared with a non-structure stacked soil layer, the ecological reconstruction method has the advantages that a sponge structure (the upper part is covered with surface soil of 40-60 cm, and a water containing layer of 2m and a water resisting layer of 1m are arranged on the lower part) is adopted, the water evaporation capacity in a planting arbor + irrigation combined ecological reconstruction area is reduced by about 17-38%, the air relative humidity is improved by 10-30%, the crop invalid transpiration is reduced by 22-37%, and the microclimate in a mining area is effectively adjusted by adopting the sponge structure ecological reconstruction in an opencast coal mine; the soil erosion amount is reduced, and the scouring amount is reduced. The method is characterized in that the arbor shrubs (Chinese pine, wild apricot and awnless brome), shrubs (sea buckthorn and awnless brome) and grass (awnless brome) with different configurations are planted on the sponge soil layer structure to grow well, and the vegetation coverage reaches 100%, 80% and 60% after 7 years of reclamation. The average water and soil loss of bare land (the vegetation coverage is less than 10%) is 1.806, 3.027, 4.923, 11.977 and 46.667 times of vegetation coverage of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively, and the vegetation reconstruction greatly reduces water and soil loss. When the vegetation coverage reaches 60-80%, the average soil loss is 258.137-628.087 t/km2A, belonging to mild erosion, basically eliminating the damage of water and soil loss, showing that the sponge structure has better ecological significance for regulating the storage and ecological utilization of water and reducing the water and soil loss.
Example 3 ecological reconstruction model of strip mine refuse dump
On the basis of the three-layer sponge ecological structure provided by the invention, an ecological reconstruction model of the strip mine waste dump is constructed into a platform-side slope structure. Wherein, a plurality of staggered runoff districts with the area of 50 multiplied by 50 cm-100 multiplied by 100cm are arranged on the platform, so that surface water is limited or blocked in the small districts and seeps into the sand soil culvert water layer, and a water retaining cofferdam around the platform is arranged at the junction of the edge of the platform and the side slope. Therefore, the method not only prevents the occurrence of large-flow, high-flow-rate and long-flow erosive runoff, but also utilizes the characteristics of large porosity and large thickness of the water-containing layer to seep and store surface water in the region into surface soil bodies of the waste dump (as shown in figure 3). Each flat disc of the refuse dump is divided to be leveled into a community, so that the ground of the refuse dump is uneven in size. The drainage ditch is excavated in the sloping field by utilizing the isolation dikes built among the communities, so that the light rain does not flow out, and the heavy rain can be intercepted and drained; for the formed step slope with less soil and more stones, no additional soil is covered, and a 'living fence' (densely planted shrub or perennial herb) is planted by using soil dressing to prevent water and soil loss. For a step slope with the gradient of more than 35 degrees, a gentle slope measure is properly carried out, high plant runoff with high altitude, mainly comprising dry-enduring and soil-fixing shrubs such as caragana microphylla and sea-buckthorn, is directly converged into a platform dispersed plot below the high plant runoff on the basis of horizontal ditch soil preparation of the slope, and hedgerows are lifted for planting of the platform. And constructing 8-12 rows of large pit protection forests in the water retaining cofferdam at the periphery of the platform. The slope surface is not provided with a dispersion runoff plot any more, and the side slope provides better water support. The water content condition of the slope toe is good, and fast-growing trees are planted.
As shown in fig. 4, on the cross-sectional view of the dump, drainage ditches are arranged along the lower edge of the side slope of the flat plate of the dump, peripheral water retaining cofferdams are built at the outer edge of the flat plate, arbor irrigation type structures are arranged at the two sides of the drainage ditches and the inner sides of the peripheral water retaining cofferdams to prevent the side slope from being flushed by water, and an ecological engineering system combining biological measures with projects such as scale pits and horizontal ditches of the side slope is established.
Example 4 influence of different Water and soil conservation measures in strip mine dumps on soil erosion
1. Research method
The inner Mongolian Tourdo-Daisei open-pit coal mine is used as a research target area, and a slope runoff plot is adopted to research the relation between natural rainfall and runoff, so that the influence of different vegetation measures and treatment modes of the waste dump on soil erosion is disclosed, and the water and soil conservation effect of different vegetation measures of the waste dump is provided.
Building a runoff plot, observing and collecting precipitation data:
in the west slope of the north dump (beginning vegetation restoration and reconstruction in 1993), runoff plot 12 is established in different vegetation measure treatment areas on the slope of 1200-1275 m at the elevation, and 3 runoff plots with the length of 20m and the width of 5m are arranged on each vegetation type and control area. The elevation of the runoff plot is between 1200m and 1275m, and the runoff comparison area is arranged in a negative bay refuse dump (see table 4).
TABLE 4 characteristic table of different runoff plot
The research area is concentrated in a small range and is built through standardized dumping, the terrain (slope, slope length) and the soil type (disturbed yellow continuous soil) are basically consistent, and the difference is vegetation (artificial configuration) and rainfall. Therefore, different artificial vegetation types (table 4) and daily rainfall are selected for observing and analyzing the slope water and soil loss. The rainfall is data of 5-10 months (snowfall is more in 11-4 months of the year of Yi, so observation is not carried out), during which, if continuous precipitation events occur, only the measured data of the most complete day is selected to be analyzed, and the daily rainfall data is derived from the data of the Scher Bay meteorological station nearest to the Heishiwaigou. By using the runoff depth (mm) of the slope and the soil erosion amount (kg/m)2) And (6) measuring the runoff plot actually.
2. Data analysis
(1) Characteristic of daily change of precipitation
In the observation period of 5-10 months in 2018 and 5-10 months in 2019, the number of days for precipitation was 64 in 2018 and 60 in 2019 (Table 5). From the characteristics of the occurrence frequency and the precipitation amount of precipitation of different levels, the precipitation probability of <5mm is the highest and is more than 57%; the precipitation probability is lowest and is less than 2% when the precipitation probability is more than 25 mm; the occurrence frequency of 5-10mm and 10-25mm is between 11.7% and 21.9%. From the view of accumulated precipitation, the ratio of 10-25mm to 5-10mm is higher and is respectively between 23.0 percent to 25.7 percent and 43.6 percent to 52.2 percent; precipitation of >25mm occurs only once per year but accounts for 9.0% and 12.1% respectively; <5mm precipitation, although occurring frequently, accounts for only 13.1% and 21.3%. The total number of effective monitoring days obtained in the two-year monitoring is 38 days, wherein the number of days in 2018 is 23 days, and the number of days in 2019 is 15 days. The rainfall, which was most frequently monitored, was 5-25mm for 30 days, as shown in table 5 and fig. 5(a) for 2018, fig. 5(b) for 2019, abscissa 1 for 5 months and 1 day, and so on).
TABLE 5 statistical characteristics of precipitation during the study
(2) Erosive power of rainfall
In the study of soil erosion caused by precipitation, the terrain, soil, vegetation, precipitation and the like are key factors considered in the study. In the experiments herein, the research area is concentrated in a small area and is built up with standardized dumping, is substantially consistent in terrain, soil type, and is differentiated by vegetation and rainfall. Therefore, different artificial vegetation types and the daily rainfall erosion force index are selected for analysis. Calculating rainfall erosion force:
α＝21.586·β-7.1891 (2)
β＝0.8363+24.455·Py12 -1+18.144·Pd12 -1 (3)
in the formula: riIs the rainfall erosion value of the ith month period (MJ mm hm)-2·h-1·a-1) (ii) a n is 1, 2, …, m, which is the number of erosive rainfall days in a certain period (herein, 5-10 months per year); pnThe total amount of the day rainfall is less than 12mm, and the total amount of the day rainfall is calculated as 0 mm; alpha and beta are model parameters; py12The average rainfall is the average rainfall of more than or equal to 12mm per year (the average value of 2000-2018 is adopted in the text); pd12The daily average rainfall (the ratio of the sum of the daily rainfall of the erosive rainfall to the corresponding number of days in one year) is equal to or more than 12 mm. The rainfall erosion value with the daily rainfall exceeding 12mm can be directly estimated by the above formula.
The daily rainfall data is the data of Schering Goujiawan meteorological station nearest to Heishizi, and the soil erosion condition of the slope is the runoff depth (mm) and the soil erosion amount (kg/m)2)2 parameters were analyzed. ANOVA method is adopted for analyzing the significant difference between different treatment measure pairsThe process is carried out in SPSS.
(3) Runoff depth and erosion amount of runoff plot with different artificial plant configuration measures
Less rainfall and water sand samples were collected at less than 5mm rainfall in 38 days (times) of the assay observed in 2018 and 2019, with no incorporation into the analysis. The initial rainfall of the collected accurately measurable samples was 5.1mm and the maximum rainfall was 35.8mm, see table 6.
TABLE 6 runoff plot observed values for different artificial plants (daily rainfall 5.1 ~ 35.8mm)
From the relationship between rainfall and runoff depth (fig. 6), no matter the bare slope is not treated or the slope is treated by different plant measures for 22 years, the two have a better linear relationship. From the R value significance inspection result, for the arbor, shrub and grass treatment area with effective data measured when the rainfall reaches 6.4mm, R is0.001,270.580, 3 other regions R0.001,30And when the values are 0.554, the values are all smaller than the values of the fitted regression equation R, so that the fitting trend of the values is credible. From the characteristic of the variation trend (the slope of the regression equation), the control area (0.361, figure 6(a)) is larger than the vegetation treatment area; the arbor and shrub area (0.277, fig. 6(b)) was comparable to the shrub area (0.229, fig. 6(c)) in 3 treatment measures, but the herbaceous treatment area was lower at 0.219 (fig. 6 (d)).
From the relationship between rainfall and erosion (fig. 7), there was also a better linear relationship between the control zone and the 3 different phytoaction treatment zones. From the results of the R value significance examination, the R values are all smaller than the R value of the fitting regression equation, and the fitting trend of the R values is reliable. From the characteristics of the variation trend (the slope of the regression equation), the variation characteristics are different from rainfall and runoff depth, and a control area (0.151, figure 7(a)) is larger than a vegetation management area; in 3 treatments, the arbor and shrub area (0.003, FIG. 7(b)) was comparable to the shrub area (0.004, FIG. 7(c)), and the grass treatment area was 0.015 higher (FIG. 7 (d)).
(3) Analysis of results
According to the slope soil erosion characteristic that the vegetation of the black Dai ditch opencast coal mine dump is recovered for 22 years, the minimum daily rainfall of the slope soil runoff is larger than 5.1 mm. Although runoff was monitored 6 times (7.4% of this grade) with precipitation less than 5mm in 2 years of experimental observation, the amount produced was minimal. The reason for this small probability of occurrence is related to the rain type, since slope runoff can also occur if the rainfall is concentrated (gusts) in the case of rainfall less than 5 mm. This can be surrendered from the control experiment for the study report (Chenhai late, 2011; Zule billows, 2013). The rainfall days for generating soil erosion is 10-25mm, and the occurrence probability is 43.0-43.5%; secondly, the thickness is 5-10mm, and is 33.3% -39.2%; whereas rainfall above 25mm occurred only 1 time per year (table 5).
From the characteristics of daily rainfall and soil erosion by different vegetation measures of the side slope, the arbor and shrub configuration consisting of the Chinese pine, the armeniaca sibirica and the awnless brome has the optimal effect of reducing the runoff depth of the side slope, and runoff generated in an observation period of 2 years is only 42.9 percent of that of a control area; the grass irrigation area mainly comprising wild apricot and awnless brome is 52.6 percent; the herbaceous area with brome without awn as main material is 71.2%. Wherein, the control area and the herbaceous area have no significant difference (0.001 level), which indicates that the slope treatment effect of single herbage is poor and is not suitable for being adopted from the viewpoint of reducing the runoff of the slope; the difference between the arbor and shrub areas is also not significant, which shows that the two measures can be mutually replaced in consideration of fund restriction in the implementation of water conservation measures. From the viewpoint of controlling the soil erosion amount, the area of arbor, shrub and grass is only 2.3 percent of the control area, the area of shrub and grass is 2.8 percent, and the area of herb is 6.7 percent. Wherein, the control area and different plant configuration areas have significant difference (0.001 level), which shows that 3 configuration modes can achieve better effect from the viewpoint of reducing the soil erosion amount of the slope. From the relationship between daily rainfall and runoff depth and erosion (fig. 6 and 7), the control zone and the three plant configuration zones all had a good positive linear relationship (minimum R value 0.871, significant at the 0.001 level). This result is substantially similar to that obtained by Zhugorie et al (2016) under simulated control of grade, coverage and rainfall, i.e., the runoff generating time is positively correlated with the coverage under certain grade conditions. The difference is that the variation trend of rainfall and runoff depth is larger than that of rainfall and erosion, and the linear slopes of the two types respectively vary between 0.219-0.361 and 0.003-0.151, which shows that the response of slope runoff to rainfall variation is faster than that of soil erosion. From the changing trend, the common point of the two types is that the slope is positive, which shows that the soil erosion is increased along with the increase of rainfall (rainfall erosion force).
(4) Conclusion
Different vegetation allocation disposal modes have obvious influence on soil erosion of the side slope of the refuse dump. From the viewpoint of controlling the slope runoff, arbor-shrub grass and shrub grass configurations are better choices, and the slope runoff generated by the arbor-shrub grass and the shrub grass is only 42.9 percent and 52.6 percent of the control, and the arbor-shrub grass and the shrub grass have no statistically significant difference. From the viewpoint of controlling the slope erosion amount, the three plant configuration measures are all significantly different from the control area, and the soil erosion amount is only 2.3% -6.7% of the control area. The daily rainfall is obviously linear with the slope runoff and the soil erosion amount, but the linear change slope of the relationship with the runoff depth is larger than that of the relationship with the soil erosion amount.
Claims (4)
1. An ecological reconstruction model of a strip mine refuse dump is of a platform-slope structure;
the platform of the platform-slope structure is provided with a plurality of staggered runoff cells;
the area of the runoff plot is 50 multiplied by 50 cm-100 multiplied by 100 cm;
each runoff plot is in a horizontal plane;
an isolation dike is arranged between the adjacent runoff cells;
a peripheral water retaining cofferdam is arranged from the edge of the platform to the junction of the platform and the side slope;
planting trees, shrubs and grasses or shrubs and grasses on the platform;
planting shrubs or herbs on the side slope, wherein the trees are Chinese pine, pinus sylvestris and/or poplar trees, the shrubs are sea buckthorn, wild apricot, amorpha fruticosa and/or caragana microphylla, and the herbs are bromus formosanus, alfalfa and/or sandthrax;
the platform and the side slope are both of three-layer sponge ecological structures arranged on a matrix layer of the waste dump;
from bottom to top, the three-layer sponge ecological structure comprises a water-resisting layer, a water-containing layer and a surface soil ecological layer;
the thickness of the water-resisting layer is 100-200 cm;
the waterproof layer is formed by compacting sand, soil and fly ash;
the permeability coefficient of the waterproof layer is 0.35-0.7 m/d, and the compactness is 1200-1400 KPa;
the thickness of the water containing layer is 150-250 cm;
the water containing layer is formed by compacting sand, soil and fly ash;
the permeability coefficient of the water containing layer is 10-20 m/d, and the compactness is 800-900 KPa;
the thickness of the surface soil ecological layer is 40-60 cm;
the surface soil ecological layer refers to a surface soil layer stripped or added with organic matters before mining in a mining area.
2. The ecological reconstruction model of claim 1, wherein: and a drainage ditch is arranged on the platform close to the side slope.
3. The ecological reconstruction model of claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: and 8-12 rows of protection forests are arranged in the peripheral water retaining cofferdam.
4. Use of the ecological reconstruction model of any one of claims 1-3 in strip mine dump land reclamation and vegetation reconstruction practices;
can combine ground penetrating radar monitoring discernment the soil layer thickness and the moisture content of three-layer type sponge ecological structure through different vegetation and soil layer sponge structure combination, protect the retaining branch and promote ecological reconstruction.
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