CN112978999A - Waste water treatment method for pickling quartz sand - Google Patents
Waste water treatment method for pickling quartz sand Download PDFInfo
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- CN112978999A CN112978999A CN202110236942.XA CN202110236942A CN112978999A CN 112978999 A CN112978999 A CN 112978999A CN 202110236942 A CN202110236942 A CN 202110236942A CN 112978999 A CN112978999 A CN 112978999A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
- C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
- C02F1/5245—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents using basic salts, e.g. of aluminium and iron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
- C02F1/54—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using organic material
- C02F1/56—Macromolecular compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F2001/007—Processes including a sedimentation step
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/12—Halogens or halogen-containing compounds
- C02F2101/14—Fluorine or fluorine-containing compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/005—Processes using a programmable logic controller [PLC]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH
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Abstract
The embodiment of the invention discloses a wastewater treatment method for pickling quartz sand. Uniformly mixing waste water with different concentrations and needing to be recycled, conveying the waste water into a pH neutralization tank, and neutralizing the pH value of the waste water in a reaction tank to a specified pH value by using lime milk; adding a coagulant and a flocculant in sequence, conveying the mixture to a first sedimentation tank for sedimentation and filtration to obtain a filter cake and filtrate, and conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the first sedimentation tank to a circulation tank for cyclic utilization; extracting wastewater to be discharged from a circulating pool into a discharging pool, neutralizing the pH value in the discharging pool to the specified pH value by using calcium chloride and alkali liquor, sequentially adding a coagulant and a flocculant, and conveying the mixture to a second sedimentation tank for sedimentation and filtration to obtain a filter cake and filtrate; and conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the second sedimentation tank to a pH adjusting tank, adjusting to a preset pH threshold value, and discharging. The method controls the reaction dosage of the wastewater treatment, reduces the use cost of the reaction medicament and reduces the wastewater pollution.
Description
Technical Field
The embodiment of the invention relates to the technical field of wastewater treatment, in particular to a wastewater treatment method for pickling quartz sand.
Background
With the continuous improvement of the living standard of people, manufacturers of glass, ceramics, refractory materials and the like at home and abroad put forward higher quality requirements on raw materials such as quartz sand powder and the like. At present, the quartz sand impurity removal method is mostly adopted by an electromagnetic separation method, and the effect is not ideal; the most effective and thorough impurity removal method is achieved by means of acid washing; the biggest disadvantage of acid washing for impurity removal is that a large amount of acidic waste water is generated in the purification process, and if the acidic waste water is not well treated, the environment is polluted. Therefore, how to effectively and comprehensively treat and utilize the acidic wastewater generated in the acid washing process is always the most troublesome problem for quartz sand purification enterprises.
At present, acid wastewater generated by acid washing and purifying quartz sand is mainly neutralized by alkali liquor until the pH value is neutral and then discharged, but reaction raw materials in different stages cannot be reasonably controlled, the cost of a water treatment agent is increased, and the wastewater pollution is large.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a wastewater treatment method, a wastewater treatment device, computer equipment and a readable storage medium for pickling quartz sand, and aims to solve the problems of high cost and high wastewater pollution of water treatment agents in the prior art.
In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a wastewater treatment method for acid-washed quartz sand, which includes:
collecting waste water with different concentrations and needing to be recycled into an adjusting tank for adjustment;
conveying the uniformly adjusted wastewater into a pH neutralization tank, and neutralizing the pH value of the wastewater in the reaction tank to a specified pH value by using lime milk;
conveying the neutralized wastewater to a coagulation tank, and adding a coagulant for coagulation and stirring;
conveying the coagulated wastewater to a flocculation tank, and adding a flocculating agent for flocculation and stirring;
conveying the flocculated wastewater to a first sedimentation tank for sedimentation, filtering sediments to obtain a filter cake and filtrate, and conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the first sedimentation tank to a circulating tank for recycling;
extracting wastewater to be discharged from a circulating pool into a discharging pool, neutralizing the pH value in the discharging pool to the specified pH value by using calcium chloride and alkali liquor, sequentially adding a coagulant and a flocculant into the neutralized wastewater, conveying the neutralized wastewater to a second sedimentation tank for sedimentation, and filtering the sediment to obtain a filter cake and filtrate;
and conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the second sedimentation tank to a pH adjusting tank, adjusting to a preset pH threshold value, and discharging.
Preferably, the wastewater is reacted in the pH neutralization tank, the coagulation tank and the flocculation tank for 20 minutes, respectively.
Preferably, the stirring speed of the wastewater in the pH neutralization tank and the coagulation tank is 75 rad/min.
Preferably, the stirring speed of the wastewater in the flocculation tank is 35 rad/min.
Preferably, the coagulant is polyaluminium chloride as a component.
Preferably, the component of the flocculant is polyacrylamide.
Preferably, the alkali liquor is composed of sodium hydroxide solution.
Preferably, the pH threshold is 6.0-8.0.
Preferably, the specified pH value is 9.0-10.0.
Preferably, the delivering the supernatant and the filtrate in the second sedimentation tank to a pH adjustment tank, and the discharging after the adjustment to the preset pH threshold value includes:
overflowing the supernatant in the second sedimentation tank into a pH readjustment tank, conveying the filtrate into the pH readjustment tank, mixing the filtrate with the supernatant, adjusting the mixture to a preset pH threshold value, and detecting whether the wastewater reaches a discharge standard;
if yes, discharging the wastewater reaching the standard;
if not, returning the wastewater which does not reach the standard to the regulating tank.
The embodiment of the invention provides a wastewater treatment method for pickling quartz sand. The method comprises the steps of collecting waste water with different concentrations and needing to be recycled into a regulating tank for regulation; conveying the uniformly adjusted wastewater into a pH neutralization tank, and neutralizing the pH value of the wastewater in the reaction tank to a specified pH value by using lime milk; conveying the neutralized wastewater to a coagulation tank, and adding a coagulant for coagulation and stirring; conveying the coagulated wastewater to a flocculation tank, and adding a flocculating agent for flocculation and stirring; conveying the flocculated wastewater to a first sedimentation tank for sedimentation, filtering sediments to obtain a filter cake and filtrate, and conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the first sedimentation tank to a circulating tank for recycling; extracting wastewater to be discharged from a circulating pool into a discharging pool, neutralizing the pH value in the discharging pool to the specified pH value by using calcium chloride and alkali liquor, sequentially adding a coagulant and a flocculant to the neutralized wastewater, conveying the wastewater to a second sedimentation tank for sedimentation, and filtering the sediment to obtain a filter cake and filtrate; and conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the second sedimentation tank to a pH adjusting tank, adjusting to a preset pH threshold value, and discharging. The method strictly controls wastewater treatment reaction drugs, effectively reduces pollution generated by wastewater, and improves the removal rate of fluorine ions in the wastewater.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a wastewater treatment method for pickling quartz sand according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a process for treating recyclable wastewater in the wastewater treatment method for pickling quartz sand according to the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a process flow chart of the treatment of the discharged wastewater in the wastewater treatment method for pickling quartz sand according to the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic subflow of a wastewater treatment method for pickling quartz sand according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It will be understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification and the appended claims, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the specification of the present invention and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
It should be further understood that the term "and/or" as used in this specification and the appended claims refers to and includes any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a wastewater treatment method for pickling quartz sand according to an embodiment of the present invention, including steps S110 to S170.
Step S110, collecting the waste water with different concentrations and needing to be recycled into a regulating tank 1 for regulation;
s120, conveying the uniformly adjusted wastewater to a pH neutralization tank 2, and neutralizing the pH value of the wastewater in the reaction tank to a specified pH value by using lime milk;
in the embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, fluorine-containing wastewater with different concentrations discharged from a quartz sand purification plant is collected into an adjusting tank 1, the wastewater with different concentrations is uniformly mixed in the adjusting tank 1, then the wastewater is conveyed into a pH neutralization tank 2, a proper amount of lime milk is automatically added into the pH neutralization tank 2 through an adjuster to perform neutralization reaction with the wastewater, and Ca2+ ions in the lime milk react with F-ions in the wastewater to generate CaF; and neutralizing the pH value of the wastewater to 9.0-10.0. Furthermore, the regulator is a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). In order to increase the reaction speed, the lime milk is added, and then stirring is carried out, so as to reduce the reaction time, wherein the stirring speed is 75rad/min, and the reaction time is 20 minutes.
Step S130, conveying the neutralized wastewater to a coagulation tank 3, and adding a coagulant for coagulation stirring;
in this example, as shown in FIG. 2, the neutralized waste water is then sent to a coagulation tank 3, and since the generated CaF particles are fine, a proper amount of coagulant is automatically added through a regulator to destabilize the CaF particles in the waste water, and the resulting particles are coagulated to form flocs. The coagulant component used in this example was polyaluminum chloride (PAC). When the polyaluminium chloride (PAC) is used as a coagulant to treat water, the method has the following advantages: can achieve good coagulation effect on raw water with serious pollution or low turbidity, high turbidity and high chroma. When the water temperature is low, the stable coagulation effect can be still kept. The alum blossom is fast to form, large and heavy in particle and good in precipitation performance. The liquid medicine has small erosion effect on equipment, no water turbidity adverse effect is caused when the liquid medicine is excessively added, and the pH value and alkalinity of the treated liquid medicine are reduced slightly.
In addition, in order to accelerate the reaction speed of the coagulant, the wastewater after the coagulant is added is stirred, the stirring mode can adopt mechanical stirring, and a stirrer has a paddle type and an impeller type and is divided into a horizontal shaft type and a vertical shaft type according to the installation position of a stirring shaft. It is to be understood that the stirring speed is 75rad/min and the reaction time is 20 minutes.
Step S140, conveying the coagulated wastewater to a flocculation tank 4, and adding a flocculating agent for flocculation and stirring;
in this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, for convenience of filtering, the coagulated wastewater is conveyed to a flocculation tank 4, and a proper amount of flocculant is automatically added to the coagulated wastewater through a regulator to perform flocculation, so that flocs in the wastewater are adsorbed, wound and bridged to form a floccule with larger particles. Wherein the flocculating agent is composed of polyacrylamide; in order to shorten the flocculation time, the waste water is added with a flocculating agent and then stirred, the stirring speed is 35rad/min, and the reaction time is 20 minutes.
It should be noted that the coagulant and the flocculant are respectively fed from a dosing machine on the coagulation tank 3 or the flocculation tank 4, and the amounts of the coagulant and the flocculant can be experimentally calculated and programmed into the regulator.
S150, conveying the flocculated wastewater to a first sedimentation tank 5 for sedimentation, filtering sediments to obtain a filter cake and filtrate, and conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the first sedimentation tank 5 to a circulating tank for recycling;
in this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, the flocculated wastewater is conveyed to the first sedimentation tank 5 for sedimentation, so as to obtain a sediment and a supernatant; and the precipitate was filtered in the following manner: the sediment at the bottom of the first sedimentation tank 5 is conveyed to a box type filter press 7 by a slurry pump 6 and is pressed and filtered into a cake to obtain a filter cake and filtrate; and finally, conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the first sedimentation tank 5 to a circulating tank for production and recycling. Wherein the sedimentation tank is of a horizontal flow type sedimentation tank, an inclined plate type sedimentation tank and a radial flow type sedimentation tank. It is to be understood that, since no harmful elements are introduced in the whole treatment, the filter cake only contains unreacted lime, CaF, quartz sand particles, iron oxalate complex and the like, and does not contain hazardous waste materials.
Step S160, extracting the wastewater to be discharged from the circulation tank into a discharge tank 8, neutralizing the pH value in the discharge tank 8 to the specified pH value by using calcium chloride and alkali liquor, sequentially adding a coagulant and a flocculant into the neutralized wastewater, conveying the wastewater to a second sedimentation tank 9 for sedimentation, and filtering the sediment to obtain a filter cake and a filtrate;
and S170, conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the second sedimentation tank 9 to a pH adjusting tank 10, adjusting to a preset pH threshold value, and discharging.
In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 3, wastewater to be discharged is extracted from the circulation tank into the discharge tank 8, calcium chloride and alkali liquor are added to neutralize the pH value of the wastewater in the discharge tank 8 to 9.0-10.0, and Ca2+ ions of the calcium chloride react with F "ions in the wastewater to generate CaF; the generated CaF particles are fine, so that the neutralized wastewater is conveyed to an external discharge coagulation tank 3, and a coagulant is added for coagulation stirring; conveying the coagulated wastewater to an external discharge flocculation tank 4, adding a flocculating agent, and carrying out flocculation stirring to flocculate CaF particles to generate flocs; finally, conveying the wastewater to a second sedimentation tank 9 for sedimentation to obtain sediment and supernatant; and the precipitate was filtered to obtain a filtrate. The filtration mode is as follows: the sediment at the bottom of the second sedimentation tank 9 is conveyed to a box-type filter press 7 by a slurry pump 6 and is pressed and filtered into a cake to obtain a filter cake and filtrate; and finally, conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the second sedimentation tank 9 to a pH adjusting tank 10, adjusting the pH value of the mixed liquid of the supernatant and the filtrate to a preset pH threshold value, and discharging. Wherein the preset pH threshold is set according to actual needs; in this embodiment, the preset pH threshold is preferably 6.0-8.0. It is required to be known that when the discharged wastewater is conveyed to the discharged coagulation tank 3 for coagulation stirring, the coagulation tank 3 may be the same coagulation tank 3 as the coagulation tank 3 in the treatment of the recycled wastewater; or two different coagulation basins 3. Similarly, the flocculation tank 4 is the same, and the description is omitted here.
In addition, the addition amount of the calcium chloride is calculated by the regulator according to a preset calculation program, so that the influence on the reaction effect caused by too much or too little addition amount is avoided, and the removal rate of the fluoride ions can be accurately increased from 90% to 95%; 4% of waste water is discharged every day, so that the cumulative effect of fluorine ions is reduced; the removal rate of the lime milk to the fluorinion is only 90 percent and can not reach the first-level discharge standard, and the removal rate of the fluorinion can be improved to 95 percent by adding calcium chloride into the waste water discharge section, so that the waste water meets the first-level discharge standard.
In one embodiment, as shown in fig. 4, step S170 includes:
step S171, overflowing the supernatant in the second sedimentation tank 9 into a pH readjustment tank 10, conveying the filtrate into the pH readjustment tank 10, mixing with the supernatant, adjusting to a preset pH threshold value, and detecting whether the wastewater reaches a discharge standard;
step S1721, if yes, discharging the wastewater reaching the standard;
step S1722, if not, returning the wastewater which does not reach the standard to the regulating reservoir 1.
In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 3, the supernatant in the second sedimentation tank 9 overflows into the pH adjustment tank 10, the filtrate is conveyed into the pH adjustment tank 10, mixed with the supernatant, adjusted to 6.0-8.0, and then stored in the external water storage tank, and it is detected whether the wastewater in the external water storage tank 11 meets the discharge standard; if the wastewater reaches the discharge standard, discharging the wastewater reaching the standard; if the waste water does not meet the discharge standard, the waste water which does not meet the standard is returned to the regulating tank 1. Wherein, the emission standard is based on the requirements of local environmental protection bureau, namely the selection and the use amount of the medicament are different. The wastewater after pickling quartz sand can be discharged to a sewage treatment plant in a park after reaching the national third-level discharge standard; the application can reach the national first-level emission standard for direct emission.
The method strictly controls wastewater treatment reaction drugs, effectively reduces pollution generated by wastewater, and improves the removal rate of fluorine ions in the wastewater.
While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not limited thereto, and various equivalent modifications and substitutions can be easily made by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for treating wastewater generated in acid pickling of quartz sand, wherein the wastewater is acidic wastewater generated in acid pickling of quartz sand by using a mixed acid solution of oxalic acid and hydrofluoric acid, and the method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
collecting waste water with different concentrations and needing to be recycled into an adjusting tank for adjustment;
conveying the uniformly adjusted wastewater into a pH neutralization tank, and neutralizing the pH value of the wastewater in the reaction tank to a specified pH value by using lime milk;
conveying the neutralized wastewater to a coagulation tank, and adding a coagulant for coagulation and stirring;
conveying the coagulated wastewater to a flocculation tank, and adding a flocculating agent for flocculation and stirring;
conveying the flocculated wastewater to a first sedimentation tank for sedimentation, filtering sediments to obtain a filter cake and filtrate, and conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the first sedimentation tank to a circulating tank for recycling;
extracting wastewater to be discharged from a circulating pool into a discharging pool, neutralizing the pH value in the discharging pool to the specified pH value by using calcium chloride and alkali liquor, sequentially adding a coagulant and a flocculant into the neutralized wastewater, conveying the neutralized wastewater to a second sedimentation tank for sedimentation, and filtering the sediment to obtain a filter cake and filtrate; and conveying the supernatant and the filtrate in the second sedimentation tank to a pH adjusting tank, adjusting to a preset pH threshold value, and discharging.
2. The method for treating wastewater from pickling quartz sand according to claim 1, wherein the wastewater is reacted in the pH neutralization tank, coagulation tank and flocculation tank for 20 minutes.
3. The method for treating wastewater from pickling of quartz sand according to claim 1, wherein the stirring speed of the wastewater in the pH neutralization tank and the coagulation tank is 75 rad/min.
4. The method for treating wastewater from pickling of quartz sand according to claim 1, wherein the stirring speed of the wastewater in the flocculation tank is 35 rad/min.
5. The method for treating wastewater from pickling quartz sand according to claim 1, wherein the coagulant is polyaluminium chloride.
6. The method for treating wastewater from pickling of quartz sand according to claim 1, wherein the flocculating agent comprises polyacrylamide.
7. The method for treating wastewater from pickling of quartz sand as set forth in claim 1, wherein the alkali solution comprises sodium hydroxide solution.
8. The method for treating wastewater from pickling quartz sand of claim 1, wherein the pH threshold is 6.0-8.0.
9. The method for treating wastewater from pickling quartz sand according to claim 1, wherein the specified pH is 9.0-10.0.
10. The method for treating wastewater from pickling quartz sand according to claim 1, wherein the step of delivering the supernatant and the filtrate in the second sedimentation tank to a pH adjustment tank, and the step of discharging after adjusting to a preset pH threshold value comprises the following steps:
overflowing the supernatant in the second sedimentation tank into a pH readjustment tank, conveying the filtrate into the pH readjustment tank, mixing the filtrate with the supernatant, adjusting the mixture to a preset pH threshold value, and detecting whether the wastewater reaches a discharge standard;
if yes, discharging the wastewater reaching the standard;
if not, returning the wastewater which does not reach the standard to the regulating tank.
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| CN117735762A (en) * | 2023-12-22 | 2024-03-22 | 连云港太平洋金沙石英有限公司 | Recovery device and method of quartz sand pickling solution for photovoltaic |
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| CN115403049A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-11-29 | 资兴旗滨硅业有限公司 | Purification method and purification system of quartz sand |
| CN117735762A (en) * | 2023-12-22 | 2024-03-22 | 连云港太平洋金沙石英有限公司 | Recovery device and method of quartz sand pickling solution for photovoltaic |
| CN117735762B (en) * | 2023-12-22 | 2024-05-24 | 连云港太平洋金沙石英有限公司 | Recovery device and method of quartz sand pickling solution for photovoltaic |
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