CN112964741A - Sample wafer of heavy metal concentrate and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Sample wafer of heavy metal concentrate and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN112964741A CN112964741A CN202110136460.7A CN202110136460A CN112964741A CN 112964741 A CN112964741 A CN 112964741A CN 202110136460 A CN202110136460 A CN 202110136460A CN 112964741 A CN112964741 A CN 112964741A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/2202—Preparing specimens therefor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material
- G01N23/223—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by measuring secondary emission from the material by irradiating the sample with X-rays or gamma-rays and by measuring X-ray fluorescence
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/07—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation secondary emission
- G01N2223/076—X-ray fluorescence
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
- G01N2223/10—Different kinds of radiation or particles
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Abstract
The invention especially relates to a sample wafer of heavy metal concentrate, a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of analysis of concentrate elements, wherein the sample wafer comprises a mixture of the heavy metal concentrate and a bonding material, wherein the bonding material comprises at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate and lithium metaborate; the invention greatly improves the firmness of the prepared sample wafer, improves the determination safety, simultaneously adjusts the ultrahigh counting rate of the heavy elements to a proper level, and provides a brand-new and safe sample preparation method for determining the heavy metal concentrate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of analysis of concentrate elements, and particularly relates to a sample wafer of heavy metal concentrate and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
About 99 percent of molybdenum ores in the molybdenum industry production are mined in a molybdenite (MoS2) state, and molybdenum concentrate is an important metallurgical raw material obtained by flotation in the molybdenum ore production and is finally mainly used for producing calcium molybdate, ammonium molybdate, a lubricant, metal molybdenum and a ferromolybdenum alloy. The main amount of molybdenum content, sulfur content and trace impurity elements in molybdenum concentrate are main consideration indexes of product settlement delivery, besides the chemical determination of molybdenum concentrate element components by a wet method, an XRF method is also an important determination method, and two sample preparation methods, namely a melting method and a tabletting method, mainly exist at present.
The XRF melting method is characterized in that molybdenum concentrate is diluted at high power and mixed into a solvent such as lithium borate and the like, nitrate is added at 500-700 ℃ for preoxidation, molybdenum disulfide is converted into molybdenum trioxide, and then the material is melted into a glass sheet at a high temperature of more than 1000 ℃, and the applicant finds that the method has great defects that volatilization and loss of sulfur elements in high-temperature oxidation are inevitable; molybdenum trioxide obtained after molybdenum disulfide is oxidized belongs to easily sublimable substances, which begin to sublime at 600 ℃, and molybdenum element inevitably sublimates at the sample melting temperature of 1000 ℃; the sulfur element and molybdenum element, which are major amounts, are greatly lost in sample preparation at the same time, and the measurement result is inevitably greatly affected.
The XRF tabletting method is to directly grind the sample and then tabletting, and the applicant finds that the specific gravity of the molybdenum concentrate is 4.7-4.8g/cm3The sample is more than metal titanium, and the risk that the sample falls into a light room after tabletting exists; meanwhile, the heavy element molybdenum has extremely high fluorescence yield, the counting rate of molybdenum concentrate is too high when the conventional XRF is used for direct tabletting measurement, for example, the counting rate of the molybdenum element under 3kW power is 6000-10000 kcps, which is 3-5 times higher than the recommended threshold value below 2000kcps of the conventional X fluorescence spectrometer, the counting of a detector is not facilitated, and the aging rate of the detector is increased by long-term irradiation with high counting rate.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention has been made in order to provide a sample piece of heavy metal concentrate, a method for preparing the same and applications thereof, which overcome the above problems or at least partially solve the above problems.
The embodiment of the invention provides a sample sheet of heavy metal concentrate, which comprises a mixture of the heavy metal concentrate and a bonding material, wherein the bonding material comprises at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate and lithium metaborate.
Optionally, the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binder is more than or equal to 10:1 in parts by weight.
Optionally, the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binder is 40:1 in parts by weight.
Optionally, the heavy metal concentrate is molybdenum concentrate.
Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the invention also provides a preparation method of the sample wafer of the heavy metal concentrate, which comprises the following steps:
carrying out mixed grinding on the heavy metal concentrate and the bonding material, and then pressing to obtain a sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate; the binder includes at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate, and lithium metaborate.
Optionally, the heavy metal concentrate and the binder are mixed and ground, and then pressed to obtain a sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate, wherein the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binder is more than or equal to 10:1 in parts by weight.
Optionally, the heavy metal concentrate and the binder are mixed and ground, and then pressed to obtain a sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate, wherein the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binder is 40:1 in parts by weight.
Optionally, the heavy metal concentrate and the binder are mixed and ground, and then pressed to obtain a sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate, wherein the heavy metal concentrate is molybdenum concentrate.
Optionally, the heavy metal concentrate and the binder are mixed and ground, and then pressed to obtain a sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate, wherein the grinding pressure of the mixed grinding is 20t-50t, and the grinding time of the mixed grinding is 30s-120 s.
Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the invention also provides application of the sample sheet of the heavy metal concentrate, which is characterized in that the sample sheet is applied to an XRF method to determine the content of heavy metal elements in the concentrate, the sample sheet comprises a mixture of the heavy metal concentrate and a bonding material, and the bonding material comprises at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate and lithium metaborate.
One or more technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention have at least the following technical effects or advantages:
according to the sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate provided by the embodiment of the invention, the sample piece comprises a mixture of the heavy metal concentrate and the bonding material, wherein the bonding material comprises at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate and lithium metaborate; the invention greatly improves the firmness of the prepared sample wafer, improves the determination safety, simultaneously adjusts the ultrahigh counting rate of the heavy elements to a proper level, and provides a brand-new and safe sample preparation method for determining the heavy metal concentrate.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention, and the embodiments of the present invention are described below in order to make the technical means of the present invention more clearly understood and to make the above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention more clearly understandable.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the preparation of a coupon according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and examples, and the advantages and various effects of the present invention will be more clearly apparent therefrom. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that these specific embodiments and examples are for the purpose of illustrating the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Throughout the specification, unless otherwise specifically noted, terms used herein should be understood as having meanings as commonly used in the art. Accordingly, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. If there is a conflict, the present specification will control.
Unless otherwise specifically stated, various raw materials, reagents, instruments, equipment and the like used in the present invention are commercially available or can be prepared by existing methods.
In order to solve the technical problems, the general idea of the embodiment of the application is as follows:
according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a coupon for heavy metal concentrate, the coupon comprising a mixture of heavy metal concentrate and a binder, the binder comprising at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate, and lithium metaborate.
A large amount of bonding materials are added into the heavy metal concentrate to be mixed and ground for a certain time, the heavy metal concentrate is diluted by the large amount of bonding materials, the fluorescence intensity of the main heavy metal elements and the sulfur elements in XRF (X-ray fluorescence) measurement is greatly reduced, the intensity meets the requirements of an equipment detector, and the peak shape of the heavy metal elements is optimized to be beneficial to measurement.
As an alternative embodiment, the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binder is more than or equal to 10:1 in parts by weight.
The reason for controlling the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binding material to be more than or equal to 10:1 is that the fluorescence yield of the heavy metal is overlarge, the fluorescence counting rate and the dilution ratio are not in a linear relation, and the counting intensity of more than 10:1 can be obviously reduced to be below the optimal counting limit value of the detector; the adverse effect of the over-small value of the ratio is that the over-small value causes the slow decrease of the fluorescence counting rate of the ground substance compared with the pure substance, and the counting rate is still too large, thus being not beneficial to measurement; preferably, the ratio of heavy metal concentrate to binder is 40:1 in parts by weight. It is emphasized that the control of the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binding material is determined according to the counting capacity of the measuring tool, the higher the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binding material is, the stronger the counting capacity of the measuring tool is required, and the lower the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binding material is, the lower the requirement on the counting capacity of the measuring tool is, an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer is generally adopted by the measuring tool, and the recommended threshold value of the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer is 2000kcps, so that the ratio of the corresponding better heavy metal concentrate to the binding material is more than or equal to 15: 1.
As an alternative embodiment, the heavy metal concentrate is a molybdenum concentrate.
Because the molybdenum disulfide belongs to a lubricating material, a large amount of bonding materials and molybdenum concentrate are added for grinding, the molybdenum concentrate is uniformly dispersed into the bonding materials, the ground powder is fine and smooth and does not agglomerate in granularity, and the bonding materials enhance the strength of the sample wafer to prevent the sample wafer powder from falling; therefore, the tabletting proportion and the preparation method are particularly suitable for preparing molybdenum concentrate tablets.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a sample piece of heavy metal concentrate, the method including:
carrying out mixed grinding on the heavy metal concentrate and the bonding material, and then pressing to obtain a sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate; the binder includes at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate, and lithium metaborate. It should be noted that in the heavy metal concentrate, the heavy metals include categories of tungsten, molybdenum, lead, zinc, etc., which are not listed herein, and the definition of the concentrate is that the ore with lower valuable metal grade is processed by mechanical enrichment (or physical enrichment), such as radioactive separation, gravity separation, flotation, etc., to obtain a certain yield of ore with higher valuable metal grade, and this part of ore with valuable metal enriched is the concentrate.
The action mechanism of selecting lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate and lithium metaborate as the adhesive is that the X fluorescence yield of elements such as oxygen, lithium, boron and the like is extremely low, and the X fluorescence yield belongs to the element category which cannot be measured by XRF.
As an alternative embodiment, the heavy metal concentrate and the binding material are mixed and ground, and then pressed to obtain a sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate, wherein the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binding material is more than or equal to 10:1, and preferably 40:1 in parts by weight. In specific implementation, the vibration mill can be used for grinding, and the adjustable parameters of the vibration mill usually include grinding time and grinding pressure, so that only the grinding time and the grinding pressure are limited in this embodiment, but those skilled in the art know that when other parameters are changed, the grinding time and the grinding pressure are out of the ranges given in this embodiment, and the same grinding effect can be achieved, even if the concentrate and the binder are sufficiently and uniformly mixed, so that the limitation of the grinding time and the grinding pressure in this embodiment is only applicable to the vibration mill adopted by the applicant (i.e. model: ZM-1 vibration mill, tungsten carbide grinding disc (changchun optical precision machinery & physics institute of china academy of sciences)), or the vibration mill of the same type, in other words, those skilled in the art can achieve the same effect with different parameters when different vibration mills are used, therefore, the parameter is only listed to illustrate that the embodiment of the present invention can be implemented, and is not limited to the present invention.
As an alternative embodiment, the heavy metal concentrate and the binder are mixed and ground, and then pressed to obtain a sample piece of heavy metal concentrate, wherein the heavy metal concentrate is molybdenum concentrate.
In an alternative embodiment, the heavy metal concentrate and the binder are mixed and ground, and then pressed to obtain a sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate, the grinding pressure of the mixed grinding is 20t-50t, the grinding time of the mixed grinding is 30s-120s, in a specific implementation, the mechanical equipment of the grinding can be a mechanical vibration mill, and the material of a material bowl or a lining or a grinding ball can be tungsten carbide, zirconium oxide, graphite and the like.
The reason for controlling the grinding time of the mixed grinding to be 30-120 s is to ensure that the concentrate and the bonding material are fully and uniformly mixed and are easy to clean, the adverse effect of excessively small time is that the concentrate and the bonding material are not fully mixed, and the adverse effect of excessively large time is that the ground material is easily bonded on the grinding material pot and is difficult to clean.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a use of a coupon for heavy metal concentrate for use in an XRF method for determining the content of heavy metal elements, the coupon comprising a mixture of heavy metal concentrate and a binder comprising at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate, and lithium metaborate.
The following will explain in detail the sample of heavy metal concentrate of the present application, its preparation method and application in combination with examples, comparative examples and experimental data.
Example 1
(1) A sample of 0.2g of molybdenum concentrate (55% molybdenum content) was weighed and high purity boric acid cement was added according to the cement to molybdenum concentrate ratio 50: 1.
(2) And putting the weighed materials into a machine grinding device, mixing and grinding for 120s, and tabletting the mixed and ground materials on a tabletting machine.
Example 2
(1) A sample of 0.3g of molybdenum concentrate (45% molybdenum content) was weighed and a mixed binder (high purity lithium borate: lithium borate mixture (lithium tetraborate: lithium metaborate: 12:22) was added at a binder: molybdenum concentrate ratio of 40: 1.
(2) And putting the weighed materials into a machine grinding device, mixing and grinding for 100s, and tabletting the mixed and ground materials on a tabletting machine.
Example 3
(1) A sample of 0.5g of molybdenum concentrate (52% molybdenum content) was weighed and a binder of a high purity lithium borate mixture (lithium tetraborate: lithium metaborate 67:33) was added in a binder: molybdenum concentrate ratio of 30: 1.
(2) And putting the weighed materials into a machine grinding device, mixing and grinding for 80s, and tabletting the mixed and ground materials on a tabletting machine.
Example 4
(1) A sample of 0.75g of molybdenum concentrate (55% molybdenum content) was weighed and a high purity lithium borate blend (lithium tetraborate: lithium metaborate 67:33) cement was added in the cement to molybdenum concentrate ratio 20: 1.
(2) And putting the weighed materials into a machine grinding device, mixing and grinding for 60s, and tabletting the mixed and ground materials on a tabletting machine.
Example 5
(1) A sample of 2.0g of molybdenum concentrate (45% molybdenum content) was weighed and a high purity lithium metaborate binder was added in the ratio binder to molybdenum concentrate 10: 1.
(2) And putting the weighed materials into a machine grinding device, mixing and grinding for 30s, and tabletting the mixed and ground materials on a tabletting machine.
Comparative example 1
(1) A10.0 g sample of molybdenum concentrate (55% molybdenum) was weighed without the addition of binder.
(2) And putting the weighed materials into a machine grinding device, mixing and grinding for 70s, and tabletting the mixed and ground materials on a tabletting machine.
Comparative example 2
(1) A10.0 g sample of molybdenum concentrate (45% molybdenum content) was weighed without the addition of binder.
(2) And putting the weighed materials into a machine grinding device, mixing and grinding for 70s, and tabletting the mixed and ground materials on a tabletting machine.
Comparative example 3
(1) A sample of 2.0g of molybdenum concentrate (55% molybdenum content) was weighed and a high purity lithium metaborate binder was added in the ratio binder to molybdenum concentrate 5: 1.
(2) And putting the weighed materials into a machine grinding device, mixing and grinding for 50s, and tabletting the mixed and ground materials on a tabletting machine.
Examples of the experiments
The test pieces obtained in examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 3 were subjected to the test, and the test results are shown in the following table.
It should be noted that the test was performed by using an X-ray spectrometer (model XRF1800, Mo-Ka/LiF 200/40kV-70mA, S-Ka/Ge 111/40kV-70 mA).
As can be seen from the data in the table, the data in examples 1-5 show that the counting rate of molybdenum element is less than 2300kcps during the test of the pressed sheet prepared by the method provided by the embodiment of the invention, and the pressed sheet is in a suitable counting state for the detector at 2000kcps or below of the X fluorescence spectrometer, thereby being beneficial to counting the detector and avoiding the phenomenon that the aging rate of the detector is accelerated by the over-limit intensity irradiation. The comparison of the data of the examples and the data of the comparative examples 1-2 shows that when the pressed sheet without the adhesive is tested, the counting rate of the molybdenum element exceeds 5000kcps, exceeds the optimized upper limit of the counting of the detector, is not beneficial to the counting of the detector, and the X-ray belongs to high-energy rays, so that under the long-term irradiation with high intensity, the counting accessories are accelerated to age, the accessories can be damaged, and the replacement of the detector is usually more than ten thousand yuan; as can be seen from the comparison of the data of the examples with the data of comparative example 3, the pellet of binder, molybdenum concentrate, 5:1, when tested, although diluted 5 times, the count rate of molybdenum element, although reduced, still exceeds 4000kcps, which is also detrimental to the detector count.
One or more technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention at least have the following technical effects or advantages:
(1) the tablet absorption XRF fusion method provided by the embodiment of the invention has the double advantages of high-power dilution and XRF tablet normal-temperature measurement, and simultaneously avoids the defects of high-temperature loss of XRF fusion samples and the problem of looseness of conventional XRF tablet samples;
(2) the tabletting pioneering provided by the embodiment of the invention provides a molybdenum concentrate high-power dilution tabletting and sample preparation method, so that the safety degree of the XRF for determining the molybdenum concentrate is improved, the adverse effect of determination on XRF equipment is reduced, and great convenience is brought to product delivery, settlement and comparison in industries related to molybdenum concentrate mining, smelting, processing and the like;
(3) the bonding material in the tabletting provided by the embodiment of the invention mainly plays a role in diluting a solvent, so that the fluorescence intensity of molybdenum concentrate is greatly reduced, and the determination is facilitated;
(4) the tabletting provided by the embodiment of the invention greatly improves the firmness of the prepared sample tablet, improves the determination safety, and simultaneously adjusts the ultrahigh counting rate of the heavy elements to a proper level, thereby providing a brand-new and safe sample preparation method for the determination of molybdenum concentrate.
Finally, it should also be noted that the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as including preferred embodiments and all such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (10)
1. A coupon of heavy metal concentrate, said coupon comprising a mixture of heavy metal concentrate and a binder, said binder comprising at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate, and lithium metaborate.
2. The sample piece of heavy metal concentrate of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binder is greater than or equal to 10:1 in parts by weight.
3. The coupon of heavy metal concentrate of claim 1, wherein the ratio of said heavy metal concentrate to said binding is 40:1, parts by weight.
4. The coupon of heavy metal concentrate of claim 1, wherein the heavy metal concentrate is molybdenum concentrate.
5. The preparation method of the sample wafer of the heavy metal concentrate is characterized by comprising the following steps:
carrying out mixed grinding on the heavy metal concentrate and the bonding material, and then pressing to obtain a sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate; the binder includes at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate, and lithium metaborate.
6. The method for preparing the heavy metal concentrate sample slice according to claim 5, wherein the heavy metal concentrate and the binding material are mixed and ground, and then are pressed to obtain the heavy metal concentrate sample slice, and the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binding material is more than or equal to 10:1 in parts by weight.
7. The method for preparing the sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate according to claim 5, wherein the heavy metal concentrate and the binder are mixed and ground, and then pressed to obtain the sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate, wherein the ratio of the heavy metal concentrate to the binder is 40:1 in parts by weight.
8. The method for preparing the sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate according to claim 5, wherein the sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate is obtained by mixing, grinding and pressing the heavy metal concentrate and the binder, wherein the heavy metal concentrate is molybdenum concentrate.
9. The method for preparing the sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate according to claim 5, wherein the heavy metal concentrate and the binder are mixed and ground, and then are pressed to obtain the sample piece of the heavy metal concentrate, wherein the grinding pressure of the mixed grinding is 20t-50t, and the grinding time of the mixed grinding is 30s-120 s.
10. Use of a coupon for a heavy metal concentrate in an XRF process for determining the content of heavy metal elements in the concentrate, the coupon comprising a mixture of a heavy metal concentrate and a binder comprising at least one of lithium carbonate, boric acid, lithium borate, lithium tetraborate and lithium metaborate.
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| 曾江萍等: "较低稀释比熔融制样X射线荧光光谱法分析铬铁矿", 《岩矿测试》 * |
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