CN112950632B - Coal quality detection method based on hyperspectral imaging technology and convolutional neural network - Google Patents

Coal quality detection method based on hyperspectral imaging technology and convolutional neural network Download PDF

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CN112950632B
CN112950632B CN202110415234.2A CN202110415234A CN112950632B CN 112950632 B CN112950632 B CN 112950632B CN 202110415234 A CN202110415234 A CN 202110415234A CN 112950632 B CN112950632 B CN 112950632B
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高巍
高泽天
龙伟
李文军
林赐云
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Jilin University
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Abstract

The invention provides a coal quality detection method based on a hyperspectral imaging technology and a convolutional neural network, and belongs to the technical field of hyperspectral detection and coal detection. The specific method comprises the following steps: firstly, coal blocks are crushed into coal particles with the particle size of 13mm, the coal particles are uniformly paved at the bottom of a vessel and placed in the center of an objective table, and image acquisition is carried out through a hyperspectral camera. Black and white correction is carried out on the hyperspectral image to remove the influence of dark current, and the corrected image is input into a convolutional neural network to carry out convolution and pooling operation to extract features and classify. And temporarily taking the classified sample value as the median value of the content cell in which the sample value is positioned as the input of a BP neural network regression model, taking the measured value obtained by industrial analysis as the expected output, updating through reverse iteration until the error reaches a set value, stopping iteration, and outputting the content value. The method realizes the quality detection of coal, has simple operation and provides corresponding technical guidance for the coal selection process.

Description

Coal quality detection method based on hyperspectral imaging technology and convolutional neural network
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of coal quality detection, in particular to a coal quality detection method based on a hyperspectral imaging technology and a convolutional neural network.
Background
Coal occupies a very important position in our daily production life, and although part of coal is replaced by oil as the oil resources are continuously developed at present, the indispensable position of coal is required to be gradually shown as the oil resources are gradually reduced in the future.
Coal is a non-renewable energy source, which is formed by a series of evolution processes that a large number of plants died hundreds of millions of years ago and were buried underground. Different plants, different conditions and different evolution processes all cause the coal to have different internal component contents and different qualities, thereby causing different heat release when the coal is completely combusted. Therefore, in order to make full use of the coal, which is a non-renewable energy source, it is important to detect the quality of the coal.
The main components of the coal are fixed carbon, and in addition, the coal also has ash content, moisture content, volatile components, sulfur and the like, most of sulfur components in the combustion chamber of the coal can be oxidized into sulfur dioxide, so that the sulfur dioxide can cause certain damage to human bodies and the environment, and organic matters in the coal can be heated and decomposed into combustible gas called volatile components under a certain temperature condition. Therefore, the quality of coal is related to the content of each component in the coal.
At present, a plurality of methods exist for detecting the quality of coal. The most traditional quality detection method is to obtain the specific content value of each component in the coal by combining a burning method with a chemical reagent. And coal heat regression by combining a near infrared spectroscopy method and a principal component analysis method, coal heat value quantitative analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and the like. Besides, the method also adopts near infrared spectrum to detect ash content and moisture content of coal, and adopts laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technology to detect volatile components of coal.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a coal quality detection method based on a hyperspectral imaging technology and a convolutional neural network. The method comprises the steps of collecting 13mm raw coal sample images through a hyperspectral imaging technology, removing interference caused by dark current through black and white correction, then performing feature extraction and classification on the images as input of a convolutional neural network, outputting corresponding intervals of ash content, moisture content and volatile components, inputting median values of the intervals corresponding to different components into a BP neural network to establish a regression model, and obtaining specific contents of the ash content, the moisture content and the volatile components of coal, so that the quality detection of the coal is realized. The method adopts the hyperspectral imaging technology for analysis, and the information expression is richer due to the combined characteristic of the hyperspectral images and the maps, so that the reflection spectrum of the sample can be finely depicted; secondly, a convolutional neural network is applied to process a reduced complex preprocessing process, and meanwhile, the relative initial performance of subsequent regression processing is smaller and the convergence is faster due to the result of fine classification.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a coal quality detection method based on a hyperspectral imaging technology and a convolutional neural network comprises the steps of preparing a coal sample, and grinding a raw coal block sample into a raw coal particle sample with the particle size of 13mm through a grinder. All samples with the same number are uniformly paved in a vessel and placed in the center of an objective table, and due to the fact that components in coal are not uniformly distributed, if a local sample is intercepted, all information of the sample cannot be sufficiently expressed, and therefore in order to guarantee integrity and representativeness of sample information, hyperspectral image acquisition needs to be carried out on the whole sample, and operation is carried out through hyperspectral imaging equipment. The method comprises the steps of firstly carrying out black-and-white correction on an acquired image, removing the influence of dark current, transmitting the corrected image to a convolution neural network for feature extraction, continuously carrying out convolution pooling to obtain features and information of different components of a sample, inputting the features and the information into a full connection layer for classification, inputting median values of intervals corresponding to the different components into a BP neural network for regression, and finally obtaining and outputting specific contents of all components of a coal sample.
A coal quality detection method based on a hyperspectral imaging technology and a convolutional neural network is characterized by mainly comprising the following steps:
s1, grinding raw coal blocks into raw coal particles with the particle size of 13mm by a grinder, uniformly paving the raw coal particles on the bottom of a vessel, placing the vessel in the center of an objective table, placing a hyperspectral imaging device right above a sample, adjusting the height of the device at the same time, ensuring that the hyperspectral imaging device can acquire hyperspectral information of all sample particles, turning on a light source and acquiring hyperspectral images;
s2, in order to overcome the influences of nonuniformity of the intensity of the light source under each wave band and dark current in the acquisition sensor, performing black-and-white correction processing on the acquired hyperspectral image of the coal particle sample;
and S3, classifying the samples according to the ash content, the moisture content and the volatile content which are actually measured in the industrial analysis according to a certain interval. Dividing the moisture interval into 5 intervals, wherein the interval is 2% from 0%; dividing an ash interval into 5 intervals, wherein the interval is 10% from 0%; the volatile matter was partitioned into 5 intervals, starting from 0% and the interval was 10%. Establishing a convolutional neural network model, transmitting the black-white corrected hyperspectral image of the coal particle sample to a convolutional neural network for feature extraction, inputting the hyperspectral image into a full-link layer after several convolution and pooling steps, and finally classifying and outputting the hyperspectral image through softmax;
and S4, outputting the classification interval of the corresponding ash, moisture and volatile components after the classification of the convolutional neural network, wherein the classification interval is not the specific content, and further regressing to obtain the ash, moisture and volatile components. Because the corresponding interval is a range value, the median output of each interval is selected as a temporary value of the sample component and is used as the input of the BP neural network, and the initial error in iteration is relatively small;
and S5, taking the median of the interval where each component of the classified sample is located as the input of the BP neural network, automatically updating the weight and the threshold value through continuous iteration, gradually reducing the error until the training frequency reaches the maximum or the iteration termination condition is reached, stopping iteration when the training precision meets the requirement, finally obtaining the specific content of each component, and realizing the quality detection of the coal.
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FIG. 1: structure of hyperspectral imaging system
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram: convolution neural network model structure chart
FIG. 3: structure diagram of BP neural network model
Detailed Description
A coal quality detection method based on a hyperspectral imaging technology and a convolutional neural network comprises the following specific implementation steps:
s1, smashing a coal briquette sample of raw coal by a smashing machine to obtain coal particles 3 with the particle size of 13mm, uniformly paving the coal particle sample in a vessel, placing the coal particle sample in the central position of a hyperspectral objective table 4, placing hyperspectral imaging equipment right above the sample, and adjusting the height of a camera to ensure that the hyperspectral camera can collect all samples. And (3) turning on the light source 2, performing staring shooting by the hyperspectral camera 1 to obtain a hyperspectral image of the coal particle sample, and storing the hyperspectral image into a computer, as shown in figure 1.
S2, due to the fact that the intensity distribution of the light emitted by the light source 2 is uneven and the influence of dark current existing in the collecting sensor can cause noise interference, in order to weaken and eliminate the influence of the noise, black and white correction is conducted on the collected coal particle sample hyperspectral image.
Acquiring a white board calibration image and a blackboard calibration image, calibrating the acquired original coal particle image by using the white board image and the blackboard image, and obtaining a calibrated coal sample image according to the following formula:
Figure GDA0003807837470000031
c in the above formula is a coal particle sample image obtained after black-and-white calibration, I w Calibration of images for white boards, I d Calibrating the blackboard for images, I r Is the original coal particle image.
S3, classifying the samples according to the ash content, the moisture content and the volatile content of the samples at certain intervals, establishing a convolutional neural network model, as shown in FIG. 2, transmitting the black-white corrected hyperspectral image of the coal particle sample to a convolutional neural network for convolution and pooling operation, inputting the hyperspectral image into a full-link layer after several convolution and pooling steps, and finally classifying and outputting the hyperspectral image through softmax;
s3.1, carrying out interval division in advance according to the ash content value, the moisture content value and the volatile component content value which are measured in the practical industrial analysis and are concentrated in the coal sample, dividing the moisture interval into 5 intervals, and starting from 0%, the interval is 2%; dividing an ash interval into 5 intervals, wherein the interval is 10% from 0%; the volatile components were divided into 5 intervals, starting from 0% and the intervals were 10%.
And S3.2, inputting the hyperspectral image subjected to black and white correction into a convolutional neural network for feature extraction and classification. The structure of the convolutional neural network is shown in fig. 2, and has 7 layers, and the specific structure is described as follows:
the input layer is a hyperspectral image of coal with 256 channels of size 224 x 224.
The first layer comprises a convolution layer and a pooling layer, wherein the convolution layer utilizes 96 convolution kernels with the size of 7 × 7 and the step length of 2 to filter the input hyperspectral images of the coal; the pooling layer was pooled using pooling windows of size 3 x 3 with step size 2.
The second layer comprises a convolution layer and a pooling layer, wherein the convolution layer filters the pooling result of the previous layer by using 256 convolution kernels with the size of 5 × 5 and the step length of 2; the pooling layer was pooled using pooling windows of size 3 x 3 with step size 2.
The third layer is a convolution layer and the pooled result from the previous layer is filtered using 384 convolution cores of size 3 x 3 and step size 1.
The fourth layer is a convolution layer and the convolution results of the previous layer are filtered using 384 convolution kernels of size 3 x 3 and step size 1.
The fifth layer comprises a convolution layer and a pooling layer, wherein the convolution layer filters the convolution result of the previous layer by using 256 convolution kernels with the size of 3 x 3 and the step length of 1; the pooling layer was pooled using pooling windows of size 3 x 3 with step size 2.
The sixth layer is a full link layer FC.
The seventh layer is a full link layer FC.
Wherein, a correction linear unit ReLU activation function is used for the convolution result to obtain an activation result; and using local response normalization operation on the pooling result to obtain a normalization result.
The expression for the correction linearity unit is:
ReLU(x)=max(0,x)
the concrete meaning of the above formula is that when x is less than or equal to 0, reLU (x) =0; if x > 0, reLU (x) = x.
The output adopts a soft maximum output function softmax:
Figure GDA0003807837470000051
in the above formula, x 1 ,x 2 ,…,x n Represents all model results, exp (x) i ) Indicating that the model results are converted to non-negative numbers. The effect of the Softmax function is to convert the model results into probabilities, the sum of the probabilities of all results being 1.
The loss function uses cross entropy as the loss function:
Figure GDA0003807837470000052
in the above formula, t i An indicator variable (0 or 1) which is 1 if the class is the same as the class of the sample, and 0 otherwise; y is i Representing the probability of a sample belonging to category i.
And finally, obtaining the classification result of each component obtained by the output of the convolutional neural network, and calculating the median of the cell corresponding to each classification result to be used as the temporary content value of the component.
S4, after the classification of the convolutional neural network, corresponding to the classification intervals of the ash, the moisture and the volatile components, but not specific contents, further regressing to obtain specific content values of the components, wherein the median of the intervals of the ash, the moisture and the volatile components output by the classification of the convolutional neural network is temporarily taken as a temporary value of the components;
s5, taking the temporary content values of all components of the samples classified by the convolutional neural network model as the input of a BP neural network, establishing a BP neural network regression model for regression, wherein the structural model of the BP neural network is shown in figure 3, updating the weight and the threshold value through reverse iterative learning, gradually reducing the error until the training frequency reaches the maximum or the iteration termination condition is reached, and stopping iteration, namely stopping iteration when the training precision meets the requirement; the concrete implementation steps are as follows:
establishing a BP neural network regression model, wherein the BP neural network is divided into three layers, namely an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer, the input layer comprises three input neurons, the hidden layer comprises five hidden neurons, and the output layer comprises three output neurons.
Firstly, randomly assigning initial values to the weight from the input layer to the hidden layer, the weight from the hidden layer to the output layer, the threshold of the hidden layer in the neural network and the threshold of the output layer in the interval (0, 1).
And secondly, giving temporary values of the content of each component output by the convolutional neural network as input, and taking actual content values of the components determined by industrial analysis as reference output. And training the BP neural network by using 255 sample data as a training set and 45 sample data as a test set, reversely iterating and updating the weight and the threshold value according to the error between the output value and the reference output value until the precision requirement is met, and stopping iteration.
As shown in FIG. 3, the weight from the ith neuron of the input layer to the jth neuron of the hidden layer is v ij The weight from the jth neuron of the hidden layer to the kth neuron of the output layer is w jk The threshold for the jth hidden layer neuron is γ j The threshold for the kth output layer neuron is θ k
Wherein the input to the jth hidden neuron is:
Figure GDA0003807837470000061
the input to the kth output layer neuron is:
Figure GDA0003807837470000062
wherein, b j '=f(b jj ) The output of the output layer neuron is y 'for the output of the hidden layer neuron' k =f(y kk )。
f [ beta ] takes a differentiable sigmoid function:
Figure GDA0003807837470000063
calculating an objective function J of the network: p group of samples x p =[x 1 ,x 2 ,x 3 ] T At input, the network has an objective function of
Figure GDA0003807837470000064
Wherein, y p Is the desired output of the sample, y p And (t) is the output of the network after the sample is subjected to the weight adjustment for the t time.
The total objective function of the output of the BP neural network is as follows:
Figure GDA0003807837470000065
and taking the total objective function of the network as the condition evaluation of network learning, stopping iteration if J (t) is less than or equal to epsilon, finishing network training, and otherwise, continuing to perform back propagation calculation and adjusting the weight and the threshold.
And the back propagation calculation is carried out layer by layer according to a gradient descent method:
firstly, adjusting the weight and the threshold from the hidden layer to the output layer:
Δw jk =η 1 g(t)b j +αΔw jk (t-1)
Δθ k =η 1 g(t)+αΔθ k (t-1)
and then adjusting the weight and the threshold from the input layer to the hidden layer:
Δv ij =η 2 q j (t)x i +αΔv ij (t-1)
Δγ j =η 2 q j (t)+αΔγ j (t-1)
wherein eta is 1 And η 2 For the learning rate, g (t) and q (t) are partial derivatives after t iterations, and α is a forgetting factor. In this embodiment, the maximum number of training passes is 1000, the objective function is 0.001, and the learning rate is set to 0.01. In the BP neural network regression process, the coefficient R is determined 2 As an evaluation index of regression, the expression is:
Figure GDA0003807837470000071
wherein y' k Is the output value of the network and is,
Figure GDA0003807837470000072
is the average value of the outputs of the network,
Figure GDA0003807837470000073
the output expectation value of the network. The output values of the decision coefficients are in the range of (0, 1), and the closer the values are to 1, the better the regression fitting degree is.

Claims (1)

1. A coal quality detection method based on a hyperspectral imaging technology and a convolutional neural network is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, crushing a coal briquette sample of raw coal by using a crusher to obtain coal particles with the particle size of 13mm, uniformly paving the coal particle sample in a vessel, placing the coal particle sample at the central position of a hyperspectral objective table, placing hyperspectral imaging equipment right above the sample, and ensuring that the hyperspectral camera can collect all samples by adjusting the height of the camera; turning on a light source, performing staring shooting through a hyperspectral camera to obtain a hyperspectral image of the coal particle sample, and storing the hyperspectral image into a computer;
s2, due to the fact that the intensity of light source irradiation is not uniformly distributed and the influence of dark current existing in the collecting sensor can cause noise interference, in order to weaken and eliminate the influence of the noise, black and white correction is carried out on the hyperspectral image of the collected coal particle sample;
acquiring a white board calibration image and a blackboard calibration image, calibrating the acquired original coal particle image by using the white board image and the blackboard image, and obtaining a calibrated coal sample image according to the following formula:
Figure FDA0003807837460000011
wherein C is coal particle sample image obtained after black and white calibration, I w Calibrating the whiteboard for images, I d Calibrating the blackboard for images, I r Is an original coal particle image;
s3, classifying the samples according to the ash content, the moisture content and the volatile content of the samples at certain intervals, establishing a convolutional neural network model, transmitting the black-white corrected hyperspectral image of the coal particle sample to a convolutional neural network for convolution and pooling operation, inputting the hyperspectral image of the coal particle sample to a full-link layer after several convolution and pooling steps, and finally classifying and outputting the hyperspectral image of the coal particle sample through softmax;
s3.1, carrying out interval division in advance according to the ash content value, the moisture content value and the volatile component content value which are measured in the practical industrial analysis and are concentrated in the coal sample, dividing the moisture interval into 5 intervals, and starting from 0%, the interval is 2%; dividing an ash interval into 5 intervals, wherein the interval is 10% from 0%; dividing the volatile components into 5 intervals, wherein the interval is 10% from 0%;
s3.2, inputting the hyperspectral image subjected to black and white correction into a convolutional neural network for feature extraction and classification; the convolutional neural network has 7 layers in total, and the specific structure is as follows:
the input layer is a hyperspectral image of coal with 256 channels of size 224 × 224;
the first layer comprises a convolution layer and a pooling layer, wherein the convolution layer filters the input coal hyperspectral image by 96 convolution kernels with the size of 7 × 7 and the step length of 2; pooling the layers by using pooling windows with the size of 3 × 3 and the step length of 2;
the second layer comprises a convolution layer and a pooling layer, wherein the convolution layer filters the pooling result of the previous layer by using 256 convolution kernels with the size of 5 × 5 and the step length of 2; pooling the layers by using pooling windows with the size of 3 × 3 and the step length of 2;
the third layer is a convolution layer, and 384 convolution cores with the size of 3 × 3 and the step length of 1 are used for filtering the pooling result of the previous layer;
the fourth layer is a convolution layer, and the convolution result of the previous layer is filtered by 384 convolution cores with the size of 3 × 3 and the step length of 1;
the fifth layer comprises a convolution layer and a pooling layer, wherein the convolution layer filters the convolution result of the previous layer by using 256 convolution kernels with the size of 3 x 3 and the step length of 1; pooling the layers by using pooling windows with the size of 3 × 3 and the step length of 2;
the sixth layer is a full connection layer FC;
the seventh layer is a full connection layer FC;
wherein, a correction linear unit ReLU activation function is used for the convolution result to obtain an activation result; using local response normalization operation on the pooling result to obtain a normalization result;
the expression for the correction linearity unit is:
ReLU(x)=max(0,x)
the concrete meaning of the above formula is that when x is less than or equal to 0, then ReLU (x) =0; if x > 0, reLU (x) = x;
the output adopts a soft maximum output function softmax:
Figure FDA0003807837460000021
in the above formula, x 1 ,x 2 ,…,x n Represents all model results, exp (x) i ) The model result is converted into a nonnegative number, the Softmax function is used for converting the model result into the probability, and the sum of the probabilities of all the results is 1;
the loss function uses cross entropy as the loss function:
Figure FDA0003807837460000022
in the above formula, t i An indicator variable (0 or 1) that is 1 if the class is the same as the class of the sample, otherwise 0; y is i Representing the probability of a sample belonging to class i;
finally, obtaining classification results of each component through the output of the convolutional neural network, and solving a median value of the classification results in a cell corresponding to each classification result to be used as a temporary content value of the component;
s4, after the classification of the convolutional neural network, corresponding classification intervals of ash, moisture and volatile components are located, but not specific contents, so that specific content values of the components need to be further regressed, wherein the median values of the intervals where the ash, moisture and volatile components are located among the cells output by the classification of the convolutional neural network are temporarily taken as temporary values of the components;
s5, taking the temporary content values of all components of the samples classified by the convolutional neural network model as the input of a BP neural network, establishing a BP neural network regression model for regression, updating weights and thresholds through reverse iterative learning, gradually reducing errors, and stopping iteration until the training times reach the maximum or an iteration termination condition is reached, namely stopping iteration when the training precision meets the requirement, wherein the specific implementation steps are as follows;
establishing a BP neural network regression model, wherein the BP neural network is divided into three layers, namely an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer, the input layer is provided with three input neurons, the hidden layer is provided with five hidden neurons, and the output layer is provided with three output neurons;
firstly, randomly assigning initial values to a weight value from an input layer to a hidden layer, a weight value from the hidden layer to an output layer, a threshold value of the hidden layer in a neural network and a threshold value of the output layer in a (0, 1) interval;
secondly, giving temporary content values of all components output by the convolutional neural network as input, and taking actual content values of the components determined by industrial analysis as reference output; training the BP neural network by using 255 sample data as a training set and 45 sample data as a test set, reversely iterating and updating a weight value and a threshold value according to an error between an output value and a reference output value until a precision requirement is met, and stopping iteration;
the weight value from the ith neuron of the BP neural network input layer to the jth neuron of the hidden layer is v ij The weight value from the jth neuron of the hidden layer to the kth neuron of the output layer is w jk The threshold for the jth hidden layer neuron is γ j The threshold for the kth output layer neuron is θ k
Wherein the input to the jth hidden neuron is:
Figure FDA0003807837460000031
the input to the kth output layer neuron is:
Figure FDA0003807837460000041
wherein, b' j =f(b jj ) The output of the output layer neuron is y 'for the output of the hidden layer neuron' k =f(y kk );
f [ beta ] takes a differentiable sigmoid function:
Figure FDA0003807837460000042
calculating an objective function J of the network: p group of samples x p =[x 1 ,x 2 ,x 3 ] T At input, the network has an objective function of
Figure FDA0003807837460000043
Wherein, y p Is the desired output of the sample, y p (t) is the output of the network after the sample is subjected to the weight adjustment for the t time;
the total objective function of the output of the BP neural network is:
Figure FDA0003807837460000044
taking the total objective function of the network as the condition evaluation of network learning, stopping iteration if J (t) is less than or equal to epsilon, finishing network training, otherwise continuing to perform back propagation calculation, and adjusting weight and threshold;
and (3) performing backward calculation layer by layer according to a gradient descent method in the backward propagation calculation:
firstly, adjusting the weight and the threshold from the hidden layer to the output layer:
Δw jk =η 1 g(t)b j +αΔw jk (t-1)
Δθ k =η 1 g(t)+αΔθ k (t-1)
and then adjusting the weight and the threshold from the input layer to the hidden layer:
Δv ij =η 2 q j (t)x i +αΔv ij (t-1)
Δγ j =η 2 q j (t)+αΔγ j (t-1)
wherein eta is 1 And η 2 For the learning rate, g (t) and q (t) are partial derivatives after t iterations, and alpha is a forgetting factor; in this embodiment, the maximum training frequency is 1000 times, the objective function is 0.001, and the learning rate is set to 0.01; in the BP neural network regression process, the coefficient R is determined 2 As an evaluation index of regression, the expression is:
Figure FDA0003807837460000051
wherein y' k Is the output value of the network and is,
Figure FDA0003807837460000052
is the average value of the outputs of the network,
Figure FDA0003807837460000053
an output expected value for the network; the output values of the decision coefficients are in the range of (0, 1), and the closer the values are to 1, the better the regression fit is.
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