CN112945818B - Calibration device and calibration method of cloud condensation nucleus number and concentration rapid measurement device - Google Patents
Calibration device and calibration method of cloud condensation nucleus number and concentration rapid measurement device Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
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- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention specifically provides two devices: the device can change the air inlet flow of a cloud condensation nucleus counter to generate different supersaturations through a control device, and the response time (seconds) of the supersaturation change of the cloud chamber of the cloud condensation nucleus counter to the flow change is faster than that of a traditional method for changing the temperature difference between the top and the bottom of a cloud chamber, so that the cloud condensation nucleus concentration measurement of the device is quicker, and in addition, the device can be applied to observation (such as aerial survey) under multiple scenes. The other type is the calibration device for the supersaturation degree in the device for rapidly measuring the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration under the condition of multiple supersaturation degrees, and can also achieve rapid calibration.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of aerosol detection and the field of cloud micro physics, and particularly relates to a cloud condensation nucleus number concentration rapid measurement device under multiple supersaturations, a calibration device and a calibration method.
Background
The aerosol-cloud interaction is an important content for researching aerosol climate effect and is the largest uncertain source of the current global radiation compelling evaluation result. Kohler theory states that aerosols are capable of activating into cloud condensation nuclei under supersaturated conditions. The cloud condensation nucleus is a necessary condition for cloud formation and rainfall, and the number concentration of the cloud condensation nucleus is an important parameter for researching aerosol-cloud interaction, so that accurate and stable cloud condensation nucleus counter equipment is particularly important. In addition, the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration is related to the supersaturation degree, so whether the calibration result of the supersaturation degree of the used cloud condensation nucleus counter is accurate or not is a precondition for realizing accurate measurement of the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration.
At present, the most widely applied cloud condensation nucleus counter at home and abroad is a continuous flow thermal gradient cloud condensation nucleus counter. The apparatus mainly comprises a cylindrical cloud chamber and an optical counter. The temperature difference (bottom temperature-top temperature, greater than 0 ℃) is set at the top and the bottom of the cloud chamber, the inner wall of the cloud chamber is kept moist, and the supersaturation degree near the center line of the cloud chamber is generated by the difference of the diffusion rates of water vapor and heat. In the actual operation of the continuous flow thermal gradient cloud condensation nucleus counter, the dehumidified aerosol enters the cloud chamber from the position near the top center line of the cloud chamber under the protection of the sheath gas, and the cloud condensation nucleus is counted by the optical counter at the bottom. At present, a continuous flow thermal gradient cloud condensation nuclear counter comprises a single cloud chamber type and a double cloud chamber type, the single cloud chamber cloud condensation nuclear counter comprises a set of cylindrical cloud chamber and an optical counter, the double cloud chamber cloud condensation nuclear counter comprises two sets of cylindrical cloud chambers and optical counters, and the time resolution of measurement is 1 second no matter the single cloud chamber or the double cloud chamber is adopted.
Supersaturation near the center line of the cloud chamber of the continuous flow thermal gradient cloud condensation nucleus counter is related to a plurality of factors, including the temperature difference between the top and the bottom of the cloud chamber, the air inlet pressure, the air inlet flow and the like. Currently, most observations are measured using cloud condensation nucleus counters that produce different degrees of supersaturation based on varying the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the cloud chamber. The reason is that the cloud condensation nucleus counter which generates different supersaturation degrees based on the mode of changing the temperature difference between the top and the bottom of the cloud chamber is simpler and more convenient, and other devices (such as a flow control device and an air pressure stabilizing device) are not required to be added. However, the cloud chamber of the cloud condensation nucleus counter which generates different supersaturations based on the mode of changing the temperature difference between the top and the bottom of the cloud chamber needs to take longer time (generally more than 3-5 minutes) when the temperature difference between the top and the bottom of the cloud chamber is changed to another temperature difference, and the time for measuring different supersaturations is longer.
In addition, the supersaturation degree calibration accuracy in the cloud condensation nucleus counter is a precondition for whether the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration can be accurately measured or not. The existing matching calibration system of the cloud condensation nuclear counter which generates different supersaturation degrees based on the mode of changing the temperature difference between the top and the bottom of the cloud chamber also has the problem of long time consumption. In addition, another factor affecting the supersaturation calibration result is that different teams use different forms of kohler models in the supersaturation calibration process of the cloud condensation nucleus counter, and most of the forms do not indicate the specific forms used. So that the current observation result of the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration cannot be further compared and referred.
Therefore, the invention provides a device capable of realizing rapid measurement of the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration under the condition of multiple supersaturations, and provides a calibration device for realizing supersaturation in the device for realizing rapid measurement of the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration under the condition of multiple supersaturations.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the limitation of the current cloud condensation nucleus number concentration measurement, the invention provides a cloud condensation nucleus number concentration rapid measurement device capable of realizing the multisaturation condition, and provides a matched calibration device of the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration rapid measurement system.
One of the purposes of the invention is to provide a device capable of realizing rapid measurement of cloud condensation nucleus concentration under the condition of supersaturation. The method comprises the following steps:
a dryer for dehumidifying the aerosol-carrying airflow;
and the cloud condensation nucleus counter is used for acquiring per second cloud condensation nucleus concentration data carrying the aerosol airflow after dehumidification.
And the control device is used for controlling the air inlet flow of the cloud condensation nucleus counter so as to change the supersaturation degree of the cloud condensation nucleus counter.
Further, still include:
and the condensation nucleus counter is used for acquiring the condensation nucleus concentration of the dehumidified environmental aerosol per second.
And the air pump is connected with the condensation nucleus counter and provides pumping force for the condensation nucleus counter to work.
Further, the device also comprises a pressure control machine for controlling the pressure of the air flow carrying the environmental aerosol after dehumidification to be constant.
Furthermore, in the device capable of realizing rapid measurement of the cloud condensation nucleus concentration under the condition of multiple supersaturations, the cloud condensation nucleus counter can be a single-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter or a double-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, wherein the control device changes the supersaturation degree of each cloud chamber of the cloud condensation nucleus counter by changing and controlling the air inlet flow of the single-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter or the double-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter.
The invention also provides a calibration device of the cloud condensation nucleus number and concentration rapid measurement system, which comprises: the device comprises a compressed air generating device, a filter, an aerosol generator, a dryer, a pressure control machine, a neutralizer, an electric mobility screening instrument, a condensation nucleus counter, a cloud condensation nucleus counter, an air pump and a control device. The device comprises a compressed air generating device, a filter, an aerosol generator, a dryer, a neutralizer and an electric mobility screening instrument, wherein the compressed air generating device, the filter, the aerosol generator, the dryer, the neutralizer and the electric mobility screening instrument are sequentially connected, and an exhaust port is also arranged at an outlet of the aerosol generator; the outlet of the electric mobility screening instrument is respectively connected with the inlets of the condensation nucleus counter and the cloud condensation nucleus counter, and the air pump is connected with the condensation nucleus counter and used for acquiring the monodisperse aerosol generated by the electric mobility screening instrument. The control device is used for controlling the outlet flow of the electric mobility sieving instrument to be constant.
Further, when the cloud condensation nucleus counter is a single cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, the control device specifically comprises a mass flow controller, an air pump and an external controller, wherein the external controller is used for controlling the air inlet flow of the single cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, the air pump and the mass flow controller directly connected with the external controller form a parallel branch of the single cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, the air inlet flow of the single cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter and the flow of the single cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter are simultaneously controlled through the external controller, and the outlet flow of the electric mobility screening instrument is constant.
Further, when the cloud condensation nucleus counter is a double-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, the control device respectively controls the air inlet flow of the two cloud chambers of the double-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, and the total air inlet flow of the double-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter is kept constant.
Further, the device also comprises a pressure control machine for controlling the pressure of the air flow carrying the environmental aerosol after dehumidification to be constant.
The third objective of the present invention is to provide a calibration method of the above calibration device, which specifically comprises:
(1) Dry particle size in the electromigration sizer is set.
(2) The air inlet flow of the cloud condensation nucleus counter is adjusted through the control device, and the cloud condensation nucleus counter obtains the concentration (N) of the number of cloud condensation nuclei per secondCCN) The condensation nucleus counter obtains the concentration of condensation nuclei per second (N)CN) And calculating the activation rate corresponding to each flow, fitting the trend lines of the flow and the activation rates to obtain a critical flow value, and calculating the supersaturation degree corresponding to the critical flow value through a Kohler equation.
(3) Changing the dry particle size value in the step 1, repeating the step 2, finally linearly fitting the corresponding relation between the air inlet flow and the supersaturation degree of the cloud chamber of the cloud condensation nucleus counter to obtain a relational expression of the flow and the supersaturation degree, and finishing calibration.
The beneficial effects of the invention are: the device generates different supersaturation degrees by changing the air inlet flow of the cloud condensation nucleus counter, and the cloud condensation nucleus concentration measurement of the equipment is quicker because the response time (seconds) of the cloud condensation nucleus counter to the flow is quicker compared with the traditional method for changing the temperature difference between the top and the bottom of the cloud chamber. In addition, the device can be applied to observation under multiple scenes (such as aerial survey). The invention also provides a calibration device for the supersaturation degree in the rapid cloud condensation nucleus concentration measurement device.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a device for rapidly measuring the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration under the condition of multiple supersaturation (fig. 1A utilizes a single-cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, and fig. 1B utilizes a double-cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter).
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a calibration device matched with the cloud condensation nucleus number and concentration rapid measurement device capable of realizing the multi-supersaturation condition (fig. 2A is the supersaturation calibration device of a single-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, and fig. 2B is the supersaturation calibration device of a double-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter).
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to figures 1 and 2:
fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a device for rapidly measuring the cloud condensation nucleus concentration under the condition of supersaturation, wherein, a is a single-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, B is a double-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, and the device specifically comprises:
a dryer for dehumidifying the ambient aerosol-laden air stream;
and the cloud condensation nucleus counter is used for acquiring the concentration data of the cloud condensation nucleus carrying the aerosol airflow per second after dehumidification.
And the control device is used for controlling the air inlet flow of the cloud condensation nucleus counter so as to change the supersaturation degree of the cloud condensation nucleus counter. When the double-cloud chamber cloud condensation nuclear counter is adopted, the control device respectively controls the air inlet flow of the two cloud chambers of the double-cloud chamber cloud condensation nuclear counter, and the supersaturation degree of the two cloud chambers of the cloud condensation nuclear counter is respectively changed.
And the condensation nucleus counter is used for acquiring the condensation nucleus concentration of the dehumidified aerosol per second.
And the air pump is connected with the condensation nucleus counter and provides pumping force for the condensation nucleus counter.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a calibration device matched with the cloud condensation nucleus number and concentration rapid measurement device capable of realizing the multisaturation condition, and the calibration device is slightly different according to different single and double cloud chambers of a cloud condensation nucleus counter.
If the single cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter is used, the calibration device (as shown in figure 2A) mainly comprises a compressed air generating device, a filter, an aerosol generator, a dryer, a pressure control machine, a neutralizer, an electric mobility screening instrument, a condensation nucleus counter, the single cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, a mass flow controller, an air pump and an external controller. The air outlet of the compressed air device is connected with the air inlet of the filter; the air outlet of the filter is connected with the air inlet of the aerosol generator. The outlet of the aerosol generator is divided into two paths, one path is emptied, and the other path is connected with the air inlet of the dryer; the outlet of the dryer is divided into two paths, the first path is connected with the air inlet of the pressure control machine, and the air outlet of the pressure control machine is directly emptied. The second path is connected with the air inlet of the neutralizer, and the aerosol is charged in the neutralizer. The air outlet of the neutralizer is connected with the air inlet of the electric mobility sieving instrument to obtain monodisperse aerosol. The air outlet of the electric mobility sieving instrument is divided into two paths, the first path is connected with the air inlet of the condensation nucleus counter to obtain the concentration of condensation nucleus per second (N)CN) And (3) connecting an air outlet of the condensation nucleus counter with an external air pump to pump air, wherein the flow is constant. The second path is divided into two paths, the first path is connected with the air inlet of the cloud condensation nucleus counter of the single cloud chamber, and the concentration (N) of the number of cloud condensation nuclei per second is obtainedCCN) Data; the second path is connected with the air inlet of the mass flow controller, and the air outlet of the mass flow controller is connected with an external air pump. The external controller is simultaneously connected with the single cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter and the mass flow controller to control the cloud condensation entering the single cloud chamberThe air inlet flow of the tuberculosis counter and the flow of the mass flow controller maintain the total air inlet flow constant.
If the dual cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter is used, the calibration device (as shown in figure 2B) mainly comprises a compressed air generating device, a filter, an aerosol generator, a dryer, a pressure control machine, a neutralizer, an electric mobility screening instrument, a condensation nucleus counter, the dual cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, an air pump and an external controller. The air outlet of the compressed air device is connected with the air inlet of the filter; the air outlet of the filter is connected with the air inlet of the aerosol generator. The outlet of the aerosol generator is divided into two paths, one path is emptied, and the other path is connected with the air inlet of the dryer; the outlet of the dryer is divided into two paths, the first path is connected with the air inlet of the pressure control machine, and the air outlet of the pressure control machine is directly emptied. The second path is connected with the air inlet of the neutralizer, and the aerosol is charged in the neutralizer. The air outlet of the neutralizer is connected with the air inlet of the electric mobility sieving instrument to obtain monodisperse aerosol. The air outlet of the electric mobility sieving instrument is divided into two paths, the first path is connected with the air inlet of the condensation nucleus counter to obtain the concentration of condensation nucleus per second (N)CN) And data, the air outlet of the condensation nucleus counter is connected with an external air pump for pumping air, and the flow is constant. The second path is divided into two paths which are respectively connected with an air inlet (1) and an air inlet (2) of the cloud condensation nucleus counter of the double cloud chambers. The external controller is connected with the double-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nuclear counter to control the air inlet flow of the air inlet (1) and the air inlet (2) of the double-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nuclear counter.
In the following, the implementation steps of the calibration device matched with the cloud condensation nucleus concentration rapid measurement device under the condition of multiple supersaturations and the measurement steps of the cloud condensation nucleus concentration rapid measurement device under the condition of multiple supersaturations after the calibration are completed are further explained.
Referring to the attached figure 2, the implementation steps of the matching calibration device of the cloud condensation nucleus concentration rapid measurement device under the supersaturation condition are as follows (if aerial survey, the steps are 1-8, and if non-aerial survey, the steps are 2-8):
1) Firstly, determining the preset highest height to be aerial-measured and the corresponding air pressure as input parameters of a pressure control machine in a calibration device, wherein the calibration period is constant.
2) According to the single cloud chamber and the double cloud chamber of the cloud condensation nuclear counter, the device is connected according to the figure 2A or the figure 2B (if a pressure control machine is required to be installed in the aerial survey).
3) Selecting at least 5 dry particle diameters D from large to smalld(e.g., D)d1、Dd2、Dd3、Dd4、Dd5) As an input parameter of the electric mobility sieving instrument in the calibration device, the corresponding supersaturation degree range meets the supersaturation degree range required by measurement as much as possible.
4) The compressed air generating device is opened to generate compressed air, and the compressed air enters the aerosol generator to generate aerosol (such as ammonium sulfate) after the excessive particulate matters are filtered by the filter. Followed sequentially by a dryer (dehumidification), a neutralizer (charging the aerosol).
5) The aerosol with the electric charge carried by the air flow enters an electric mobility sieving instrument to sieve out the aerosol with the dry particle size of one dry particle size value in the step 3 (for example, D)d1) A monodisperse aerosol.
6) This step is slightly different depending on the use of single and double cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counters:
if a single cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter is used (see fig. 2A): the external controller sets the inlet flow rates of a series of single cloud chamber cloud nuclei counters (e.g., ranging from approximately 0.2 liters/minute to 1 liter/minute) while setting the flow rates of the respective mass flow controllers to maintain the sum of the mass flow controllers flow rates and the inlet flow rates of the single cloud chamber cloud nuclei counters constant (e.g., 1.0 liters/minute).
If the cloud condensation nucleus counter used is a dual cloud chamber (see fig. 2B): the external controller sets the flow rate of the inlet (1) of a series of dual cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counters (e.g. ranging from approximately 0.2 l/min to 1 l/min) while setting the flow rate of the corresponding inlet (2) to keep the sum of the flow rates of the inlet (1) and the inlet (2) of the dual cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counters constant (e.g. 1.0 l/min).
7) The cloud condensation nucleus counter obtains the concentration of the number of cloud condensation nuclei per second (if the cloud condensation nucleus counter is a single cloud chamber, N is obtained)CCN(ii) a If the cloud condensation nucleus counter is a double cloud chamber, N is obtained respectivelyCCN①And NCCN②) (ii) a The condensation nucleus counter obtains the concentration of condensation nuclei per second (N)CN). For each set flow rate of the cloud chamber, calculating the corresponding activation rate AR according to the following formula:
AR＝NCCN/NCN
the critical flow value (generally, the flow corresponding to the activation rate of 0.5) is obtained by fitting a trend line of the flow rate and the activation rate, and the supersaturation degree corresponding to the critical flow value is calculated by using the kohler equation.
8) The voltage switch of the electric mobility sieving instrument is closed, and the electric mobility sieving instrument is opened again after a plurality of seconds (for example, 1 to 2 seconds), so that a particle blank value is generated to synchronize the output time of the condensation nucleus counter and the cloud condensation nucleus counter. The dry particle size values in step 2 (e.g.D) are selected in turnd2) And repeating the steps 6 and 7, finally linearly fitting the corresponding relation between the air inlet flow and the supersaturation degree of the cloud chamber of the cloud condensation nucleus counter to obtain a relation formula between the flow and the supersaturation degree, and finishing calibration.
Referring to the attached figure 1, after the calibration process is completed, the implementation steps of the device for rapidly measuring the cloud condensation nucleus concentration under the condition of supersaturation are as follows (the steps are 1-3 if aerial survey, and 2-3 if non-aerial survey):
1) The aircraft flies to a predetermined maximum height for aerial survey. And opening the pressure control machine, setting the pressure value of the pressure control machine as the pressure value used in the calibration process, and keeping constant without changing with the flying height.
2) The single or double cloud chambers based on the cloud condensation nucleus counter are connected with the device according to fig. 1A or fig. 1B (if the aerial survey needs to be provided with a pressure control machine).
3) The cloud condensation nucleus counter is set to operate under the flow of different cloud chambers through a computer, and finally the cloud condensation nucleus number concentration N corresponding to the supersaturation degree is obtained according to the corresponding relation between the calibrated flow and the supersaturation degreeCCNAnd activation ratio AR (N)CCN/NCN)。
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. This need not be, nor should all embodiments be exhaustive. And obvious variations or modifications of the invention may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. A calibration device for a cloud condensation nucleus number and concentration rapid measurement device is characterized by comprising: the device comprises a compressed air generating device, a filter, an aerosol generator, a dryer, a neutralizer, an electric mobility screening instrument, a condensation nucleus counter, a cloud condensation nucleus counter, an air pump and a control device; the device comprises a compressed air generating device, a filter, an aerosol generator, a dryer, a neutralizer and an electromigration rate screening instrument, wherein the compressed air generating device, the filter, the aerosol generator, the dryer, the neutralizer and the electromigration rate screening instrument are sequentially connected, and an exhaust port is also arranged at an outlet of the aerosol generator; the outlet of the electric mobility screening instrument is respectively connected with the inlets of the condensation nucleus counter and the cloud condensation nucleus counter, and the air pump is connected with the condensation nucleus counter and used for acquiring the monodisperse aerosol generated by the electric mobility screening instrument; the control device is used for controlling the outlet flow of the electric mobility sieving instrument to be constant; when the cloud condensation nucleus counter is a single-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, the control device specifically comprises a mass flow controller, an air pump and an external controller, wherein the external controller is used for controlling the air inlet flow of the single-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, the air pump and the mass flow controller directly connected with the external controller form a parallel branch of the single-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, and the air inlet flow of the single-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter and the flow of the single-cloud-chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter are simultaneously controlled through the external controller, so that the outlet flow of the electric mobility screening instrument is constant.
2. The calibration device according to claim 1, wherein when the cloud condensation nucleus counter is a dual-cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter, the control device controls the intake air flow of the two cloud chambers of the dual-cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter respectively, so as to maintain the total intake air flow of the dual-cloud chamber cloud condensation nucleus counter constant.
3. The calibration device according to any one of claims 1 to 2, further comprising a pressure control machine for controlling the pressure of the dehumidified entrained ambient aerosol to be constant.
4. A calibration method of the calibration apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method specifically comprises:
(1) Setting the dry particle size in an electric mobility sieving instrument;
(2) Adjusting the air inlet flow of a cloud condensation nucleus counter through a control device, obtaining the concentration of the number of cloud condensation nuclei per second by the cloud condensation nucleus counter, obtaining the concentration of the number of condensation nuclei per second by the condensation nucleus counter, calculating the activation rate corresponding to each flow, fitting a trend line of the flow and the activation rate to obtain a critical flow value, and calculating the supersaturation degree corresponding to the critical flow value through a Kohler equation;
(3) Changing the dry particle size value in the step 1, repeating the step 2, finally linearly fitting the corresponding relation between the air inlet flow and the supersaturation degree of the cloud chamber of the cloud condensation nucleus counter to obtain a relational expression of the flow and the supersaturation degree, and finishing calibration.
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