CN112931539A - 一种稻谷复合防虫剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种稻谷复合防虫剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种稻谷复合防虫剂及其制备方法和应用,所述稻谷复合防虫剂包括艾草精油、肉桂精油和载体。所述制备方法是将艾草精油、肉桂精油和载体,或还包括柑橘精油和香茅精油,搅拌均匀,静置平衡,即成。所述应用是将所述稻谷复合防虫剂以1.0~2.0g/kg稻谷的用量与稻谷拌和,静置14天以上,即成。本发明稻谷复合防虫剂驱避、杀虫效果好,24h对米象和赤拟谷盗的驱避率分别高达97.3%、100%;14d对米象和赤拟谷盗的致死率最高分别可达85.2%、94.4%,28d的致死率最高分别可达100%、99.2%;药效长,可持续60d以上,持效性好,无有机溶剂添加,绿色环保。本发明方法简单,成本低,适宜于工业化生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种复合防虫剂及其制备方法和应用,具体涉及一种稻谷复合防虫剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
储粮害虫通常是指危害储藏粮食及其产品的昆虫,大都属于昆虫纲中的鳞翅目和鞘翅目,在储粮过程中,虫害是造成粮食损失的重要原因之一。目前,国内防治储藏物害虫的主要方式是利用磷化氢等化学药剂进行熏蒸。长期以来利用化学杀虫剂防治储粮害虫,使我国各地粮库多次出现对重要储粮害虫施用磷化氢熏蒸失败的现象。由于绿色储粮等新时代要求的出现,由于现有的部分储粮保护剂会对人类健康产生危害等原因正在或即将被停止使用,为改善害虫抗药及药剂残留污染等问题,针对植物源防虫剂的相关研究逐渐增多。
国内外文献报道了植物精油对多种储粮害虫具有驱避、熏蒸等作用。
Muhammad等研究了Ferula narthex、紫罗兰属、雪莲等植物丙酮提取物可作为保护剂用于杀死或抑制储粮害虫(Muhammad S, Mansoor-ul-Hasan, Mazhar H R, et al.Toxicological and Growth Regulatory Effects of Acetone Extract Oils ofIndigenous Medicinal Plants Against a Stored Grain Pest, Cryptolestesferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) [J]. Parkistan J. Zool.,vol.48(3),pp. 903-906, 2016.)。苦皮藤素能在较长的一段时间对粮堆内的玉米象、赤拟谷盗和锈赤扁谷盗有较好的防治作用(王晶磊,严梅.不同仓型苦皮藤素防虫试验效果研究[J].粮食科技与经济,2015,40(2):46-49)。大蒜挥发油对谷蠹、赤拟谷盗和书虱种群抑制和触杀效果好,直接用于杀虫效果佳,是一种理想的廉价、高效、低毒、广谱的植物源农药(鲁玉杰,刘凤杰.大蒜和芦荟提取物防治几种储粮害虫效果的研究[J].粮食储藏,2003,32(3):14-17)。
CN105494460A公开了一种互叶白千层精油在防治储粮害虫上的应用,是利用互叶白千层精油对杂拟谷盗和玉米象进行驱避、触杀、熏蒸作用的应用,得到相应的施用剂量。但是,其相关应用只公开了互叶白千层精油对两种试虫72小时内的应用效果,说明相应配方在一定时长内的持效性可能较差,且在应用过程中使用丙酮作为精油的稀释液,因在使用有机溶剂过程中可能对使用人员造成中毒等健康危害和燃爆危险等安全风险,不利于投入实际生产应用。
CN103098831A公开了一种粮仓内原粮储粮害虫精油杀虫剂及其制备方法,是通过提取苦参、苦楝子、百部、狼毒、鹿蹄草等几种植物成分并进行复配得到了一种精油杀虫剂。但是,这些中药材中大部分对人体都有不同程度的毒性,特别是,狼毒对人体的毒性较大,可能会影响储粮人员健康,存在食品安全风险。
CN102388958A公开了一种利用植物精油防治储粮害虫的方法,是将植物精油与硅藻土混合后防治储粮害虫。但是,其筛选的用药配方及相关比例只对赤拟谷盗一种试虫有效,且持效性较差,在处理28天后赤拟谷盗的死亡率降低到40%左右。
CN109820002A公开了一种用于控制储粮害虫种群的杀虫剂组合,是通过将八角茴香精油、溴氰菊酯和烯虫酯复配得到的杀虫剂。但是,由于其在使用时,仍是通过丙酮等有机溶剂稀释后以喷雾剂形式使用,存在对使用人员安全危害、燃爆危险等安全风险。
综上,植物精油普遍具有易挥发、易氧化、残留短、化学性质不稳定等特点,加之乳油剂型植物源防虫剂中的有机溶剂可能会对环境造成污染;而市面上常见的植物性储粮保护剂,如谷虫净和安粮仙等,都复配了少量化学药剂,存在对使用人员安全危害、燃爆危险等安全风险。因此,亟待研究开发驱避、杀虫效果好,药效长,持效性好,无有机试剂添加,绿色环保,成本低的粮食防虫剂。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是,克服现有技术存在的上述缺陷,提供一种驱避、杀虫效果好,药效长,持效性好,无有机试剂添加,绿色环保,成本低的稻谷复合防虫剂。
本发明进一步要解决的技术问题是,克服现有技术存在的上述缺陷,提供一种工艺简单,成本低,适宜于工业化生产的稻谷复合防虫剂的制备方法和应用。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案如下:一种稻谷复合防虫剂,所述稻谷复合防虫剂包括艾草精油、肉桂精油和载体。昆虫上表皮通常是亲酯的,而精油挥发成分多是非极性物质,植物精油杀虫机制可能是精油成分可透过昆虫的表皮屏障,影响其水分代谢,干扰其内分泌平衡,作为神经毒剂或昆虫生长调节剂,干扰昆虫正常虫态形成,使之产生不适,从而达到驱避、杀虫的效果。本发明所使用的艾草精油中含有的1,8-桉叶素和肉桂精油中含有的肉桂醛等成分,能破坏昆虫表皮层结构,引起水分流失,对虫体超氧化物歧化酶等酶体系起抑制作用;另外,肉桂醛等醛类还能对昆虫产生胃毒效果,引起昆虫触角电生理反应。而载体的加入不仅能破坏昆虫表皮结构,也可减缓精油的挥发,使药效延长、减少环境污染。将艾草精油、肉桂精油和载体复合使用,能够增加精油破坏昆虫结构的能力,提高对昆虫的致死率。
优选地,所述稻谷复合防虫剂各原料的重量份为:艾草精油8~10份,肉桂精油1~2份。经过触杀试验证明,在所述用量下,对赤拟谷盗和米象在144小时内的致死率均可达90%以上;若任一精油的相对用量过多或过少,均会减弱杀虫效果。
优选地,所述艾草精油的主要成分及其质量百分数为:1,8-桉叶素18~23%,侧柏酮15~20%,樟脑10~15%,龙脑5~10%。艾草精油是一种从艾草的叶子、茎的提取物中提炼萃取的挥发性芳香物质;所述艾草精油除了上述主要成分外,还含有莰烯2~5%,桧稀2~5%,4-萜烯醇2~5%,1-环戊基-2-丙醇2~4%,β-侧柏酮2~4%等成分。
优选地,所述肉桂精油的主要成分及其质量百分数为:反式-肉桂醛55~65%,γ-松油烯10~15%,葎草烯5~10%。肉桂精油是从肉桂皮中提炼得到的一种植物精油,可作为改善食品风味、香气的天然食品添加剂,并已经得到国家认可;所述肉桂精油除了上述主要成分外,还含有石竹烯2~8%,β-红没药烯2~8%,视黄醇乙酸酯0~2%等成分。
优选地,所述载体相当于精油总质量的3~6倍。当载体添加量小于精油总质量3倍时,载体产生板结,在拌合处理时无法均匀分散于稻谷中;当载体添加量大于精油总质量6倍时,则对害虫的触杀效果弱。
优选地,所述稻谷复合防虫剂中还包括柑橘精油和香茅精油。本发明所使用的柑橘精油中含有的D-柠檬烯对昆虫酯酶有一定抑制活性,同时也能降低精油表面张力,提高精油在载体上的持留量;本发明所使用的柑橘精油中含有的D-柠檬烯和香茅精油中含有的香茅醛对昆虫具有毒杀活性,对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶具有抑制活性。
优选地,所述柑橘精油的主要成分及其质量百分数为:D-柠檬烯65~75%,γ-萜品烯16~22%。柑橘精油是一种由芸香科植物橘子或某些其它近似种的成熟果实的皮提取而得的挥发性芳香物质,GB 2760-2014规定为允许使用的食用香料;所述柑橘精油除了上述主要成分外,还含有α-蒎烯1~3%,月桂烯1~2%,β-蒎烯1~2%等成分。
优选地,所述香茅精油的主要成分及其质量百分数为:香茅醛 25~35%,香叶醇15~20%。香茅精油是一种从香茅草的叶子、茎的提取物中提炼萃取的挥发性芳香物质;所述香茅精油除了上述主要成分外,还含有香茅醇、柠檬醛、丁子香酚、香兰素、丁子香萜、丁二酮、苯甲醛、甲基庚烯酮、杜松子萜、异戊醛、香叶酸及其酯等成分。
优选地,所述各原料的重量份为:柑橘精油1~6份,香茅精油1~6份。经过驱避试验证明,在所述用量下,对赤拟谷盗和米象在24小时内的驱避率均可达68%以上;若任一精油的相对用量过多或过少,均会减弱驱避效果。
优选地,所述载体的粒径为300~350目。若载体的粒径过小,则不足以很好的吸附植物精油,若载体的粒径过大,则难以均匀的分布在稻谷缝隙中,亦难以发挥惰性粉磨损昆虫机体致死的作用。
优选地,所述载体为高岭土和/或硅藻土等。载体可吸附一定量的精油组分,减缓精油挥发性成分的损耗;同时载体本身对昆虫亦具有一定的触杀效果,经过对载体单独的触杀试验证明,高岭土对赤拟谷盗和米象28天内致死率高于硅藻土,原因可能是:1)高岭土不规则的六方板状晶型结构更容易在摩擦下,破坏昆虫表面的类脂层,从而使得昆虫能更快的因脱水而死;2)高岭土的颜色和黏土颗粒的粘性会引起昆虫的不适性,从而抑制其觅食性能。另外,高岭土的成本相对于硅藻土更低,更适于工业化应用。
本发明进一步解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案如下:一种稻谷复合防虫剂的制备方法,将艾草精油、肉桂精油和载体,或还包括柑橘精油和香茅精油,搅拌均匀,静置平衡,即成。
优选地,所述静置平衡的温度为室温,时间为5~15min。在所述时间内进行静置平衡有助于所述精油与载体充分融合。若时间过短,则可能导致融合不充分,若时间过长,则可能导致部分有效成分过度挥发,造成不必要的损耗。
本发明更进一步解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案如下:一种稻谷复合防虫剂的应用,将所述稻谷复合防虫剂以1.0~2.0g/kg稻谷的用量与稻谷拌和,静置14天以上,即成。在实际应用中防虫剂的用量可视感染害虫的多少进行调整;感染害虫后,静置除虫时间优选14~60天;在没有感染害虫的情况下储藏药性持效还可维持更长的时间。
优选地,所述静置的温度为25~30℃,湿度为70~85%。所述温、湿度为一般情况下的粮仓实仓中的气温、气湿范围,说明本发明稻谷复合防虫剂的使用不需要调整现有的粮储条件。
本发明的有益效果如下:
(1)本发明稻谷复合防虫剂驱避、杀虫效果好,驱避率均在24h后达到峰值,其中,对米象的驱避率最高可达97.3%,对赤拟谷盗的驱避率最高可达100%;经14天处理后,米象的致死率最高可达85.2%,经28天的处理后,米象的致死率最高可达100%;经14天处理后,赤拟谷盗的致死率最高可达94.4%,经28天的处理后,赤拟谷盗的致死率最高可达99.2%;药效长,可持续60d以上,持效性好,无有机试剂添加,绿色环保;
(2)本发明方法工艺简单,成本低,适宜于工业化生产。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
本发明实施例所使用的稻谷为市购;本发明实施例所使用的赤拟谷盗和米象购于武汉轻工大学;本发明实施例所使用的艾草精油(主要成分及其质量百分数为:1,8-桉叶素20.9%,侧柏酮17.6%,樟脑13.3%,龙脑8.8%),肉桂精油(主要成分及其质量百分数为:反式-肉桂醛59.5%,γ-松油烯12.9%,葎草烯6.6%),柑橘精油(主要成分及其质量百分数为:D-柠檬烯69.5%,γ-萜品烯18.3%)和香茅精油(主要成分及其质量百分数为:香茅醛30.3%,香叶醇17.4%),均购于高岛化妆品有限公司;本发明实施例所使用的高岭土(粒径为325目),购于河南铂润铸造材料有限公司;本发明实施例所使用的硅藻土(粒径为300目),购于长白朝鲜族自治县金缘硅藻土制品有限公司;本发明实施例所使用的原料和化学试剂,如无特殊说明,均通过常规商业途径获得。
一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4
本发明实施例一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4的组分及重量份如表1所示。
表1 一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4的组分及重量份表
注:表中“-”表示未添加。
一种稻谷复合防虫剂的制备方法实施例1、2
分别按照表1实施例1、2所述各组分和重量份,将艾草精油、肉桂精油和载体,搅拌均匀,在室温下,静置平衡10 min,即成。
一种稻谷复合防虫剂的制备方法实施例3、4
分别按照表1实施例3、4所述各组分和重量份,将艾草精油、肉桂精油、柑橘精油、香茅精油和载体,搅拌均匀,在室温下,静置平衡10 min,即成。
为了评价一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4对于稻谷中常见害虫的驱避效果,进行驱避试验:将圆形滤纸划分成两半,一半分别放置实施例1~4一种稻谷复合防虫剂2 g;另一半分别放置等量的高岭土或硅藻土作为空白例;用双面胶将滤纸固定置于培养皿(直径11 cm)内,盖好上盖;每个处理设4个重复(为校正部分储粮害虫可能存在的趋北性影响,各重复样对照边分别朝东西南北摆布);然后在每个培养皿中接入赤拟谷盗或米象成虫30头,置于恒温培养箱(温度27±1 ℃,相对湿度75%±5%)内,接虫后1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h各检查一次成虫分布情况,取4次重复试验的平均值,计算驱避率;驱避率(%)=[(对照纸上试虫数量-试验纸上试虫数量)/对照纸上试虫数量]×100;结果如表2所示。
表2 一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4和空白例中米象和赤拟谷盗的驱避率对比表
由表2可知,一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4对米象或赤拟谷盗的驱避率,均在24h后达到峰值,其中,对米象的驱避率最高可达97.3%,对赤拟谷盗的驱避率最高可达100%。
一种稻谷复合防虫剂的应用实施例1~4
所述无虫稻谷的制备方法是:将市购稻谷置于-80℃放置72h后,于无虫环境室温回温24h,即成。
分别将稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4,分别以1 g/kg稻谷、1 g/kg稻谷、2 g/kg稻谷、2 g/kg稻谷的用量与无虫稻谷拌和,在28℃,湿度75%下,静置14~88天,即成。
为了评价本发明稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4应用中的杀虫效果,分别在静置第1天、30天(实施例2、4)、60天(实施例2、4),分别将50d虫龄的赤拟谷盗和米象,按照250头/kg稻谷接入,测试其与没有拌药的无虫稻谷(空白例)中,米象和赤拟谷盗在接入后,第14天、第21天和第28天的死亡率。第1天接入后的结果如表3所示,第30天、60天接入后的结果如表4所示。
表3 一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4应用和空白例第1天接入米象和赤拟谷盗的死亡率对比表
由表3可知,一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4应用中,经14天处理后,米象的致死率最高可达85.2%,经28天的处理后,米象死亡率均大于95%,最高可达100%;经14天处理后,赤拟谷盗的致死率最高可达94.4%,经28天的处理后,赤拟谷盗死亡率均大于90%,最高可达99.2%;证明本发明稻谷复合防虫剂在28天内,可以影响该时段内90%以上赤拟谷盗和米象成虫的生理活动,起到较优异的防治效果。
表4 一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例1~4应用和空白例第30天、60天接入米象和赤拟谷盗的死亡率对比表
由表4可知,一种稻谷复合防虫剂实施例2和4应用第30天、60天接入米象和赤拟谷盗,接虫并经14天处理后,米象的致死率最高可达88%,经28天的处理后,米象死亡率可达100%;经14天处理后,赤拟谷盗的致死率最高可达94.4%,经28天的处理后,赤拟谷盗死亡率均大于97%,最高可达99.2%;证明本发明稻谷复合防虫剂药效长,可持续60d,持效性好,可以影响该时段内赤拟谷盗和米象成虫的生理活动,起到较优异的防治效果。
Claims (9)
1.一种稻谷复合防虫剂,其特征在于:所述稻谷复合防虫剂包括艾草精油、肉桂精油和载体。
2.根据权利要求1所述稻谷复合防虫剂,其特征在于,所述各原料的重量份为:艾草精油8~10份,肉桂精油1~2份;所述艾草精油的主要成分及其质量百分数为:1,8-桉叶素18~23%,侧柏酮15~20%,樟脑10~15%,龙脑5~10%;所述肉桂精油的主要成分及其质量百分数为:反式-肉桂醛55~65%,γ-松油烯10~15%,葎草烯5~10%;所述载体相当于精油总质量的3~6倍。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述稻谷复合防虫剂,其特征在于:所述稻谷复合防虫剂中还包括柑橘精油和香茅精油;所述柑橘精油的主要成分及其质量百分数为:D-柠檬烯65~75%,γ-萜品烯16~22%;所述香茅精油的主要成分及其质量百分数为:香茅醛 25~35%,香叶醇15~20%。
4.根据权利要求3所述稻谷复合防虫剂,其特征在于,所述各原料的重量份为:柑橘精油1~6份,香茅精油1~6份。
5.根据权利要求1~4之一所述稻谷复合防虫剂,其特征在于:所述载体的粒径为300~350目;所述载体为高岭土和/或硅藻土。
6.一种如权利要求1~5之一所述稻谷复合防虫剂的制备方法,其特征在于:将艾草精油、肉桂精油和载体,或还包括柑橘精油和香茅精油,搅拌均匀,静置平衡,即成。
7.根据权利要求6所述稻谷复合防虫剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述静置平衡的温度为室温,时间为5~15min。
8.一种如权利要求1~5之一所述稻谷复合防虫剂的应用,其特征在于:将权利要求1~5之一所述稻谷复合防虫剂以1.0~2.0g/kg稻谷的用量与稻谷拌和,静置14天以上,即成。
9.根据权利要求8所述稻谷复合防虫剂的应用,其特征在于:所述静置的温度为25~30℃,湿度为70~85%。
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