CN112926383A - Automatic target identification system based on underwater laser image - Google Patents
Automatic target identification system based on underwater laser image Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an automatic target identification system based on an underwater laser image, which realizes automatic feature extraction and target identification of the underwater target based on the underwater laser image, adopts the laser image containing one or more underwater targets as input, improves the quality of the underwater laser image through image enhancement, performs automatic feature extraction and identification model modeling of the underwater laser target based on a constructed underwater laser image database, and performs new underwater laser target identification by using the constructed identification model. The invention realizes automatic feature extraction and target identification, can identify a plurality of targets in the same underwater laser image, has the advantages of high accuracy, high speed, strong reliability and the like, and solves the defects of complicated steps, low identification accuracy, low speed and the like of the conventional underwater laser target identification, and is only suitable for a single target.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of underwater laser target identification, in particular to an automatic target identification system based on an underwater laser image.
Background
The ocean area accounts for about 70% of the earth surface, and abundant resources such as mineral products, organisms, energy sources and the like contained in the ocean are huge wealth naturally endowed to human beings, so that the exploration of the human beings is required, and since 1963 researchers find that the attenuation of the seawater to the blue-green light in the 470nm-580nm band is weaker than that of the blue-green light in other bands, the detection application of the blue-green laser in the seawater becomes the attention of a plurality of scholars. Meanwhile, underwater detection based on sound waves is seriously influenced by seawater, topography, marine organisms and the like, the quality of sonar underwater detection is seriously influenced, underwater laser detection is not easily influenced by seawater temperature, salinity and the like, two-dimensional imaging can be directly realized, better target distance measurement and imaging effects are achieved, the underwater laser detection can be applied to underwater detection and identification of mines, submarines and the like, the underwater navigation collision avoidance of sensitive water areas can be implemented, and the underwater detection device can also be applied to hydrological survey, underwater operation maintenance, underwater environment monitoring, marine fish school detection, submarine topography exploration, marine organism research and the like, so that the underwater laser detection technology has important significance for future marine exploration.
At present, most of traditional underwater laser target recognition is based on laser images which are acquired aiming at targets individually at a short distance, the targets are obvious and single, the rapid development of current ocean exploration cannot be met, machine learning algorithms show prominent superiority in recent years, more scores are obtained particularly in the field of target recognition, only the current underwater laser target recognition is limited to a single-target recognition target contour extraction-feature extraction-traditional classifier classification method, the steps are complicated, and the recognition efficiency and accuracy are low.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a system which has high accuracy, high recognition speed and high intelligence degree and can be used for automatically recognizing underwater laser image targets, aims to realize automatic feature extraction and target recognition of the underwater targets based on the underwater laser images, adopts laser images containing one or more underwater targets as input, improves the quality of the underwater laser images through image enhancement, models an underwater laser image target recognition model based on a built underwater laser image database, performs newly acquired underwater laser target recognition by using the built recognition model, and finally outputs a recognition result. The method realizes automatic feature extraction and target identification, can identify a plurality of targets in the same underwater laser image, has the advantages of high accuracy, high speed, strong reliability and the like, and solves the defects that the conventional underwater laser target identification steps are complicated (target segmentation, feature extraction, classifier modeling and the like are required), is only suitable for a single target, and has low identification accuracy, low speed and the like.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: an automatic target identification system based on an underwater laser image comprises an underwater target laser image acquisition module, an automatic target identification system based on an underwater laser image and a display module which are sequentially connected, wherein the automatic target identification system based on the underwater laser image comprises an underwater laser image database, a preprocessing module, an underwater laser image target modeling module, an underwater laser image target automatic identification module and an underwater target identification output module.
The underwater target laser image acquisition module acquires an underwater laser image containing a target through a laser transmitter and a receiver.
Furthermore, the underwater laser image database is used for storing all the historically acquired underwater laser target images and target position and category information contained in the images, so that a data basis is provided for the underwater laser image target modeling module, meanwhile, the module can update the newly acquired underwater laser images in real time from the laser image acquisition device, the database content is perfected, so that a basis is provided for updating the model, and for the newly acquired underwater laser images, the target positions and the categories in the images need to be artificially marked and then stored in the database.
Furthermore, the preprocessing module is used for preprocessing the underwater laser target image, and due to the absorption and scattering effects of a water body on laser, the underwater laser image has more noise spots, low contrast and fuzzy target and is not beneficial to target identification, wherein the only difference between the preprocessing of data in the underwater laser image database and the preprocessing of the newly acquired underwater target laser image is that the data used by the preprocessing is divided into a training set and a verification set, so that the model effect can be verified in the modeling module and an ideal model can be finally obtained, in addition, the preprocessing module for the underwater laser target image is mainly completed by adopting the following processes:
for the convenience of subsequent operations, image normalization is firstly performed:
let xjFor a point in the image, the laser image is processed as follows to obtain a normalized featureWherein xminIs xjMinimum value of (1), xmaxIs xjMaximum value of (d):
the image definition is improved by adopting gray level conversion, the target area is highlighted, and the visual effect is enhanced:
dividing the laser image into L gray levels according to gray values, wherein the number of pixels of the ith gray level is niProbability of occurrence pi=niN, where n is the number of all pixels, the gray scale conversion of each gray scale is performed according to the following formula
Due to the particularity of laser propagation under water, a laser image often contains a large amount of speckle noise, thermal noise and other various noise types, and noise points may be increased after gray level conversion is performed on the laser image, so that image denoising is performed firstly in order to improve image quality and facilitate subsequent identification, and as the related noise types are many and the noise problem is more serious compared with the image under natural light or an air medium, a space domain and transform domain double denoising method is adopted:
in the spatial domain, the following mode is adopted, and the value of the jth point after filtering is as follows:
where l represents each pixel within the filter kernel, ωlThe best weight to debug for reality.
And under a transform domain, performing wavelet packet decomposition on the laser image, filtering the high-frequency part, restoring to obtain a de-noised image with high-frequency noise removed, and manually setting a filtering threshold according to an effect.
If the number of samples in the database is more than 1000, extracting 40% of data from the database as a training set, and taking the rest data as a verification set; for types with a sample number less than 1000, 60% of the data is extracted for training and the remainder is used for validation. The recognition effect of the model can be viewed through the validation set.
Further, the underwater laser image target modeling module comprehensively utilizes the strong feature extraction capability of the neural network and the rapid classification capability of machine learning to establish a high-accuracy underwater laser image target automatic identification model, the model can automatically learn how to extract effective features and identify the effective features based on a training set, and the model is specifically realized as follows:
inputting an underwater laser image into a Resnet18 network to extract a characteristic diagram, obtaining positions of a plurality of targets in the image by adopting an RPN network based on the characteristic diagram to obtain a candidate frame, only keeping frames with the coincidence degree of more than 95% with the candidate frame in a label through filtering, namely, the frames with the targets are considered to exist, and the rest frames are considered to have no targets and are discarded, after obtaining the position frames of the plurality of targets, dividing each target area into 16 × 16 parts, dividing each small area into 4 parts in an average way, obtaining a value of a central position of each part through bilinear interpolation, and taking an average value of the four values as a value of the small area, so that a plurality of target matrixes with the size of 16 × 16 are obtained, and each matrix can be considered as a sample for identification.
The classification network consists of three layers of input layer, hidden layer and output layer, the number of nodes is P, M and O, for the ith input sampleIts predicted valueCalculated by the following formula
Wherein gamma iso=[γo1…γoM]TO is 1, … O is the connection weight of the intermediate layer and the output layer, wm=[wm1…wmP]TWhere M is 1, … M is the connection weight g of the input layer and the middle layer as a kernel function, and b is the bias term. The value of gamma is obtained by solving the following objective function
Wherein phi is [ gamma ]1…γO]TWhere λ is the regularization parameter, ε is the prediction error, N is the total number of all samples,
the model is optimized by further modifying the parameters by observing the test results of the model in the validation set. Finally obtaining a model C.
Further, the underwater laser image target automatic identification module is used for acquiring a newly acquired underwater target laser image processed by the preprocessing moduleIdentifying, namely directly inputting the preprocessed image into an end-to-end object identification model C which integrates feature extraction, candidate frame selection and identification and is obtained in claim 4 for a newly obtained underwater laser image to obtain the positions, sizes and types of all objects contained in the image
Further, the underwater target recognition output module outputs the result of recognition in claim 5, and since it is multi-target recognition, it outputs not only the type but also the position, size and type of each target. Thereby finally realizing the automatic identification of the underwater laser image target.
Further, the display module outputs and displays the position, size and type of the underwater laser multiple targets obtained by the underwater target identification output module through the display screen.
The technical conception of the invention is as follows: the invention realizes the automatic feature extraction and target identification of underwater targets based on underwater laser images, adopts the laser images containing one or more underwater targets as input, improves the quality of the underwater laser images through image enhancement, carries out the automatic feature extraction and identification model modeling of the underwater laser targets based on the constructed underwater laser image database, carries out the newly acquired underwater laser target identification by using the constructed identification model, and finally outputs the identification result. The method realizes automatic feature extraction and target identification, can identify a plurality of targets in the same underwater laser image, has the advantages of high accuracy, high speed, strong reliability and the like, and solves the defects that the conventional underwater laser target identification steps are complicated (target segmentation, feature extraction, classifier modeling and the like are required), is only suitable for a single target, and has low identification accuracy, low speed and the like.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. the underwater laser target image is updated through the database, so that real-time updating is realized, and the adaptability to a new target type is improved; 2. by preprocessing an airspace and a transform domain of the underwater laser, the image quality is improved, high-quality target characteristics are provided, and the identification accuracy is improved; 3. the feature extraction and identification are automatically completed by the model; 4. a plurality of targets in one image can be identified simultaneously; 5. the newly acquired underwater laser image can be automatically identified end to end without grading or manual participation, and the identification process is simple and fast;
drawings
FIG. 1 is a hardware connection diagram of an underwater laser image based automatic target identification system;
fig. 2 is a functional block diagram of an underwater laser image-based automatic target identification system.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated below with reference to the figures and examples:
referring to fig. 1 and 2, an underwater target laser image acquisition 1, an underwater laser image-based target automatic identification system 2 and a display module 3 are sequentially connected, wherein the underwater laser image-based target automatic identification system 2 comprises an underwater laser image database 4, a preprocessing module 5, an underwater laser image target modeling module 6, an underwater laser image target automatic identification module 7 and an underwater target identification output module 8.
The underwater target laser image acquisition module 1 acquires an underwater laser image containing a target through a laser transmitter and a receiver.
The underwater laser image database 4 is used for storing all the historically acquired underwater laser target images and target position and category information contained in the images, so that a data basis is provided for the underwater laser image target modeling module 6, meanwhile, the module can update the newly acquired underwater laser images in real time from the laser image acquisition device, database contents are perfected, so that a basis is provided for updating the model, and for the newly acquired underwater laser images, the target positions and the categories in the images need to be artificially marked and then stored in the database.
The preprocessing module 5 is used for preprocessing an underwater laser target image, and due to the absorption and scattering effects of a water body on laser, the underwater laser image has many noise spots, low contrast and fuzzy target and is not beneficial to target identification, wherein the only difference between the preprocessing of data in the underwater laser image database 4 and the preprocessing of a newly acquired underwater target laser image is that the data used by the former is divided into a training set and a verification set so as to be convenient for verifying the model effect in the modeling module and finally acquiring a model with ideal effect, besides, the preprocessing module 5 for the underwater laser target image mainly adopts the following processes:
for the convenience of subsequent operations, image normalization is firstly performed:
let xjFor a point in the image, the laser image is processed as follows to obtain a normalized featureWherein xminIs xjMinimum value of (1), xmaxIs xjMaximum value of (d):
the image definition is improved by adopting gray level conversion, the target area is highlighted, and the visual effect is enhanced:
dividing the laser image into L gray levels according to gray values, wherein the number of pixels of the ith gray level is niProbability of occurrence pi=niN, where n is the number of all pixels, the gray scale conversion of each gray scale is performed according to the following formula
Due to the particularity of laser propagation under water, a laser image often contains a large amount of speckle noise, thermal noise and other various noise types, and noise points may be increased after gray level conversion is performed on the laser image, so that image denoising is performed firstly in order to improve image quality and facilitate subsequent identification, and as the related noise types are many and the noise problem is more serious compared with the image under natural light or an air medium, a space domain and transform domain double denoising method is adopted:
in the spatial domain, the following mode is adopted, and the value of the jth point after filtering is as follows:
where l represents each pixel within the filter kernel, ωlThe best weight to debug for reality.
And under a transform domain, performing wavelet packet decomposition on the laser image, filtering the high-frequency part, restoring to obtain a de-noised image with high-frequency noise removed, and manually setting a filtering threshold according to an effect.
If the number of samples in the database is more than 1000, extracting 40% of data from the database as a training set, and taking the rest data as a verification set; for types with a sample number less than 1000, 60% of the data is extracted for training and the remainder is used for validation. The recognition effect of the model can be viewed through the validation set.
The underwater laser image target modeling module 6 comprehensively utilizes the strong feature extraction capability of a neural network and the rapid classification capability of machine learning to establish a high-accuracy automatic underwater laser image target identification model, the model can automatically learn how to extract effective features and identify the effective features based on a training set, and the model is specifically realized as follows:
inputting an underwater laser image into a Resnet18 network to extract a characteristic diagram, obtaining positions of a plurality of targets in the image by adopting an RPN network based on the characteristic diagram to obtain a candidate frame, only keeping frames with the coincidence degree of more than 95% with the candidate frame in a label through filtering, namely, the frames with the targets are considered to exist, and the rest frames are considered to have no targets and are discarded, after obtaining the position frames of the plurality of targets, dividing each target area into 16 × 16 parts, dividing each small area into 4 parts in an average way, obtaining a value of a central position of each part through bilinear interpolation, and taking an average value of the four values as a value of the small area, so that a plurality of target matrixes with the size of 16 × 16 are obtained, and each matrix can be considered as a sample for identification.
The classification network consists of three layers of input layer, hidden layer and output layer, the number of nodes is P, M and O, for the ith input sampleIts predicted valueCalculated by the following formula
Wherein gamma iso=[γo1…γoM]TO is 1, … O is the connection weight of the intermediate layer and the output layer, wm=[wm1…wmP]TWhere M is 1, … M is the connection weight g of the input layer and the middle layer as a kernel function, and b is the bias term. The value of gamma is obtained by solving the following objective function
Wherein phi is [ gamma ]1…γO]TWhere λ is the regularization parameter, ε is the prediction error, N is the total number of all samples,
the model is optimized by further modifying the parameters by observing the test results of the model in the validation set. Finally obtaining a model C.
The underwater laser image target automatic identification module 7 is used for acquiring a newly acquired underwater target laser image processed by the preprocessing module 5Identifying, namely directly inputting the preprocessed image into an end-to-end object identification model C which integrates feature extraction, candidate frame selection and identification and is obtained in claim 4 for a newly obtained underwater laser image to obtain the positions, sizes and types of all objects contained in the image
The underwater target recognition output module 8 outputs the result of recognition in claim 5, and since it is multi-target recognition, it outputs not only the type but also the position, size, and type of each target. Thereby finally realizing the automatic identification of the underwater laser image target.
The display module 3 outputs and displays the position, size and type of the underwater laser multiple targets obtained by the underwater target identification output module 8 through a display screen.
The above-described embodiments are intended to illustrate rather than to limit the invention, and any modifications and variations of the present invention are within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. An automatic target identification system based on underwater laser images is characterized in that: the underwater laser image target automatic identification system comprises an underwater laser image acquisition module, an underwater laser image based target automatic identification system and a display module which are sequentially connected, wherein the underwater laser image based target automatic identification system comprises an underwater laser image database, a preprocessing module, an underwater laser image target modeling module, an underwater laser image target automatic identification module and an underwater target identification output module which are sequentially connected.
2. The system for automatically identifying the target based on the underwater laser image as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the underwater laser image database stores all the historically acquired underwater laser target images and target position and category information contained in the images, and meanwhile, the module can update the newly acquired underwater laser images in real time from the laser image acquisition device, and for the newly acquired underwater laser images, the target positions and the categories in the images need to be artificially marked and then stored in the database.
3. The system for automatically identifying the target based on the underwater laser image as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the preprocessing module is used for preprocessing an underwater laser target image and mainly comprises the following steps:
firstly, normalizing the image and setting xjFor a point in the image, the laser image is processed as follows to obtain a normalized featureWherein xminIs xjMinimum value of (1), xmaxIs xjMaximum value of (d):
improving the image definition by adopting gray level conversion:
dividing the laser image into L gray levels according to gray values, wherein the number of pixels of the ith gray level is niProbability of occurrence pi=niN, where n is the number of all pixels, the gray scale conversion of each gray scale is performed according to the following formula
WhereinTo accumulate the gray values, cminIs the minimum value of the gray value, hiIs the converted gray level.
Carrying out laser image denoising by adopting a space domain and transform domain dual denoising method:
in the spatial domain, the following mode is adopted, and the value of the jth point after filtering is as follows:
where l represents each pixel within the filter kernel, ωlThe best weight to debug for reality.
And under a transform domain, performing wavelet packet decomposition on the laser image, filtering the high-frequency part, restoring to obtain a de-noised image with high-frequency noise removed, and manually setting a filtering threshold according to an effect.
If the number of samples in the database is more than 1000, extracting 40% of data from the database as a training set, and taking the rest data as a verification set; for types with a sample number less than 1000, 60% of the data is extracted for training and the remainder is used for validation. The recognition effect of the model can be viewed through the validation set.
4. The system for automatically identifying the target based on the underwater laser image as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the underwater laser image target modeling module establishes a high-accuracy underwater laser image target automatic identification model, automatically learns how to extract effective characteristics and identify the effective characteristics based on a training set, and the model is specifically realized as follows:
inputting an underwater laser image into a Resnet18 network to extract a characteristic diagram, obtaining positions of a plurality of targets in the image by adopting an RPN network based on the characteristic diagram to obtain a candidate frame, only keeping frames with the coincidence degree of more than 95% with the candidate frame in a label through filtering, namely, the frames with the targets are considered to exist, and the rest frames are considered to have no targets and are discarded, after obtaining the position frames of the plurality of targets, dividing each target area into 16 × 16 parts, dividing each small area into 4 parts in an average way, obtaining a value of a central position of each part through bilinear interpolation, and taking an average value of the four values as a value of the small area, so that a plurality of target matrixes with the size of 16 × 16 are obtained, and each matrix can be considered as a sample for identification.
The classification network consists of three layers of input layer, hidden layer and output layer, the number of nodes is P, M and O, for the ith input sampleIts predicted valueCalculated by the following formula
Wherein gamma iso=[γo1…γoM]TO is 1, … O is the connection weight of the intermediate layer and the output layer, wm=[wm1…wmP]TWhere M is 1, … M is the connection weight of the input layer and the middle layer, g is the kernel function, and b is the bias term. The value of gamma is obtained by solving the following objective function
Wherein phi is [ gamma ]1…γO]TWhere λ is the regularization parameter, ε is the prediction error, N is the total number of all samples,
the model is optimized by further modifying the parameters by observing the test results of the model in the validation set. Finally obtaining a model C.
5. The system for automatically identifying the target based on the underwater laser image as claimed in claim 1, wherein:the underwater laser image target automatic identification module is used for acquiring a newly acquired underwater target laser image processed by the preprocessing moduleIdentifying, namely directly inputting the preprocessed image into an end-to-end object identification model C which integrates feature extraction, candidate frame selection and identification and is obtained in claim 4 for a newly obtained underwater laser image to obtain the positions, sizes and types of all objects contained in the image
6. The system for automatically identifying the target based on the underwater laser image as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the underwater object recognition output module outputs the result of recognition in claim 5, and since it is multi-object recognition, it outputs not only the type but also the position, size and type of each object. Thereby finally realizing the automatic identification of the underwater laser image target.
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