CN112924884B - Quantitative diagnosis method for short circuit in battery based on incremental capacity curve peak area - Google Patents

Quantitative diagnosis method for short circuit in battery based on incremental capacity curve peak area Download PDF

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CN112924884B
CN112924884B CN202110125387.3A CN202110125387A CN112924884B CN 112924884 B CN112924884 B CN 112924884B CN 202110125387 A CN202110125387 A CN 202110125387A CN 112924884 B CN112924884 B CN 112924884B
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battery
incremental capacity
capacity curve
short circuit
curve
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魏学哲
乔冬冬
戴海峰
王学远
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Tongji University
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/385—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables
    • G01R31/387—Determining ampere-hour charge capacity or SoC
    • G01R31/388—Determining ampere-hour charge capacity or SoC involving voltage measurements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
    • G01R31/52—Testing for short-circuits, leakage current or ground faults

Abstract

The invention relates to a quantitative diagnosis method for short circuit in a battery based on the peak area of an incremental capacity curve, which comprises the following steps: 1) establishing incremental capacity curves of the battery at different aging stages in an off-line manner to serve as reference incremental capacity curves; 2) acquiring an incremental capacity curve of a battery to be tested on line, and determining an aging stage of the incremental capacity curve; 3) comparing the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested with the reference incremental capacity curve in the corresponding aging stage, and judging whether the battery has an internal short circuit or not according to the incremental capacity curve; 4) and quantitatively calculating the internal short circuit resistance value by using the peak area of the characteristic peak in the incremental capacity curve. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of simple and convenient implementation, short diagnosis time, high diagnosis accuracy and the like.

Description

Quantitative diagnosis method for short circuit in battery based on incremental capacity curve peak area
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of energy storage batteries, in particular to a quantitative diagnosis method for short circuit in a battery based on the peak area of an incremental capacity curve.
Background
Thermal runaway refers to an overheating phenomenon in which an exothermic chain reaction occurs inside a battery to cause a rapid change in the rate of temperature rise of the battery, and causes of thermal runaway of the battery include mechanical abuse, thermal abuse, and electrical abuse. The internal short circuit formed by the short circuit of the positive and negative electrode parts in the battery is a common link of thermal runaway of the battery caused by three abuse modes. The short circuit has brought very big potential safety hazard in the battery on the one hand, and on the other hand leads to battery performance decay, influences vehicle continuation of the journey mileage. In addition, the problem of cell inconsistency caused by internal short circuits increases the difficulty of controlling and managing the battery. The diagnosis of short circuit in the battery is very important to avoid performance attenuation and thermal runaway problems and ensure the service life and safety of the battery.
One common approach is a method of diagnosing an internal short circuit in a battery based on direct characteristics, which may result in self-discharge of the battery, such as voltage drop, current increase, and temperature rise. Therefore, the detection of the internal short circuit can be performed by directly analyzing the change of the BMS sensing signal.
Another common method is a battery internal short circuit diagnosis method based on capacity fading, which determines whether a battery is internally short-circuited by comparing the remaining chargeable capacity difference of the battery cells in two adjacent charging cycles, and calculates and obtains the battery internal short circuit equivalent resistance according to the remaining chargeable capacity difference and the charging time.
Another method is a method for diagnosing an internal short circuit in a battery based on ac impedance, in which both dc and ac impedance are changed after the internal short circuit in the battery, particularly in a low frequency region. The method judges whether the battery has an internal short circuit or not by comparing the measured alternating current impedance of the battery with the alternating current impedance spectrum of the normal healthy battery.
However, the above three methods have some problems in application. The first method for diagnosing the internal short circuit of the battery is simple and feasible, but the direct characteristics are not obvious in the early stage and the middle stage of the internal short circuit of the battery and are difficult to identify, and the internal short circuit is rapidly developed and cannot be blocked in the later stage with obvious direct characteristics, so that the detection is meaningless; the second method for diagnosing the internal short circuit of the battery has high accuracy, can quantitatively calculate the equivalent resistance of the internal short circuit, needs two complete charging cycles for the battery, and cannot perform online diagnosis in the using process; the third method for diagnosing the short circuit in the battery needs to use additional electrochemical equipment, has high cost and limits the wide application of the method.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a quantitative diagnosis method for the internal short circuit of the battery based on the incremental capacity curve peak area, which can accurately judge whether the internal short circuit occurs in the battery on line and quantitatively calculate the equivalent resistance of the internal short circuit.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
a quantitative diagnosis method for short circuit in a battery based on the peak area of an incremental capacity curve comprises the following steps:
1) establishing incremental capacity curves of the battery at different aging stages in an off-line manner to serve as reference incremental capacity curves;
2) acquiring an incremental capacity curve of a battery to be tested on line, and determining an aging stage of the incremental capacity curve;
3) comparing the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested with the reference incremental capacity curve in the corresponding aging stage, and judging whether the battery has an internal short circuit or not according to the incremental capacity curve;
4) and quantitatively calculating the internal short circuit resistance value by using the peak area of the characteristic peak in the incremental capacity curve.
Preferably, the incremental capacity curves in step 1) and step 2) are obtained by:
a) acquiring a charging voltage curve of a corresponding battery under a standard charging condition, and acquiring an initial incremental capacity curve according to the charging voltage curve;
b) and filtering the original incremental capacity curve by adopting a filtering algorithm to obtain a corresponding incremental capacity curve.
Preferably, the initial incremental capacity curve is a relation curve of battery incremental capacity dQ/dV and battery terminal voltage V, dQ being the battery capacity increment, dV being the corresponding battery terminal voltage increment.
Preferably, the incremental capacity dQ/dV of the battery is obtained by a difference method, specifically, by the following formula:
Figure BDA0002923412080000021
where Δ Q is the battery capacity increment, Δ V is the battery terminal voltage increment, Qt2And Qt1Battery power, V, at times t2 and t1, respectivelyt2And Vt1Battery terminal voltages at times t2 and t1, respectively.
Preferably, the filtering algorithm adopts a kalman filtering algorithm.
Preferably, the judgment of whether the internal short circuit occurs in the battery in the step 3) is based on the height including the characteristic peak or the characteristic valley.
Preferably, the specific way of judging whether the battery has an internal short circuit according to the characteristic peak in the step 3) is as follows:
if the characteristic peak in the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested is higher than the characteristic peak of the reference incremental capacity curve, determining that the battery to be tested is internally short-circuited, otherwise, considering that the battery to be tested is a normal healthy battery;
preferably, the specific way of judging whether the battery has an internal short circuit according to the characteristic valley in the step 3) is as follows:
and if the characteristic valley in the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested is higher than the characteristic valley of the reference incremental capacity curve, determining that the battery to be tested is internally short-circuited, otherwise, determining that the battery to be tested is a normal healthy battery.
Preferably, the specific way of quantitatively calculating the internal short circuit resistance value in the step 4) is as follows:
firstly, calculating the internal short-circuit current I according to the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be measured and the area of the characteristic peak of the reference incremental capacity curveISC：
Figure BDA0002923412080000031
Wherein S isISCFor the peak area of the characteristic peak of the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be measured when the internal short circuit occurs, SNormalIs the peak area, t, of the characteristic peak of the baseline incremental capacity curve1、t2Respectively representing the starting time and the ending time of the characteristic peak;
then, based on the internal short-circuit current IISCCalculating the internal short circuit resistance RISC：
Figure BDA0002923412080000032
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002923412080000033
the average terminal voltage of the battery within the range of the characteristic peak of the incremental capacity curve.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) the method utilizes the on-line diagnosis of the internal short circuit of the incremental capacity curve battery, is simple and convenient to implement, can accurately judge whether the internal short circuit occurs in the battery on line, and quantitatively calculates the equivalent resistance of the internal short circuit;
(2) the method can be calibrated according to different aging degrees of the battery, thereby realizing the quantitative diagnosis of the short circuit in the battery at different aging stages and having high algorithm precision.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a graph of incremental capacity curve of the battery to be measured and a reference incremental capacity curve.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments. Note that the following description of the embodiments is merely a substantial example, and the present invention is not intended to be limited to the application or the use thereof, and is not limited to the following embodiments.
Examples
The invention provides an online quantitative diagnosis method for internal short circuit of a battery based on the peak area of an incremental capacity curve, which considers the requirements of linearity and rapidity of internal short circuit diagnosis in practical application, diagnoses the internal short circuit on line based on the relation between the short circuit state in the battery and the characteristics of the incremental capacity curve, and quantitatively calculates the resistance value of the internal short circuit by using the peak area of the incremental capacity curve.
The main method flow of the invention is shown in fig. 1, and specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, establishing an incremental capacity curve of the battery in different aging stages in an off-line manner to serve as a reference incremental capacity curve;
in step S1, the theoretical basis of the present invention is that there is a correlation between the characteristics of the internal short circuit state of the battery and the incremental capacity curve, so that the capacity incremental curve in the non-aged state of the battery needs to be obtained and used as the basis for online diagnosis of the internal short circuit state and quantitative calculation of the resistance value.
In this embodiment, the battery is a lithium ion battery, and the charge/discharge cut-off voltages are 4.2V and 2.5V, respectively, but the actual application is not limited thereto.
And S11, acquiring a battery incremental capacity curve according to the charging voltage curve under the standard charging working condition of the battery.
In step S11, the standard charging condition is a condition of an actual charging process of the electric vehicle, the charging process is performed at 25 degrees celsius in this embodiment, and a standard constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method is adopted in the charging process, that is, charging is performed with a current of 0.05C until a cutoff voltage of 4.2V is reached, and then the charging is converted into constant voltage charging until the current is less than 0.015C.
The charging voltage curve is a relation curve of the battery terminal voltage V and the charging time t.
The incremental capacity dQ/dV of the battery is obtained by a difference method, and is specifically obtained by the following formula:
Figure BDA0002923412080000041
where Δ Q is the battery capacity increment, Δ V is the battery terminal voltage increment, Qt2And Qt1Battery power, V, at times t2 and t1, respectivelyt2And Vt1Battery terminal voltages at times t2 and t1, respectively.
Here, the difference method includes calculating in a manner of Equal Time Interval (ETI) or Equal Voltage Interval (EVI), where IC represents a capacity increment,
Figure BDA0002923412080000042
where Δ V is a set battery terminal voltage increment, Δ Q is a battery capacity increment at the set battery terminal voltage increment, Q2、Q1Respectively the battery electric quantity end value under the set battery end voltage increment.
Δ t is a set time interval, Δ Q is an increase in battery capacity over the set time interval, and Δ V is electricity over the set time intervalCell terminal voltage interval, I is the battery charging current, V2、V1Respectively, terminal voltage end values of the battery at set time intervals.
The problem with calculating the capacity increase curve using ETI or EVI is that the time (voltage) interval can seriously affect the capacity increase curve, and too small an interval can introduce too much noise due to numerical differentiation; the characteristic of the capacity increment curve becomes inconspicuous due to the excessively large interval, and in conclusion, the conventional numerical differentiation method is greatly influenced by the interval, and the curve characteristic obtained in this way influences the accuracy of the diagnosis of the short circuit in the battery.
And S12, filtering the incremental capacity curve by adopting a Kalman filtering algorithm.
In step S12, the capacity increment value at time k satisfies the following state and observation equation:
Figure BDA0002923412080000051
wherein x iskAnd ykDelta capacity dQ/dV and x with noise at time kkV is the observed quantity ofkIs the observed noise at time k.
In the embodiment, the capacity increment value of the battery is estimated through a Kalman filtering algorithm, and the specific steps are as follows,
Figure BDA0002923412080000052
Figure BDA0002923412080000053
Figure BDA0002923412080000054
Figure BDA0002923412080000055
Figure BDA0002923412080000056
at a battery voltage VkCapacity increment value obtained by Kalman filtering estimation for abscissa
Figure BDA0002923412080000057
And drawing a capacity increment curve of the battery at different aging stages as a vertical coordinate, and further forming a reference increment capacity curve at different aging stages.
And S2, acquiring the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be measured after Kalman filtering on line.
In step S2, the voltage curve under the standard charging condition is obtained on line by the same method as in step S1, and the incremental capacity curve is obtained by processing through a kalman filter algorithm.
In this embodiment, 100 Ω, 200 Ω, 500 Ω, and 1000 Ω resistors were connected in parallel across the battery to simulate an internal short circuit of the battery, and then the method was verified.
And S3, comparing the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested with the reference incremental capacity curve, and judging whether the battery has an internal short circuit according to the incremental capacity curve.
The incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested and the reference incremental capacity curve drawn in steps S1 and S2 are shown in fig. 2, and it can be seen that the incremental capacity curve tends to rise as the internal short circuit resistance (external resistance) decreases, and the correlation between the incremental capacity curve and the internal short circuit of the battery is reflected at first.
In step S3, according to the drawn incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested and the reference incremental capacity curve, a preliminary incremental capacity curve feature most related to a short circuit in the battery is selected as a main incremental capacity curve feature, the preliminary incremental capacity curve feature includes a feature peak of the incremental capacity curve, a height of a feature valley and an area of the feature peak, and the selected main incremental capacity curve feature should be obviously identified within a normal use range of the power battery.
The judgment of whether the internal short circuit occurs in the battery in step S3 is based on the height of the characteristic peak or the characteristic valley.
The specific mode for judging whether the battery has the internal short circuit according to the characteristic peak is as follows:
if the characteristic peak in the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested is higher than the characteristic peak of the reference incremental capacity curve, determining that the battery to be tested is internally short-circuited, otherwise, considering that the battery to be tested is a normal healthy battery;
the specific mode for judging whether the internal short circuit occurs in the battery according to the characteristic valley is as follows:
and if the characteristic valley in the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested is higher than the characteristic valley of the reference incremental capacity curve, determining that the battery to be tested is internally short-circuited, otherwise, determining that the battery to be tested is a normal healthy battery.
Whether the characteristic peak or the characteristic valley is selected for internal short circuit judgment needs to be selected according to different batteries, the first peak of the incremental capacity curve is selected as the characteristic peak in the embodiment, and the method is not limited in practical application. The judging method comprises the following steps: and if the characteristic peak of the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested is higher than that of the incremental capacity curve when the battery is not aged, determining that the battery is internally short-circuited, otherwise, determining that the battery is a normal healthy battery.
As can be seen from fig. 2, when the internal short circuit (external resistor) occurs in the battery, the height of the first peak of the incremental capacity curve is significantly higher than that of the first peak of the reference capacity curve, and as the internal short circuit resistance value (external resistor resistance value) decreases, the height of the peak increases.
And S4, quantitatively calculating the internal short circuit resistance value by using the characteristic peak area of the incremental capacity curve.
In step S4, the internal short-circuit current I is calculated by the area difference of the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be measured and the characteristic peak of the incremental capacity curve when the battery is not agedISCThe calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002923412080000061
wherein S isISCFor the area of the characteristic peak of the incremental capacity curve in the event of an internal short circuit, SNormalIs the area of the characteristic peak of the incremental capacity curve of the battery when the battery is not aged, t1And t2Respectively representing the start time and the end time of the characteristic peak.
By internal short-circuit current IISCCan quantitatively calculate the internal short circuit resistance RISCThe calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002923412080000062
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002923412080000063
average terminal voltage of battery in the range of characteristic peak of incremental capacity curve, IISCIs an internal short circuit current.
The results of the internal short circuit resistance calculated using the above method are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 calculation of internal short-circuit resistance
Figure BDA0002923412080000071
In summary, an embodiment of the present invention is feasible, and the estimation result has a small error from the actual capacity data.
The above embodiments are merely examples and do not limit the scope of the present invention. These embodiments may be implemented in other various manners, and various omissions, substitutions, and changes may be made without departing from the technical spirit of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. A method for quantitatively diagnosing short circuit in a battery based on the peak area of an incremental capacity curve is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) establishing incremental capacity curves of the battery at different aging stages in an off-line manner to serve as reference incremental capacity curves;
2) acquiring an incremental capacity curve of a battery to be tested on line, and determining an aging stage of the incremental capacity curve;
3) comparing the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested with the reference incremental capacity curve in the corresponding aging stage, and judging whether the battery has an internal short circuit or not according to the incremental capacity curve;
4) carrying out quantitative calculation on the internal short circuit resistance value by utilizing the peak area of the characteristic peak in the incremental capacity curve;
the specific way of quantitatively calculating the internal short circuit resistance value in the step 4) is as follows:
firstly, calculating the internal short-circuit current I according to the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be measured and the area of the characteristic peak of the reference incremental capacity curveISC：
Figure FDA0003319308840000011
Wherein S isISCFor the peak area of the characteristic peak of the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be measured when the internal short circuit occurs, SNormalIs the peak area, t, of the characteristic peak of the baseline incremental capacity curve1、t2Respectively representing the starting time and the ending time of the characteristic peak;
then, based on the internal short-circuit current IISCCalculating the internal short circuit resistance RISC：
Figure FDA0003319308840000012
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0003319308840000013
the average terminal voltage of the battery within the range of the characteristic peak of the incremental capacity curve.
2. The method for quantitatively diagnosing the short circuit in the battery based on the peak area of the incremental capacity curve as claimed in claim 1, wherein the incremental capacity curve in the steps 1) and 2) is obtained by:
a) acquiring a charging voltage curve of a corresponding battery under a standard charging condition, and acquiring an initial incremental capacity curve according to the charging voltage curve;
b) and filtering the original incremental capacity curve by adopting a filtering algorithm to obtain a corresponding incremental capacity curve.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the initial incremental capacity curve is a relation curve of incremental capacity dQ/dV of the battery and terminal voltage V of the battery, dQ being the increment of the battery capacity and dV being the increment of the terminal voltage of the corresponding battery.
4. The method for quantitatively diagnosing the short circuit in the battery based on the peak area of the incremental capacity curve as claimed in claim 3, wherein the incremental capacity dQ/dV of the battery is obtained by a difference method, and is specifically calculated by the following formula:
Figure FDA0003319308840000021
where Δ Q is the battery capacity increment, Δ V is the battery terminal voltage increment, Qt2And Qt1Battery power, V, at times t2 and t1, respectivelyt2And Vt1Battery terminal voltages at times t2 and t1, respectively.
5. The method for quantitatively diagnosing the short circuit in the battery based on the peak area of the incremental capacity curve as claimed in claim 2, wherein the filtering algorithm adopts a Kalman filtering algorithm.
6. The method for quantitatively diagnosing the internal short circuit of the battery based on the peak area of the incremental capacity curve as claimed in claim 1, wherein the judgment of whether the internal short circuit of the battery occurs in the step 3) is based on the height of a characteristic peak or a characteristic valley.
7. The method for quantitatively diagnosing the internal short circuit of the battery based on the peak area of the incremental capacity curve as claimed in claim 6, wherein the specific way of judging whether the internal short circuit occurs in the battery according to the characteristic peak in the step 3) is as follows:
and if the characteristic peak in the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested is higher than the characteristic peak of the reference incremental capacity curve, determining that the battery to be tested is internally short-circuited, otherwise, determining that the battery to be tested is a normal healthy battery.
8. The method for quantitatively diagnosing the internal short circuit of the battery based on the peak area of the incremental capacity curve as claimed in claim 6, wherein the specific way of judging whether the internal short circuit occurs in the battery according to the characteristic valley in the step 3) is as follows:
and if the characteristic valley in the incremental capacity curve of the battery to be tested is higher than the characteristic valley of the reference incremental capacity curve, determining that the battery to be tested is internally short-circuited, otherwise, determining that the battery to be tested is a normal healthy battery.
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