CN112911597B - Internet of things physical layer multilevel feature extraction method based on radio frequency signal fine portrait - Google Patents
Internet of things physical layer multilevel feature extraction method based on radio frequency signal fine portrait Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an Internet of things physical layer multilevel feature extraction method based on a radio frequency signal fine portrait, which comprises the following steps: performing multi-level feature extraction and portrait representation of a primary signal, and depicting fine features of individual signals of different types, models and batches from multiple levels to form a primary portrait; for individual equipment with secondary signal characteristics, intelligently fusing multi-attribute characteristics of signals by utilizing deep learning according to the classifiable degree of the signals to be identified, more comprehensively describing multi-dimensional gene fusion characteristics of the signals and forming a secondary portrait; according to the method of the equipotential planet map based on the fusion characteristics, the multi-dimensional vector characteristics are converted into multi-dimensional color images, the intelligent perception method of the deep learning algorithm is combined, the multi-reliability intelligent fusion is carried out on different image characteristics, the information content of characteristic difference among radio frequency signal samples is increased, and the three-level fine image is formed. The invention can extract the fine portrait characteristics of multiple layers, multiple dimensions and multiple granularities of the signal.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of communication, and particularly relates to a multilevel feature extraction method for an Internet of things physical layer based on a radio frequency signal fine portrait.
Background
The feature extraction of the physical layer signal of the Internet of things mainly provides a reliable feature database for the security certification of the Internet of things. The traditional authentication mechanism is realized in an application layer, a numerical result which is difficult to counterfeit by a third party is generated by utilizing a cryptographic algorithm, but the mechanism has risks of protocol security loopholes, secret key leakage and the like. The internet of things sensing layer terminal equipment has the characteristics of diversification, intellectualization, complexity and huge quantity, and although the traditional authentication mechanism can ensure information safety to a certain extent, the internet of things sensing layer terminal equipment is not suitable for processing large-scale networks and mass data brought by the large-scale networks, and the information safety requirements of the internet of things are difficult to meet. The field security manufacturer, cimagnek, combines with the largest chip provider in the world, texas instruments, and the cryptographic service provider, wolfSSL, to combine authentication technology, encryption technology, and embedded technology together to provide reliable information encryption and identity authentication for internet of things devices, however, this device protection method based on embedded technology requires higher cost. For the identity authentication of terminal equipment of the power transmission and transformation internet of things and the power distribution internet of things, a barcode and an RFID technology based on identity ID identification are commonly used. The RFID technology essentially performs device identity authentication by demodulating intentional modulation information carried by electromagnetic waves, but security and privacy threats of the RFID technology relate to problems such as eavesdropping, counterfeiting, and tag cloning [1]. Therefore, the research of an identity identification authentication method [2,3] for accessing and controlling the terminal equipment of the sensing layer with low error rate, high efficiency and low cost is the key for ensuring the stable operation of the Internet of things.
The essence of the physical layer access authentication of the internet of things is a radio frequency fingerprint identification technology. The existing radio frequency fingerprint identification technology can be divided into a channel-based fingerprint identification technology and a transmission signal-based fingerprint identification technology according to different physical layer resources. The fingerprint identification technology based on the channel characteristics aims to utilize the unique position information of the equipment as the identity detection indexes of different users in different scenes, and is generally applied to indoor positioning of the equipment of the Internet of things. Common channel characteristics are Radio Signal Strength (RSS), channel State Information (CSI), and Channel Frequency Response (CFR). The fingerprint recognition technology based on the transmission signal is classified into a fingerprint recognition technology based on a transient signal and a fingerprint recognition technology based on a steady-state signal. The transient signal does not contain any data information, only reflects the hardware characteristics of a transmitter, has independence, and the radio frequency fingerprint is extracted from the transient signal at first, such as the duration, fractal dimension characteristics, spectral characteristics, time domain envelope, wavelet coefficient and the like of the transient signal. Because the transient signal has short duration, is difficult to capture, is sensitive to the detection and the positioning of the mutation point, and limits the application of the transient signal in the actual environment. The steady-state signal is a signal when a transmitter is in a stable working state, has long duration and is more easily obtained and can be completed by using a cheap receiver, but radio frequency fingerprints existing in the steady-state signal are less easily extracted, such as frequency offset, holder coefficient characteristics, entropy characteristics and the like. With the development of the radio frequency fingerprint identification technology, students gradually reduce the requirements on detection and extraction of signals to be identified from a preamble sequence utilizing a transient signal to a preamble sequence utilizing a steady-state signal to a transmission data segment utilizing the steady-state signal.
[1]C.Bertoncini,K.Rudd,B.Nousain,et al.Wavelet fingerprinting of radio-frequency identification(RFID)tags[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2012,59(12):4843-4850.
[2]Dajiang Chen,Ning Zhang,Zhen Qin,et al.S2M:A lightweight acoustic fingerprints-based wireless device authentication protocol[J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal,2017,4(1):88-100.
[3] Great tiger, old flying, forest cloud, etc. the current research situation and trend of radio frequency fingerprint identification [ J ] electric wave science, 2019.Doi
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for extracting multilevel characteristics of a physical layer of the Internet of things based on a radio frequency signal fine portrait so as to solve the problems in the prior art.
The technical scheme of the invention is that an Internet of things physical layer multilevel feature extraction method based on a radio frequency signal fine portrait comprises the following steps:
a multilevel feature extraction method for an Internet of things physical layer based on a radio frequency signal fine portrait comprises the following steps:
(S1) extracting multi-level characteristics of a primary signal and representing an image; selecting slice scales according to the distribution characteristics of radio frequency signals to be identified, dividing the signals into multidimensional slices, and extracting the characteristics of each slice, so that the fine characteristics of individual signals of different types, models and batches can be more finely described from multiple levels to form a primary image;
(S2) performing two-stage signal multi-dimensional feature intelligent fusion and portrait representation; for individual equipment with secondary signal characteristics, carrying out intelligent fusion on the multidimensional characteristics of the signals by utilizing deep learning according to the classifiable degree of the signals to be identified to obtain the multidimensional gene fusion characteristics for describing the signals, and forming a secondary portrait;
(S3) carrying out three-level signal multi-confidence image fusion and representation; according to the method of the equipotential planet map based on the fusion characteristics, the multidimensional characteristics of the signals are converted into multidimensional color images, the intelligent perception method of the deep learning algorithm is combined, the multi-reliability intelligent fusion is carried out on different image characteristics, the information content of characteristic difference among radio frequency signal samples is increased, and the three-level fine image is formed.
The invention is further improved in that: the step S1 of multi-level signal feature extraction refers to cutting a sampling signal with a data length of n points into equal slices.
The invention is further improved in that: in step S2, the multi-dimension means that each dimension characteristic of the signal is extracted from the time domain, the wavelet domain, the fractal domain, the entropy domain, the FRFT domain, and the FFT domain.
The invention is further improved in that: in step S3, the multi-granularity means that the multi-dimensional vector features are converted into color images, different image features are intelligently fused, and the information amount of feature differences among the radio frequency signal samples is increased to distinguish the weights of different features.
The invention is further improved in that: in step S3, converting the multidimensional feature of the signal into a multidimensional color image, comprising the steps of: and (3) forming a two-dimensional image by the multi-dimensional features obtained in the step (S2), and coloring the two-dimensional image by using an equipotential planet image.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the traditional authentication mechanism is realized in an application layer, a numerical result which is difficult to counterfeit by a third party is generated by utilizing a cryptographic algorithm, but the mechanism has risks of protocol security loopholes, secret key leakage and the like. The individual identification of the radiation source based on the fingerprint of the radio frequency signal is based on the difference of hardware of a physical layer of equipment and does not change theoretically along with the change of a transmission signal. The invention uses the characteristic of the radio frequency signal to extract the fine portrait characteristics of multiple layers, multiple dimensions and multiple granularities of the signal, thereby providing a reliable characteristic database for the accurate identification and authentication of the physical layer signal.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for extracting multilevel features of a physical layer of the Internet of things based on a radio frequency signal fine portrait.
Detailed Description
Because the individual characteristic information of the radiation source of the Internet of things is attached to the original signal, the individual characteristic difference is small, the digital measurement is directly carried out by using a multi-characteristic fusion method, and the accurate identification of individual equipment is difficult to realize. Defining terminal equipment of the internet of things with different models and different manufacturers or larger differences among the same model and different manufacturers in the internet of things equipment as primary signal equipment which is easy to identify; defining the Internet of things terminal equipment of the same manufacturer, the same model and different batches as second-level signal equipment, wherein the second-level signal equipment is relatively difficult to identify; the internet of things terminal equipment with the same manufacturer, the same model and the same batch with extremely high similarity is defined to be three-level signal equipment, and the classification of the internet of things terminal equipment is difficult to realize by a general feature extraction and classification algorithm and is also the content of key research of the invention. The invention introduces a user portrait technology for describing user behavior habits in the marketing field into the field of individual identification of radiation sources of the physical layer of the Internet of things, and focuses on researching a feature extraction method of equipment with three-level signal characteristics on the basis of accurately identifying terminal equipment emitting primary and secondary signals.
As shown in fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of:
(S1) extracting multi-level characteristics of a primary signal and representing an image; according to the distribution characteristics of the radio frequency signals to be identified, slice scales are selected, the signals are divided into multi-dimensional slices, feature extraction is carried out on each slice, and the fine features of individual signals of different types, models and batches are more finely described from multiple levels to form a primary portrait.
The one-level signal multi-level feature extraction refers to cutting a sampling signal with the data length of n points into equal slices. For example, a sampled signal with a data length of 2000 points is cut every 200 points and divided into 10 slices, and data of each segment is allowed to be partially overlapped;
in the process of selecting the slice scale, different scales contain different numbers of discrete points, and the number is determined according to the distribution characteristics of the signal points.
(S2) performing two-stage signal multi-dimensional feature intelligent fusion and portrait representation; for individual equipment with secondary signal characteristics, performing intelligent fusion on multi-dimensional characteristics of signals by utilizing deep learning according to the classifiable degree of the signals to be identified, wherein the multi-dimensional characteristics refer to the characteristics of each dimension of the signals extracted from a time domain, a wavelet domain, a fractal domain, an entropy domain, an FRFT domain and an FFT domain, specifically comprise power spectrum characteristics and represent the distribution condition of signal frequencies in a frequency domain; the dual-spectrum characteristic is used for detecting and representing nonlinearity in the signals and better representing subtle differences among different signals; the displacement entropy and signal mutation detection method can conveniently and accurately position the time when a system mutates and has amplification effect on the tiny change of signals; instantaneous amplitude envelope characteristics are subjected to Hilbert transform to obtain analytic representation of a signal, so that instantaneous frequency and phase of the signal are calculated; a Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) feature that describes the time-frequency energy distribution of the signal; RF-DNA fingerprinting, calculating 3 statistical features of the signal-variance (σ)2) Deviation (gamma) and kurtosis (k) to obtain the multi-dimensional gene fusion characteristics of the description signals, and form a secondary portrait.
(S3) carrying out three-level signal multi-confidence image fusion and representation; according to the method of the equipotential planet map based on the fusion characteristics, the multidimensional characteristics of the signals are converted into multidimensional color images, the intelligent perception method of the deep learning algorithm is combined, the multi-reliability intelligent fusion is carried out on different image characteristics, the information content of characteristic difference among radio frequency signal samples is increased, and the three-level fine image is formed.
In step S3, the multi-granularity means that the multi-dimensional vector features are converted into color images, different image features are intelligently fused, and the information amount of feature differences among the radio frequency signal samples is increased to distinguish the weights of different features.
In step S3, converting the multidimensional feature of the signal into a multidimensional color image, including the following steps: and (3) forming a two-dimensional image by the multi-dimensional features obtained in the step (S2), and coloring the two-dimensional image by using an equipotential planet image.
The traditional authentication mechanism is realized in an application layer, a numerical result which is difficult to be counterfeited by a third party is generated by utilizing a cryptographic algorithm, but the mechanism has risks of protocol security holes, secret key leakage and the like. The individual identification of the radiation source based on the fingerprint of the radio frequency signal is based on the difference of hardware of a physical layer of equipment and does not change theoretically along with the change of a transmission signal. The invention uses the characteristic of the radio frequency signal to extract the fine portrait characteristics of multiple layers, multiple dimensions and multiple granularities of the signal, thereby providing a reliable characteristic database for the accurate identification and authentication of the physical layer signal.
The research on the physical layer security authentication technology is still in a preliminary stage nowadays, rich physical layer resources are not fully utilized, and a large research space is still provided. The radio frequency fingerprint identification is a non-password authentication method based on equipment physical layer hardware, does not need to consume additional computing resources, does not need to embed additional hardware, and is a very potential technology for constructing a low-cost, simpler and safer identification and authentication system. Therefore, the key for ensuring the steady operation of the ubiquitous power internet of things is to research the identity recognition authentication method for the access and control of the sensing layer terminal equipment with low error rate, high efficiency and low cost.
The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented. It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations could be devised by those skilled in the art in light of the present teachings without departing from the inventive concepts. Therefore, the technical solutions available to those skilled in the art through logic analysis, reasoning and limited experiments based on the prior art according to the concept of the present invention should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.
Claims (5)
1. A multilevel feature extraction method for an Internet of things physical layer based on a radio frequency signal fine portrait comprises the following steps:
(S1) extracting multi-level characteristics of a primary signal and representing an image; selecting slice dimensions according to the distribution characteristics of radio frequency signals to be identified, dividing the signals into multidimensional slices, and then extracting the characteristics of each slice, more finely depicting the fine characteristics of individual signals of different types, models and batches from multiple levels to form a primary image;
(S2) performing two-stage signal multi-dimensional feature intelligent fusion and portrait representation; for individual equipment with secondary signal characteristics, carrying out intelligent fusion on the multidimensional characteristics of the signals by utilizing deep learning according to the classifiable degree of the signals to be identified to obtain the multidimensional gene fusion characteristics for describing the signals, and forming a secondary portrait;
(S3) carrying out three-level signal multi-confidence image fusion and representation; according to the method of the equipotential planet map based on the fusion characteristics, the multidimensional characteristics of the signals are converted into multidimensional color images, the intelligent perception method of the deep learning algorithm is combined, the multi-reliability intelligent fusion is carried out on different image characteristics, the information content of characteristic difference among radio frequency signal samples is increased, and the three-level fine image is formed.
2. The method for extracting the multilevel features of the physical layer of the internet of things based on the radio frequency signal fine portrait according to claim 1, wherein: the step S1 of multi-level signal feature extraction refers to cutting a sampling signal with a data length of n points into equal slices.
3. The method for extracting the multilevel features of the physical layer of the internet of things based on the radio frequency signal fine portrait according to claim 2, wherein: in step S2, the multi-dimension means that each dimension characteristic of the signal is extracted from the time domain, the wavelet domain, the fractal domain, the entropy domain, the FRFT domain, and the FFT domain.
4. The method for extracting the multilevel features of the physical layer of the internet of things based on the radio frequency signal fine sketch as claimed in claim 3, wherein: in step S3, the multi-granularity means that the multi-dimensional vector features are converted into color images, different image features are intelligently fused, and the information amount of feature differences among the radio frequency signal samples is increased to distinguish the weights of different features.
5. The method for extracting the multilevel features of the physical layer of the internet of things based on the radio frequency signal fine sketch as claimed in claim 4, wherein: in step S3, converting the multidimensional feature of the signal into a multidimensional color image, including the following steps: and forming a two-dimensional image by the multi-dimensional features obtained in the step S2, and coloring the two-dimensional image by using an equipotential planet map.
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