CN112883603A - Strong electromagnetic pulse protection method for generator system of underground nuclear power station - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a strong electromagnetic pulse protection method for a generator system of an underground nuclear power station, which comprises the following steps: the feasibility and accuracy of the mathematical model of the multi-conductor transmission line are verified by establishing a simple model and using a finite integration method; building a multi-conductor transmission line model of the turbonator in an MATLAB (matrix laboratory) based on a multi-conductor transmission line model theory, and inputting excitation of an E1 part in high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulses into the multi-conductor transmission line model to obtain voltage distribution of each slot in the motor; and designing various protection schemes for the motor according to the obtained voltage distribution of each slot in the motor, and simulating the designed protection schemes in Simulink to obtain an optimal protection scheme.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of electromagnetic pulse protection, and relates to a strong electromagnetic pulse protection method for a generator system of an underground nuclear power station.
Background
The high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) is an electromagnetic pulse generated by a nuclear bomb exploding in high altitude of more than 40 kilometers, and can form a nuclear electromagnetic pulse radiation environment with the field intensity of tens of kilovolts/meter and the rising edge nanosecond level. A HEMP can be divided into 3 stages, where part E1 can induce a large induced overvoltage on the grid causing breakdown or flashover, and part E3 can generate induced currents of thousands of amperes, and it is statistically worth up to $ 1-3 trillion for the economic loss of naturally occurring EMP worldwide every year, with artificially generated HEMPs affecting much more than naturally occurring.
In the research of harm of the HEMP to a power system, because the E1 part has the characteristics of high frequency and high amplitude, most researches analyze overvoltage generated by the HEMP by establishing a multi-conductor transmission line model, the main field focuses on the influence of the HEMP on a power transmission and distribution line and a transformer, and the research on a generator system is less. The generator system is a great challenge to the safety of the nuclear power plant, and therefore, the research on the generator system is of great value. The existing research mainly considers how to optimize a multi-conductor transmission line model and improve the calculation efficiency of the multi-conductor transmission line model, finally provides the voltage and current induced by the HEMP in each part, provides data reference for the design and protection of a power system of a nuclear power station, and lacks effective inspection and proof of three-dimensional electromagnetic analysis software and specific protection measures aiming at the HEMP threat for the established model and calculation method.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a strong electromagnetic pulse protection method for a generator system of an underground nuclear power station, which can realize strong electromagnetic pulse protection for the generator system of the underground nuclear power station.
In order to achieve the purpose, the strong electromagnetic pulse protection method of the generator system of the underground nuclear power station comprises the following steps:
1) acquiring overvoltage and overcurrent information generated by high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulses through coupling;
2) analyzing and calculating the overvoltage and overcurrent information obtained in the step 1) by combining with the characteristics of the transformer to obtain the condition of the most serious influence of the voltage of the motor port and obtain the excitation of the corresponding motor port when the condition of the most serious influence of the voltage of the motor port is obtained;
3) on the basis of a multi-conductor transmission line model theory, establishing a three-turn coil model in MATLAB, injecting the excitation of the motor port obtained in the step 2) into the three-turn coil model for solving, finally checking a solved result by using three-dimensional electromagnetic time domain analysis software based on a finite integration method, and turning to the step 4 when the checking is qualified, otherwise, turning to the step 1);
4) building a multi-conductor transmission line model of the turbonator in an MATLAB (matrix laboratory) based on a multi-conductor transmission line model theory, and inputting excitation of an E1 part in high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulses into the multi-conductor transmission line model to obtain voltage distribution of each slot in the motor;
5) designing a plurality of protection schemes for the motor according to the voltage distribution of each slot in the motor obtained in the step 4), and simulating each designed protection scheme in Simulink to obtain an optimal protection scheme.
For the E1 part of the high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse, on a half infinite-length wire on the ground capable of completely reflecting incident waves, unit plane waves can induce open-circuit voltage on the wire, meanwhile, a correction term delta U for incomplete reflection of the ground is introduced, Fourier transform is firstly carried out on the E1 part of the high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse to obtain an open-circuit voltage frequency domain expression on the wire, and then inverse Fourier transform is carried out on the open-circuit voltage frequency domain expression on the wire to obtain an open-circuit voltage time domain expression on the wire.
The frequency domain expression of the open-circuit voltage induced by the unit plane wave is as follows:
wherein c is the speed of light,
as a function of the direction of the light,
value of (d) and elevation angle psi and azimuth angle of the wave
Correlation, t0Is a time constant, t0Related to the height of the wire from the ground and the elevation angle.
The expression of the correction term Δ U is:
Uoc＝U∞+ΔU
wherein, taueIs a constant ∈0/σ，ε0σ is the earth conductivity, which is the vacuum dielectric constant.
The open circuit voltage on the wire is expressed in time domain as:
where the power of sin ψ takes +1 when calculating the horizontal polarization and-1 when calculating the vertical polarization.
For the overcurrent of the E3 part in the high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse, firstly calculating an equivalent voltage source, and then substituting the equivalent voltage source into a power grid model consisting of two nodes to solve, wherein the model represents a power transmission line with the length of 100km and the voltage of 220kV, the direct current impedance is 0.0748 omega/km, the direct current impedance of the high-voltage side of a transformer is 0.6 omega, and then the formula of the equivalent voltage source of the AB section line is as follows:
VAB＝LAB(Excosθ+Eysinθ)#
wherein L isABLength of AB section line, ExComponent of electric field in x-direction, EyThe component of the electric field in the y direction, theta is the angle between the line and the positive x direction.
In step 3), performing modal analysis on a wave equation on the transmission line to obtain a corresponding two-port network, then establishing a three-turn coil model, and finally checking a result based on a finite integration method, wherein the wave equation is as follows:
wherein [ V ]]And [ I]Respectively, a voltage vector and a current vector, [ Z ]]、[Y]For the impedance matrix and admittance matrix per unit length of the transmission line, [ P ]]＝[Z][Y]，[Pt]Is [ P ]]The transposing of (1).
And 4) the multi-conductor transmission line model of the turbonator in the step 4) is a multi-conductor transmission line model of a 30-slot and 3MW turbonator.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
when the strong electromagnetic pulse protection method of the generator system of the underground nuclear power station is specifically operated, excitation of the E1 part in the high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse is input into the multi-conductor transmission line model to obtain the voltage distribution of each slot in the motor, a plurality of protection schemes are designed for the motor according to the voltage distribution of each slot in the motor, then the optimal protection scheme is selected from the designed protection schemes, and the strong electromagnetic pulse protection of the generator system of the underground nuclear power station is carried out according to the selected optimal protection scheme, so that the strong electromagnetic pulse protection method of the generator system of the underground nuclear power station is convenient and simple to operate and convenient to popularize and apply.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention.
FIG. 2a is a schematic diagram of a three turn coil;
FIG. 2b is a three-turn coil model diagram established by three-dimensional electromagnetic time domain analysis software;
FIG. 3a is a simulation model diagram of the complete protection measure Simulink of the generator system under the action of the HEMP E1;
FIG. 3b is a complete protective measure Simulink simulation model of the generator system under the action of HEMP E3;
FIG. 4a is a waveform of the stator voltage without protection under the partial action of E1;
FIG. 4b is a graph comparing the protection effect of the first turn voltage of the capacitive protection with the first turn voltage of the capacitive reactance protection under the partial action of E1;
fig. 4c is a diagram of the current waveform after protection when E3 is partially applied.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
referring to fig. 1 and 2, the method for protecting a generator system of an underground nuclear power station from a strong electromagnetic pulse according to the present invention includes the following steps:
1) acquiring overvoltage and overcurrent information generated by high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulses through coupling;
waveform parameters of the E1 and E3 portions of the HEMP use the international electrotechnical commission standards and consider that their coupling pathways to equipment are primarily conducted disturbances.
For the part E1, on a lead with a semi-infinite length on the ground, which can completely reflect incident waves, unit plane waves can induce open-circuit voltage on the lead, meanwhile, a correction term delta U for incomplete reflection on the ground is introduced, Fourier transform is performed on E1 to obtain an open-circuit voltage frequency domain expression, and then Fourier inverse transform is performed on the open-circuit voltage frequency domain expression to obtain an open-circuit voltage time domain expression on the lead.
The frequency domain expression of the open circuit voltage induced by the unit plane wave is as follows:
wherein c is the speed of light,
as a function of the direction of the light,
value of (d) and elevation angle psi and azimuth angle of the wave
In relation to this, the expression for the horizontally polarized component of the incident electromagnetic field differs from the vertically polarized component, t0Is a constant of time, and is,t0related to the height of the wire from the ground and the elevation angle.
The expression of the correction term Δ U is:
Uoc＝U∞+ΔU
wherein, taueIs a constant ∈0/σ，ε0σ is the earth conductivity, which is the vacuum dielectric constant.
When the HEMP is incident on the semi-infinite power transmission line, the open-circuit voltage time domain expression on the power transmission line is as follows:
where the power of sin ψ takes +1 when calculating the horizontal polarization and-1 when calculating the vertical polarization.
For E3 overcurrent, an equivalent voltage source is calculated firstly, and then the equivalent voltage source is substituted into a power grid model consisting of two nodes to solve, wherein the model represents a transmission line with the length of 220kV and 100km, the direction of an electric field is the same as that of the transmission line, the direct current impedance is 0.0748 omega/km, the direct current impedance of the high-voltage side of a transformer is about 0.6 omega, and the formula of the equivalent voltage source is as follows:
VAB＝LAB(Excosθ+Eysinθ)#
wherein L isABIs the length of the AB section line, ExComponent of electric field in x-direction, EyThe component of the electric field in the y direction, theta is the angle between the line and the positive x direction.
2) And calculating and analyzing the over-voltage and over-current obtained or obtained by combining the characteristics of the transformer to obtain the condition of the most serious influence of the voltage of the motor port, and then obtaining the excitation of the motor port corresponding to the most serious condition.
The voltages induced by the HEMP at the low-voltage side are respectively calculated under three conditions of one-phase incoming wave, two-phase incoming wave and three-phase incoming wave of the transformer, and the calculation results are compared to obtain the most serious condition.
3) On the basis of the multi-conductor transmission line model theory, establishing a three-turn coil model to verify the theory, establishing the three-turn coil model in MATLAB, injecting the excitation of the motor port obtained in the step 2) into the three-turn coil model to solve, finally checking a calculation result by using three-dimensional electromagnetic time domain analysis software based on a finite integration method, and turning to the step 4 when the calculation result is qualified;
the wave equation on the transmission line is:
wherein [ V ]]、[I]Is a voltage vector and a current vector, [ Z ]]、[Y]For the impedance matrix and admittance matrix per unit length of the transmission line, [ P ]]＝[Z][Y]，[Pt]Is [ P ]]The transposing of (1).
The wave equation on the transmission line is solved through modal analysis to obtain the voltage and current at any position, and then the voltage and current are arranged into a two-port network.
The two-port network can be written as:
A＝D＝[Y0][Q][γ]-1coth([γ]l)[Q]-1
B＝C＝[Y0][Q][γ]-1csch([γ]l)[Q]-1
wherein l is the length of the wire, IsAnd IrRespectively, the current vector, V, flowing into the wire at both ends of the wiresAnd VrRespectively, the voltage vectors at the two ends of the line.
The three-turn coil is built as shown in fig. 2a, and the two port equations corresponding to the three-turn coil are as follows:
the boundary conditions are as follows:
substituting the boundary condition of the coil model into a two-port network, and carrying out simplification operation on the matrix to finally obtain Is1、Vs2、Vs3、Vr3And Vs1In the relation of (1), a multi-conductor transmission line model of a three-turn coil is used, and a transformed matrix is as follows:
wherein, P "" depends on the capacitance matrix and the inductance matrix, for the capacitance matrix, the capacitance can be estimated approximately by using the conductors and the iron core as parallel plate capacitors, each element of the capacitance matrix can be similar to the element of the admittance matrix, the main diagonal of the matrix is the self-capacitance of the node, the ith row j is the negative number of the mutual capacitance between the node i and the node j, and the capacitance matrix can be expressed as:
the inductance matrix is obtained using maxwell's equations:
wherein c is the speed of light, εrAnd inputting the excitation of the motor port into P', wherein the excitation is the relative dielectric constant of the medium, and obtaining a solution result.
Establishing a mathematical model in MATLAB, firstly, giving conductor number and structural parameters, substituting to generate a capacitance matrix and an inductance matrix, and establishing a multi-conductor transmission line model; then performing fast Fourier decomposition on the E1 overvoltage expression obtained in the step 1) in MATLAB, calculating an impedance matrix and an admittance matrix of each frequency, and substituting the obtained harmonic waves into a multi-conductor transmission line model as an excitation source in sequence to obtain the response of each frequency; and finally, overlapping the responses of the obtained subharmonics, and converting the subharmonics back to a time domain by using inverse fast Fourier transform to obtain the overvoltage distribution of the HEMP E1 in the three-turn coil, wherein small harmonics with the amplitude smaller than 1% of the maximum harmonic amplitude are filtered in MATLAB for simplifying calculation.
And finally, establishing a model in three-dimensional electromagnetic time domain analysis software based on a finite integration method, as shown in figure 2 b. And carrying out hexagonal meshing on the simulation target, and determining a simulation step according to the size of the minimum mesh. A voltage monitor is added on each turn and a time domain solver is used for solving. And comparing and analyzing the simulation results of the two.
4) A multi-conductor transmission line model of a 30-slot and 3MW turbonator is built in an MATLAB based on a multi-conductor transmission line model theory.
Considering the most serious overvoltage of a transformer when a phase comes, correcting the influence of an input waveform, wherein a generator stator winding bar is generally composed of a plurality of conducting bars, the frequency of an E1 part is very high, so the influence of strands in the bar can be almost ignored, the conductors of each strand are approximately short-circuited, the conductor can be regarded as one conductor, and according to a multi-conductor transmission line model of a generator system, in order to reduce the simulation time as much as possible, harmonic components with the amplitude smaller than five percent of the maximum harmonic amplitude in a HEMP E1 harmonic wave are ignored, so that the operation times are greatly reduced, the calculated amount is reduced by sixty percent, and in an acceptable range, E1 excitation is input into the multi-conductor transmission line model to obtain the voltage distribution of each slot in the motor;
5) and 4) performing protection design of various schemes on the motor according to the voltage distribution of each slot in the motor obtained in the step 4), and then performing simulation in Simulink to obtain an optimal protection scheme.
For E1 protection, a resistance R and an inductance L which are connected in series are used for equivalently replacing the motor, and the HEMP source is converted into a current source, and the internal resistance of the current source is referenced to the internal resistance of the lightning current source by 300 ohms.
Firstly, a lightning arrester is added in front of a generator, a lightning arrester reference voltage value is selected to be 2 times of the rated voltage of the lightning arrester, in order to limit the gradient of incoming waves, capacitors are connected in parallel at two ends of the generator, through simulation, the capacitance value is 0.1 muF-0.25 muF, but when the HEMP with 5 times and 8 times of standard amplitude is used, the effect of capacitor protection is not ideal, therefore, a reactor is connected in series in a circuit, a lightning arrester is added in front of the reactor, and the final Simulink model is shown in figure 3 a.
For the E3 protection, the low frequency characteristic of E3 is utilized, and the E3 overcurrent is disconnected from the neutral point by using a capacitor, and a model simulation diagram is shown in FIG. 3 b.
The final results obtained after the generator system is subjected to the above simulation are shown in fig. 4a, 4b and 4 c. The turn-to-turn impact insulation strength of mica tape insulation of a common motor is 1.5kV, and the probability of HEMP occurrence of an electric field amplitude which is specified in the national standard and is lower than 8 times of the IEC standard amplitude is 99%. It can be seen from fig. 4b that when a capacitor and a lightning arrester are used for protection, the voltage on the first turn is close to the protection limit of 1.5kV at 5 times of standard amplitude, and if the motor insulation is aged or damaged, the condition is more serious, and the voltage exceeds 1.5kV at 8 times of standard amplitude, and the current flowing through the capacitor reaches thousands of amperes, so that the capacitor with high current resistance may be needed in practical application, and the cost is increased. After the reactor and the arrester in front of the reactor are added, due to the action of the arrester in front of the reactor, the current flowing through the capacitor is greatly reduced, the gradient is also reduced, the voltage of the first turn of the stator is also greatly reduced, the protection effect is good and is far lower than the interturn impact breakdown voltage of 1.5kV, as can be seen from fig. 4c, the amplitude of the E3 overcurrent can be reduced to less than 1 milliampere by using the capacitor, and the effect of the protection method is ideal.
Claims (8)
1. A strong electromagnetic pulse protection method for a generator system of an underground nuclear power station is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) acquiring overvoltage and overcurrent information generated by high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulses through coupling;
2) analyzing and calculating the overvoltage and overcurrent information obtained in the step 1) by combining with the characteristics of the transformer to obtain the condition of the most serious influence of the voltage of the motor port and obtain the excitation of the corresponding motor port when the condition of the most serious influence of the voltage of the motor port is obtained;
3) on the basis of a multi-conductor transmission line model theory, establishing a three-turn coil model in MATLAB, injecting the excitation of the motor port obtained in the step 2) into the three-turn coil model for solving, and finally checking a solved result by using three-dimensional electromagnetic time domain analysis software based on a finite integration method;
4) building a multi-conductor transmission line model of the steam turbine generator in MATLAB based on an analysis method of a three-turn linear-cycle mathematical model, and inputting excitation of an E1 part in high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulses into the multi-conductor transmission line model to obtain voltage distribution of each slot in the motor;
5) designing a plurality of protection schemes for the motor according to the voltage distribution of each slot in the motor obtained in the step 4), and simulating each designed protection scheme in Simulink to obtain an optimal protection scheme.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein for the E1 part of the high-altitude nuclear power plant generator system, on the half infinite-length wire on the ground that can completely reflect the incident wave, the unit plane wave induces the open-circuit voltage on the wire, and at the same time, introduces the correction term Δ U for the incomplete reflection of the ground, first performs fourier transform on the E1 part of the high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse to obtain the open-circuit voltage frequency domain expression on the wire, and then performs inverse fourier transform on the open-circuit voltage frequency domain expression on the wire to obtain the open-circuit voltage time domain expression on the wire.
3. The method for protecting against strong electromagnetic pulses in a generator system of an underground nuclear power plant as claimed in claim 2, wherein the frequency domain expression of the open-circuit voltage induced by the unit plane wave is:
wherein c is the speed of light,
as a function of the direction of the light,
value of (d) and elevation angle psi and azimuth angle of the wave
Correlation, t0Is a time constant, t0Related to the height of the wire from the ground and the elevation angle.
4. The method for protecting against strong electromagnetic pulses of a generator system of an underground nuclear power plant as claimed in claim 2, wherein the expression of the correction term Δ U is:
Uoc＝U∞+ΔU
wherein, taueIs a constant ∈0/σ，ε0σ is the earth conductivity, which is the vacuum dielectric constant.
5. The method for protecting against strong electromagnetic pulses in a generator system of an underground nuclear power plant as claimed in claim 2, wherein the open-circuit voltage on the wire is represented by the time domain expression:
where the power of sin ψ takes +1 when calculating the horizontal polarization and-1 when calculating the vertical polarization.
6. The method for protecting strong electromagnetic pulse of generator system of underground nuclear power station as claimed in claim 1, wherein for the overcurrent of E3 part in the high altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse, calculating the equivalent voltage source, and then substituting into the power grid model formed by two nodes to solve, the model represents the power transmission line of 220kV and 100km in length, the dc impedance is 0.0748 Ω/km, the dc impedance of the high voltage side of the transformer is 0.6 Ω, then the equivalent voltage source formula of the AB section line is:
VAB＝LAB(Excosθ+Eysinθ)#
wherein L isABLength of AB section line, ExComponent of electric field in x-direction, EyThe component of the electric field in the y direction, theta is the angle between the line and the positive x direction.
7. The method for protecting against strong electromagnetic pulses of a generator system of an underground nuclear power plant as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 3), a corresponding two-port network is obtained by performing modal analysis on a wave equation on a transmission line, then a mathematical model of a three-turn coil is established, and finally verification is performed based on a finite integration method, wherein the wave equation is as follows:
wherein [ V ]]And [ I]Respectively, a voltage vector and a current vector, [ Z ]]、[Y]For the impedance matrix and admittance matrix per unit length of the transmission line, [ P ]]＝[Z][Y]，[Pt]Is [ P ]]The transposing of (1).
8. The method for protecting against strong electromagnetic pulses of a generator system of an underground nuclear power plant as claimed in claim 1, wherein the multi-conductor transmission line model of the steam turbine generator in the step 4) is a multi-conductor transmission line model of a 30-slot and 3MW steam turbine generator.
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| CN115856484B (en) * | 2023-02-16 | 2023-06-02 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | Automatic iterative analysis method and system for electromagnetic impulse response of multi-conductor transmission line |
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Application publication date: 20210601 |