CN112816839A - Cable line alternating current voltage withstand test method and system based on shunt reactor - Google Patents
Cable line alternating current voltage withstand test method and system based on shunt reactor Download PDFInfo
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- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 164
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- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 17
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/12—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing
- G01R31/1227—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials
- G01R31/1263—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials of solid or fluid materials, e.g. insulation films, bulk material; of semiconductors or LV electronic components or parts; of cable, line or wire insulation
- G01R31/1272—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials of solid or fluid materials, e.g. insulation films, bulk material; of semiconductors or LV electronic components or parts; of cable, line or wire insulation of cable, line or wire insulation, e.g. using partial discharge measurements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R1/00—Details of instruments or arrangements of the types included in groups G01R5/00 - G01R13/00 and G01R31/00
- G01R1/20—Modifications of basic electric elements for use in electric measuring instruments; Structural combinations of such elements with such instruments
Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a system for testing alternating current withstand voltage of a cable line based on a shunt reactor, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the cable line to be tested is provided with a shunt reactor, and the shunt reactor is used for compensating the capacitance-to-ground current of the cable line; in the alternating-current voltage withstand test of the cable line adopting the series resonance mode, the shunt reactor replaces a test reactor to carry out the alternating-current voltage withstand test on the cable line. In the invention, during the alternating-current voltage withstand test of the cable, the parallel reactor of the cable line is adopted to replace the test reactor, thereby avoiding the difficulty in transportation and hoisting of the test reactor with large tonnage and the high acquisition cost of the test reactor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of voltage withstand test of cable lines, and particularly relates to a method and a system for alternating current voltage withstand test of the cable lines based on a shunt reactor.
Background
With the development of cities, the application scale of long-distance high-voltage grade cables in cities is increasingly enlarged. Weak links of the cable line are a terminal and an intermediate joint, and the cable line has defects due to poor design or poor manufacturing process and improper material; some defects can be detected in the construction process and acceptance test, but more defects are gradually developed and degraded in the operation. Therefore, when a cable is newly laid, the insulation level and the joint process of the cable are detected by adopting an alternating current voltage withstand test method, so that hidden dangers and defects can be found in advance, and the safety and reliability of the operation of the cable are ensured.
In recent years, the cable has a large cross section and a long distance, so that the ground capacitance is greatly improved compared with the conventional cable line, and higher requirements are made on test sites, the number of equipment and input of testers. At present, a series resonance parallel compensation method is generally adopted in an alternating current withstand voltage test of a long cable, namely, a resonance loop is formed by a reactor and the cable, and a plurality of reactors are connected in parallel to compensate the capacitance capacity of the cable, so that the current of an excitation loop is reduced. For a long-distance cable, because the capacitance to the ground is large, the number of required compensation reactances is large, for example, when an alternating current resonance withstand voltage test is carried out on a 330kV cable line with the length of 6km, the required compensation reactor needs 8 reactors with the single weight of about 10T even if a light-weight hollow epoxy cylinder reactor is adopted. The method has high requirements on test sites and hoisting environments, and the investment of test equipment is high.
At present, a large-capacity reactor is often connected in parallel at a terminal for compensation of a long-distance large-capacity cable in order to reduce the line capacity rise effect, and the compensation degree is generally 80% or 120%; in summary, a new method for testing ac withstand voltage of a cable line based on a shunt reactor is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method and a system for testing the alternating-current withstand voltage of a cable line based on a shunt reactor, so as to solve one or more technical problems. The parallel reactor provided by the cable is used as the compensation reactor, so that the equipment requirement of the test can be reduced.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses a cable line alternating current withstand voltage test method based on a shunt reactor, which comprises the following steps of:
the cable line to be tested is provided with a shunt reactor, and the shunt reactor is used for compensating the capacitance-to-ground current of the cable line;
in the alternating-current voltage withstand test of the cable line adopting the series resonance mode, the shunt reactor replaces a test reactor to carry out the alternating-current voltage withstand test on the cable line.
The invention is further improved in that the concrete steps of replacing the test reactor by the shunt reactor comprise:
acquiring the resonant frequency of a test loop according to the inductance value of the shunt reactor and the capacitance value of the cable line to be tested, and judging whether the acquired resonant frequency meets the standard requirement;
calculating to obtain the current value of a test loop and the current value flowing through each winding of the reactor according to the voltage required by the alternating-current withstand voltage test of the cable;
comprehensively comparing whether the winding voltage and the winding current of the reactor meet the design requirements and whether the heating of the reactor meets the design requirements under different test voltages and test currents, and selecting a test parameter scheme with the minimum heating quantity;
and based on the test frequency, the test voltage and the test current which meet the design requirements of the reactor, carrying out parameter selection on the excitation transformer and the frequency conversion cabinet of the test system.
In a further improvement of the present invention, the specific step of obtaining the resonant frequency of the test loop according to the inductance value of the shunt reactor and the capacitance value of the cable line to be tested includes:
obtaining a ground capacitance value C of the single-phase cable according to the unit length capacitance of the cable and the total length of the cable;
the reactance value of the parallel reactor is fixed, and when the single-phase reactance value is L, the resonance frequency is
In a further improvement of the present invention, the specific step of obtaining the resonant frequency of the test loop according to the inductance value of the shunt reactor and the capacitance value of the cable line to be tested includes:
obtaining a ground capacitance value C of the single-phase cable according to the unit length capacitance of the cable and the total length of the cable;
two phases are connected in parallel and are jointly connected into a test loop for reducing the resonance frequency provided by the inductor; when the single-phase reactance value is L, the resonant frequency is
In a further improvement of the present invention, the specific step of obtaining the resonant frequency of the test loop according to the inductance value of the shunt reactor and the capacitance value of the cable line to be tested includes:
obtaining a ground capacitance value C of the single-phase cable according to the unit length capacitance of the cable and the total length of the cable;
three phases are connected in parallel and are jointly connected into a test loop for reducing the resonance frequency provided by the inductor; when the single-phase reactance value is L, the resonant frequency is
The invention is further improved in that the resonance frequency is between 20Hz and 300Hz, and the magnetic flux in the iron core is reduced and the heating of the reactor is reduced by increasing the test frequency.
The invention is further improved in that the calculation expression of the current value of the test loop is that I is U/(2 pi fL); wherein U is the determined test voltage.
The invention relates to a cable line alternating current withstand voltage test system based on a shunt reactor, which comprises: testing the reactor; the cable line alternating current voltage withstand test system is used for carrying out alternating current voltage withstand test on a cable line provided with a shunt reactor; the shunt reactor is used for compensating the capacitance current to ground of the cable line;
the test reactor adopts a parallel reactor equipped for a cable line to be tested.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
at present, in order to reduce the line capacitance-rise effect, a large-capacity reactor is often connected in parallel at a terminal for compensation, and the compensation degree is generally 80% or 120%. For the withstand voltage test of the cable line with the shunt reactor, the shunt reactor is adopted as the compensation reactor, so that the equipment requirement of the test is reduced. Specifically, the method of the invention adopts a high-voltage shunt reactor configured on a cable line to replace a test reactor to carry out an alternating-current withstand voltage test on the cable, and comprises the following steps: calculating all possible resonant frequencies of the test loop according to the inductance value of the reactor and the capacitance value of the cable, and judging whether the frequencies meet the standard requirements; calculating the current value of a test loop and the current value flowing through each winding of the reactor according to the voltage required by the alternating-current withstand voltage test of the cable; comprehensively comparing whether the winding voltage and the winding current of the reactor meet the design requirements and whether the heating of the reactor meets the design requirements under different test voltages and test currents, and preferably selecting a test parameter scheme with the minimum heating value; and performing parameter type selection on the excitation transformer and the frequency conversion cabinet of the test system according to the test frequency, the test voltage and the test current which meet the design requirements of the reactor. The invention has the beneficial effects that: during the alternating-current voltage withstand test of the cable, the parallel reactor of the cable line is adopted to replace the test reactor, so that the difficulties in transportation and hoisting of the test reactor with large tonnage and the high acquisition cost of the test reactor are avoided.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art are briefly introduced below; it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the invention, and that for a person skilled in the art, other drawings can be derived from them without inventive effort.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an AC withstand voltage test equivalent circuit of a method for withstand voltage test of a cable line with a shunt reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic flow chart of a method for testing withstand voltage of a cable line with a shunt reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the purpose, technical effect and technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the following clearly and completely describes the technical solution of the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention; it is to be understood that the described embodiments are only some of the embodiments of the present invention. Other embodiments, which can be derived by one of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosed embodiments without inventive faculty, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 1 and fig. 2, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for testing an ac withstand voltage of a cable using a cable shunt reactor as a test compensation reactance, which includes:
step 1, judging whether a power cable is provided with a high-voltage shunt reactor in the running process according to an engineering design scheme, wherein the reactor is generally used for compensating the ground capacitance current of a cable line. If the cable line is provided with a high-voltage shunt reactor, the high-voltage shunt reactor can be adopted to replace a test reactor under the condition that the condition is met, and the alternating current induction voltage withstand test of the cable is completed.
Step 2, the test scheme needs to be determined by checking parameters such as withstand voltage level, capacity, loss, impedance and the like of the cable, the reactor and the test loop, and the specific flow is as follows:
(1) firstly, a test wiring mode is determined, a series resonance mode is generally adopted in a field alternating current withstand voltage test at present, namely, a test reactance is connected in series to a capacitive cable, the test is carried out at the resonance frequency of the capacitive cable, and a test loop is shown in figure 1.
(2) An alternative trial frequency is determined. And calculating the capacitance-to-ground value C of the single-phase cable according to the capacitance per unit length of the cable and the total length of the cable. The reactance value of the shunt reactor is fixed, and when the single-phase reactance value is L, the resonance frequency is
Preferably, in the embodiment of the invention, two phases or three phases can be connected in parallel and are connected to the test loop together, so as to achieve the purposes of reducing inductance and providing resonant frequency. The resonant frequencies at this time are respectively
On the premise that the resonant frequency f is between 20Hz and 300Hz, the test frequency needs to be increased and the magnetic flux in the iron core needs to be reduced from the viewpoint of reducing the heat generation of the reactor.
(3) Determining test voltage, determining the test voltage according to the voltage grade of a test object cable, and according to related requirements in the national standard GB 50150, adopting 20-300Hz alternating current withstand voltage test on the crosslinked cable of 35kV or above, wherein the parameter requirements of the withstand voltage test are shown in the table 1.
Table 1 shows the 20-300Hz withstand voltage test parameters, kV, recommended by GB 50150-2016 standard
GB 50150-2016 also indicates that several options are provided for test voltage and test time by simultaneously considering the actual conditions of test equipment of various construction units in China, wherein the emphasis is recommended before brackets.
(4) And calculating loop currents under different voltages and different frequencies. There are two options for the test voltage of cables according to the standard 220kV and above. The loop test frequency is different according to the parallel connection number of the windings, and 3 options are available. There are thus 6 possible test currents, I ═ 2 pi fCU ═ U/(2 pi fL).
(5) The test scheme is optimized by integrating the structural forms of the reactor, such as a single-phase reactor, a three-phase reactor and a magnetic circuit of the reactor. Wherein the test voltage is preferably a higher voltage value from the viewpoint of assessing the insulation level of the cable. From the heating angle examination of the reactor winding, the test current preferably has a lower current value, namely a lower test voltage. And (4) from the perspective of the heat generation of the iron core of the reactor, a lower test voltage and a higher test frequency are preferred. In addition, the long-term withstand voltage level of the head end and the tail end of the reactor winding, the saturation condition of the reactor magnetic circuit and other limitations are comprehensively considered.
(6) Estimating the parameters of the test booster device, the reactive capacity on the test piece is 2 pi fCU2When the quality factor of the entire circuit is Q, the capacity of the test system is 2 π fCU2and/Q, the current flowing through the excitation transformer is 2 pi fCU, and the output voltage of the excitation transformer is U/Q. When the excitation transformation ratio is n, the output voltage of the frequency conversion cabinet is U/nQ. And judging whether the parameters exceed the voltage and capacity limits of the existing excitation transformer and frequency conversion cabinet.
The invention provides a cable line alternating current withstand voltage test method based on a shunt reactor, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) the test article was a 330kV cable having a length of about 6.5km, a capacitance per unit length of about 0.25. mu.F/km, and an equivalent capacitance of about 1.625. mu.F. The high-voltage shunt reactor of the cable is an oil immersed reactor with the model number of BKS-90000/330. The reactor has rated voltage 363kV, rated capacity 90000kvar, rated current 143A and loss 235.54kW, and the connection mode is YN.
(2) And calculating the single-phase inductance value. Inductance value of each phase winding of parallel reactor is about L ═ U2And the/2 pi fS is 4.66H, wherein S is the single-phase capacity of the reactor 30000 kvar.
(3) And calculating the single-phase resistance value. The reactor winding loss P is 235.54kW, and the rated current I is 143.1A. The equivalent internal resistance R of the single-phase winding is equal to P/3/I2＝3.83Ω。
(4) The available resonance frequencies were calculated as shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 Experimental available frequency
Available test voltage, according to the relevant requirements in the national standard GB 50150, the 330kV cross-linked cable adopts 20-300Hz alternating current withstand voltage test, the withstand voltage test voltage is 1.7U0 (or 1.3U0), and the test time is 60 min. Wherein the voltage of 1.7U0 is 1.7 × 190kV ═ 323kV, and the voltage of 1.3U0 is 1.3 × 190kV ═ 247 kV.
In the embodiment of the invention, the loop current is calculated, and the loop current obtained by calculation according to the total loop inductance and the frequency under different parallel relations is shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 Loop currents under different regimes
| Total capacitance (mu F) | Total inductance value (H) | Resonance frequency (Hz) | Current at 1.7U0 | Loop current at 1.3U0 |
| 1.625 | 4.66 | 57.85 | 175.5 | 145.9 |
| 1.625 | 2.33 | 81.81 | 248.2 | 206.3 |
| 1.625 | 1.55 | 100.2 | 304.6 | 253.2 |
In the embodiment of the invention, because the reactance is a three-phase integral reactor and the structure is a three-phase five-column type, under the condition of three-phase parallel connection, all magnetic flux passes through the side yokes at two sides, and the heating of the side yokes can not meet the design requirement, so that the three-phase parallel connection mode is not suitable for being adopted. Under the voltage of 1.7U0, the current of the whole loop is high, and the iron core generates heat and can not meet the design requirement, so the test voltage of 1.7U0 is not suitable for use. Under the voltage of 1.3U0, when a single-phase winding is adopted, the loop current is 145.9A, slightly exceeds the rated current 143A of the reactor, the test frequency is 57.85Hz, and slightly exceeds the actual operation frequency by 50Hz, so that the test feasibility is achieved. When the two phases are connected in parallel, the total current of the loop is 206.3A, and the current of the single-phase winding is 103.2A, which is lower than the rated current 143A. The test frequency is 81.81Hz, and the test feasibility is also achieved when the test frequency exceeds the rated frequency of 50 Hz. In the two schemes, the frequency is higher when the two phases are connected in parallel, so that the magnetic flux of the reactor is lower, the heat productivity of the iron core is lower, and the two-phase parallel method is more suitable.
And selecting parameters of the test boosting device. The active power of the reactance is P ═ I2And R is 81.52 kW. The current flowing through the excitation variable secondary side is the loop current of the series resonant loop, namely 206.21A. Therefore, the excitation variable output voltage can be estimated to be u-P/I-395.31V. At the moment, an excitation transformer with a transformation ratio of about 1:2 is adopted, the input voltage of the excitation transformer is 197.7V, the input current is 412.4A, and a frequency conversion cabinet with the output power of more than or equal to 200kW and the output voltage of 0-350V which is continuously adjustable can be selected.
In summary, the invention discloses a method for testing the withstand voltage of a cable line with a shunt reactor, which adopts a high-voltage shunt reactor configured in the cable line to replace a test reactor to perform an alternating-current withstand voltage test on the cable. And the preferable method of the cable alternating current withstand voltage scheme adopting the high-voltage shunt reactor is provided: 1) and judging whether the cable line is provided with the high-voltage shunt reactor according to the design scheme. 2) And calculating all possible resonant frequencies of the test loop according to the inductance value of the reactor and the capacitance value of the cable, and judging whether the frequencies meet the standard requirements. 3) And calculating the current value of the test loop and the current value flowing through each winding of the reactor according to the voltage required by the alternating-current withstand voltage test of the cable. 4) Comprehensively comparing whether the winding voltage and the winding current of the reactor meet the design requirements and whether the heating of the reactor meets the design requirements under different test voltages and test currents, and preferably selecting the test parameter scheme with the minimum heating value. 5) And performing parameter type selection on the excitation transformer and the frequency conversion cabinet of the test system according to the test frequency, the test voltage and the test current which meet the design requirements of the reactor. The invention has the beneficial effects that: during the alternating-current voltage withstand test of the cable, the parallel reactor of the cable line is adopted to replace the test reactor, so that the difficulties in transportation and hoisting of the test reactor with large tonnage and the high acquisition cost of the test reactor are avoided.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art can make modifications and equivalents to the embodiments of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which is set forth in the claims of the present application.
Claims (8)
1. A cable line alternating current withstand voltage test method based on a shunt reactor is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the cable line to be tested is provided with a shunt reactor, and the shunt reactor is used for compensating the capacitance-to-ground current of the cable line;
in the alternating-current voltage withstand test of the cable line adopting the series resonance mode, the shunt reactor replaces a test reactor to carry out the alternating-current voltage withstand test on the cable line.
2. The method for testing the alternating-current withstand voltage of the cable line based on the shunt reactor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the concrete step of replacing the test reactor by the shunt reactor comprises the following steps:
acquiring the resonant frequency of a test loop according to the inductance value of the shunt reactor and the capacitance value of the cable line to be tested, and judging whether the acquired resonant frequency meets the standard requirement;
calculating to obtain the current value of a test loop and the current value flowing through each winding of the reactor according to the voltage required by the alternating-current withstand voltage test of the cable;
comprehensively comparing whether the winding voltage and the winding current of the reactor meet the design requirements and whether the heating of the reactor meets the design requirements under different test voltages and test currents, and selecting a test parameter scheme with the minimum heating quantity;
and based on the test frequency, the test voltage and the test current which meet the design requirements of the reactor, carrying out parameter selection on the excitation transformer and the frequency conversion cabinet of the test system.
3. The method for testing the ac withstand voltage of the cable line based on the shunt reactor according to claim 2, wherein the step of obtaining the resonant frequency of the test loop according to the inductance value of the shunt reactor and the capacitance value of the cable line to be tested comprises:
obtaining a ground capacitance value C of the single-phase cable according to the unit length capacitance of the cable and the total length of the cable;
the reactance value of the parallel reactor is fixed, and when the single-phase reactance value is L, the resonance frequency is
4. The method for testing the ac withstand voltage of the cable line based on the shunt reactor according to claim 2, wherein the step of obtaining the resonant frequency of the test loop according to the inductance value of the shunt reactor and the capacitance value of the cable line to be tested comprises:
obtaining a ground capacitance value C of the single-phase cable according to the unit length capacitance of the cable and the total length of the cable;
two phases are connected in parallel and are jointly connected into a test loop for reducing the resonance frequency provided by the inductor; when the single-phase reactance value is L, the resonant frequency is
5. The method for testing the ac withstand voltage of the cable line based on the shunt reactor according to claim 2, wherein the step of obtaining the resonant frequency of the test loop according to the inductance value of the shunt reactor and the capacitance value of the cable line to be tested comprises:
obtaining a ground capacitance value C of the single-phase cable according to the unit length capacitance of the cable and the total length of the cable;
three phases are connected in parallel and are jointly connected into a test loop for reducing the resonance frequency provided by the inductor; when the single-phase reactance value is L, the resonant frequency is
6. The method for testing the alternating-current withstand voltage of the cable line based on the shunt reactor as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein the resonant frequency is between 20Hz and 300Hz, and the heating of the reactor is reduced by increasing the test frequency and reducing the magnetic flux in the iron core.
7. The shunt reactor-based cable line alternating-current withstand voltage testing method according to any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein a calculation expression of a current value of the test loop is I ═ U/(2 pi fL); wherein U is the determined test voltage.
8. The utility model provides a cable run alternating current withstand voltage test system based on shunt reactor, includes: testing the reactor; the alternating-current voltage withstand test system is characterized in that the alternating-current voltage withstand test system is used for carrying out an alternating-current voltage withstand test on a cable line provided with a shunt reactor; the shunt reactor is used for compensating the capacitance current to ground of the cable line;
the test reactor adopts a parallel reactor equipped for a cable line to be tested.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113466643A (en) * | 2021-06-29 | 2021-10-01 | 国网陕西省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Cable line voltage withstand test method with single-phase parallel reactor |
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| CN1149134A (en) * | 1995-10-26 | 1997-05-07 | 于永源 | Method for measuring capacity and current between earth and electric network |
| CN105353283A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2016-02-24 | 中国南方电网有限责任公司超高压输电公司检修试验中心 | AC voltage-withstand test method for 500kV GIL equipment |
| CN109212389A (en) * | 2018-08-28 | 2019-01-15 | 中铁十二局集团有限公司 | A kind of large-capacity power equipment ac voltage withstanding test method |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1149134A (en) * | 1995-10-26 | 1997-05-07 | 于永源 | Method for measuring capacity and current between earth and electric network |
| CN105353283A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2016-02-24 | 中国南方电网有限责任公司超高压输电公司检修试验中心 | AC voltage-withstand test method for 500kV GIL equipment |
| CN109212389A (en) * | 2018-08-28 | 2019-01-15 | 中铁十二局集团有限公司 | A kind of large-capacity power equipment ac voltage withstanding test method |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113466643A (en) * | 2021-06-29 | 2021-10-01 | 国网陕西省电力公司电力科学研究院 | Cable line voltage withstand test method with single-phase parallel reactor |
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Application publication date: 20210518 |