CN112788701B - Conflict-free underwater acoustic multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a conflict-free underwater sound multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps that firstly, a water area of a deployment network is virtually divided into a plurality of continuous cubic areas, and nodes located in the same cubic area are used as a cluster; step two, carrying out intra-cluster layering on the nodes according to the distance between the intra-cluster nodes and the cluster heads; thirdly, taking the cluster head as the innermost layer, performing channel pre-allocation on the inner layer node as an outer layer neighbor node adjacent to the inner layer node, and sending a pre-allocation result to the corresponding outer layer neighbor node through a pre-allocation packet; step four, the outer node performs reverse selection and confirmation on the inner node for sending the pre-distribution packet; fifthly, the inner layer node redistributes channels to the outer layer node according to the reverse selection and confirmation results; and step six, sending data from the outer layer node to the inner layer node layer by layer according to the result of channel redistribution until the data collected by all the nodes in the cluster are collected at the cluster head, and performing the next round of data collection.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of underwater wireless communication, and particularly relates to a conflict-free underwater acoustic multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation.
Background
The MAC technology is a key technology for coordinating each node in the network to access a public communication medium, and provides a fundamental guarantee for conflict-free network communication. The MAC technology is an important technical support of an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) and is a research hotspot of computer science.
In the UWSN environment, radio signals are severely attenuated and cannot be applied to reliable communication over long distances, and therefore, underwater acoustic signals are generally used instead of radio signals. Compared with a radio signal, the underwater acoustic signal has the characteristics of low propagation speed, narrow available bandwidth, high error rate and the like, and meanwhile, the battery energy of the underwater wireless sensor node is relatively limited and is not easy to replace.
These characteristics present challenges to the design of MAC protocols. Limited by the narrow bandwidth of the hydroacoustic channel, the transmission and reception times of the data packets become longer, which increases the probability of data packet collisions. After the data packet bursts, the sender retransmits the data packet after a next period of time, which further aggravates the channel collision problem for the originally congested channel, thereby greatly reducing the network throughput.
Existing MAC techniques can be mainly divided into two categories: contention-based MAC techniques and scheduling-based MAC techniques.
In the MAC protocol, when the node has data to send, the node will compete for the channel in a certain mode, if the competition is successful, the channel is occupied; and if the conflict is detected, yielding the channel according to the backoff strategy, and waiting for re-competing for the channel in the next period until the transmission is successful or abandoned. This kind of technology is effective when there are few nodes in the network and the data transmission amount is small, but as the number of nodes increases and the traffic increases, the problem of packet collision will become serious, and the network performance will be reduced.
The MAC technology based on scheduling leads each node to periodically access a channel through a certain convention, and the basic principle of the protocol is to adopt a certain algorithm to allocate time slots, frequency bands or orthogonal codes to appointed nodes, so that each node can access the channel under the well-agreed time and space to realize communication. This kind of technology can deal with a lot of traffic in the network because the access of each node in the network to the channel is predefined, but usually a central node is needed to take charge of generating the scheduling, and the communication overhead generated in the scheduling process is not negligible.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a conflict-free underwater sound multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation, which is characterized in that a channel is allocated by self-clustering negotiation of nodes, so that adjacent nodes in a cluster acquire communication channels and communication paths between the nodes in a distributed manner through the interactive process of preassignment, confirmation, reverse selection and reallocation, and then data transmission is carried out on the negotiated conflict-free channel; therefore, conflict-free data transmission is realized under the condition that no central node participates, and the network transmission efficiency and the throughput are improved.
It is another object of the present invention to reduce overall signal attenuation at a receiving end and improve energy efficiency by matching a transmission distance with a transmission channel in a multi-channel communication mode.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a conflict-free underwater acoustic multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps that firstly, a water area of a deployment network is virtually divided into a plurality of continuous cubic areas, and nodes located in the same cubic area are used as a cluster;
step two, carrying out intra-cluster layering on the nodes according to the distance between the intra-cluster nodes and the cluster heads;
the cluster head is a node which is closest to the center position of the cube region in the cluster;
thirdly, taking the cluster head as the innermost layer, performing channel pre-allocation on the inner layer node as an outer layer neighbor node adjacent to the inner layer node, and sending a pre-allocation result to the corresponding outer layer neighbor node through a pre-allocation packet;
step four, the outer node performs reverse selection and confirmation on the inner node for sending the pre-distribution packet;
fifthly, the inner layer node redistributes channels to the outer layer node according to the reverse selection and confirmation results;
and step six, sending data from the outer layer node to the inner layer node layer by layer according to the result of the channel redistribution until the data collected by all the nodes in the cluster are collected at the cluster head, and performing the next round of data collection.
Preferably, before the step one, the method further comprises:
all nodes in the network broadcast own information and receive broadcast information of other nodes at the same time, thereby acquiring neighbor information;
the broadcasted information includes node ID and node position information.
Preferably, in the second step, intra-cluster layering is performed according to the number of hops from a node to a cluster head in a cluster.
Preferably, in the third step, the policy for performing channel pre-allocation is as follows:
s.t.fi∈Channel_Set，di∈Transmission_Range；
where i represents the ith adjacent outer neighbor node, fiRepresenting the center frequency, d, of the data channel used by node iiRepresenting the distance between the node itself and node i.
Preferably, in the fourth step, if the outer node receives a pre-allocation packet sent by the outer node, the outer node replies an acknowledgement; and if the outer-layer node receives the pre-distribution packets sent by the inner-layer nodes, one of the inner-layer neighbor nodes is selected.
Preferably, the reselection strategy S of the outer node is as follows:
wherein M represents a candidate composed of inner-layer neighbor nodes transmitting the pre-allocation packet to the outer-layer nodeA set, m represents an inner node in the set; b ismRepresents the bandwidth, h, of the channel allocated by the inner node m to the outer node0，mRepresents the channel gain, P, of the outer node and inner node m0Represents the transmission power of the outer node, m _ Alloc represents the pre-allocation packet of the inner node m, omega is the environmental noise, hi，mIndicates the channel gain, P, of node i and node m in the pre-allocated packet of the inner node miIndicating the transmit power of node i in the pre-allocated packet for inner node m.
Preferably, in the fifth step, the inner node performs channel reallocation on the outer node to which the acknowledgement is replied and the outer node which reselects the inner node.
Preferably, the collision-free underwater acoustic multi-channel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation further includes: and according to the updating period, after the network state is updated, circularly performing the steps from the first step to the sixth step.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the collision-free underwater acoustic multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation, provided by the invention, has the advantages that the channel allocation is negotiated through self-clustering of the nodes, so that the neighbor nodes in the cluster acquire communication channels and communication paths among the nodes in a distributed manner through the interactive process of preassignment, confirmation, reverse selection and redistribution, and then data transmission is carried out on the negotiated collision-free channel; therefore, the conflict is avoided under the condition that no central node participates, and the network transmission efficiency and the throughput are improved.
The collision-free underwater sound multi-channel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation, provided by the invention, can reduce the total signal attenuation at the receiving end and improve the energy efficiency through the matching of the transmission distance and the sending channel in a multi-channel communication mode.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of node clustering hierarchy according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating channel allocation according to the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of layer-by-layer data transmission according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the attached drawings so that those skilled in the art can implement the invention by referring to the description text.
The invention provides a conflict-free underwater sound multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel distribution. Then, each node is clustered according to the position of the node, a cluster head of each cluster is obtained, and the nodes in the clusters are layered according to the hop count of the cluster head. Next, in order to implement collision-free communication, a layer-by-layer channel allocation method based on interactive channel allocation is adopted, and channels used for transmission of the neighbor nodes are allocated to the neighbor nodes layer by layer from the innermost cluster head node. After channel allocation is completed, data transmission can be started, data are transmitted to cluster heads from nodes on the outermost layer by layer, and then an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) passes through each cluster head and collects the data.
In the invention, the nodes are deployed in a water area in a certain range in a three-dimensional mode and have the functions of data collection, transmission and reception. With existing positioning technology and clock synchronization technology, nodes in the network are clock synchronized and can know their own location information.
The specific implementation process of the conflict-free underwater sound multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation is as follows:
firstly, node clustering and layering, comprising the following steps:
the first step is as follows: the node acquires neighbor information. All nodes in the network broadcast own information including node ID, node position information and the like, and simultaneously receive broadcast messages of other nodes, thereby acquiring neighbor information. In order to ensure that all nodes in the network can correctly acquire all neighbor information, a time period can be set, and each node randomly selects a plurality of times to broadcast in the time period, so that all nodes are ensured to have complete and correct neighbor information.
The second step is that: and clustering nodes. The water area for deploying the network is virtually divided into continuous cubic areas, the side length is a, the range of each cubic area is known, and meanwhile, the position of the central point of each cubic area can be obtained through simple calculation. On the premise that the node knows the position information of the node, the serial number of a cube where the node is located can be calculated, and the node in the same cube area belongs to the same cluster.
The third step: layering in the cluster. After the node clustering is completed, the node closest to the center position of the cubic area becomes a cluster head. Because the node has the position information of the neighbor of the node, the cluster head can be selected under the condition of mutual non-communication by comparing the distances between the node and each neighbor node from the center position of the cube. Specifically, if there is a neighboring node whose distance from the center position of the cube is smaller than the distance from the center position of the cube, the node is not necessarily a cluster head; otherwise, if the node is closest to the center position of the cube compared to all neighboring nodes, the node becomes a cluster head. And then layering in the cluster according to the hop count from each node to the cluster head in the cluster. The cluster head is used as a layer 0 node, a layer packet 0 is broadcasted, and the node receiving the layer packet, namely a one-hop neighbor node of the cluster head, marks the node as a layer 1 node. Then, the 1-level node broadcasts the hierarchical packet 1, and the nodes which receive the hierarchical packet and are not marked with the levels mark themselves as 2-level nodes.
Secondly, channel allocation layer by layer, comprising the following steps:
the first step is as follows: and calculating the distance between the adjacent nodes and matching the channels. It has been shown that the attenuation of underwater acoustic signals is related to the propagation distance and the transmission frequency, and that the attenuation phenomenon becomes severe as the propagation distance increases and the transmission frequency increases. Thus, in our frequency division multichannel MAC method, the channels used by the transmit-receive node pairs can be matched to the distance between them for optimization of the overall channel gain, so that at each receive node the overall channel gain is optimal. We express the attenuation of the signal by the product of the propagation distance and the transmission frequency, the channel matching can be expressed as:
s.t.fi∈Channel_Set，di∈Transmission_Range；
wherein i represents the ith adjacent outer-layer neighbor node, i.e. the ith outer-layer neighbor node adjacent to a certain inner-layer node, fiRepresenting the center frequency, d, of the data channel used by node iiIndicating the distance between itself and node i.
The second step is that: and pre-allocating inner-layer nodes. Using a layer-by-layer channel allocation method based on interactive channel allocation, starting from the innermost node (cluster head), all its neighboring outer-layer neighbor nodes are allocated channels according to distance, and the allocation results are broadcast to them (outer-layer neighbor nodes) in the form of pre-allocation packets.
The third step: and confirming/reverse selecting the outer node. After the pre-allocation operation of the inner-layer node is completed, the outer-layer node receives the pre-allocation packet from the inner-layer neighbor node. If the outer layer node only has one inner layer neighbor node, obviously, the outer layer node only receives one pre-allocation packet, and at the moment, the outer layer node only needs to reply confirmation; if the outer node has two or more inner neighbor nodes, it will receive multiple pre-allocation packets, and then needs to select one of the inner neighbor nodes. Assuming that an outer node receives a pre-allocated packet of num inner-layer neighbor nodes, the inner-layer neighbor nodes form a candidate set M ═ 1, 2.. multidata, num, and each element in the set represents an inner-layer neighbor node, the reselection policy S can be described as:
where M represents an inner node in the set M, BmTo representBandwidth of channel allocated by node m to the node, h0，mDenotes the channel gain, P, of the node and node m0Represents the transmission power of the node, m _ Alloc represents the pre-allocated packet of the node m, omega is the environmental noise, hi，mRepresenting the channel gains, P, of node i and node m in node m's pre-allocated packetiIndicating the transmit power of node i in the pre-allocated packet for node m.
The result of the reselection will be broadcasted to these inner-layer neighbor nodes in the form of a reselection packet, in which the assigned channel label needs to be added.
The fourth step: and redistribution of the inner layer nodes. And according to the confirmation/reverse selection result, the inner-layer node performs final channel reallocation. Different from the channel allocation for all the adjacent outer-layer neighbor nodes in the pre-allocation, the channel allocation for the node replying the confirmation to the node and the node which selects the node in the reverse selection during the reallocation process is only performed. In order to ensure collision-free data transmission, the inner node receiving the reverse selection packet needs to pay attention that if the inner node declared to be selected in the reverse selection packet is not self-owned, the channel used by the declaration cannot be used by self.
Thirdly, data transmission is carried out in the following process:
the first step is as follows: inter-layer transmission of data. After the channel allocation is completed, data transmission can be performed. The data transmission process is carried out by taking time slots as units, and in each time slot, all nodes on the outer layer send data to the selected nodes on the allocated channels, wherein the data comprises the data collected by the nodes and the data received by the nodes from the outer layer.
The second step is that: the intra-cluster data is collected at the cluster head. The inter-layer transmission of data is performed in rounds, each round includes n time slots, and n is the number of layers of the cluster. Specifically, each round of transmission starts from the outermost node (n layers) of the cluster, and the data collected by the nodes is transmitted to the adjacent inner layer node (n-1 layers); then, in the next time slot, the nodes in the n-1 layer continue to send the data collected by the nodes in the adjacent inner layer (n-2 layer) and the data received from the n layer until the n time slots are passed, the data collected by all the nodes in the cluster are collected at the cluster head (0 layer), and then the next round of data collection is carried out.
The third step: and (5) updating the information. In order to cope with the change, the network state needs to be updated after data collection of a period of time, node layering clustering and channel allocation are carried out again, and data are transmitted according to a new allocation scheme.
Examples
(1) Node clustering and layering stage:
for an underwater wireless sensor network, the deployment range of network nodes is 1800m × 1800m × 1200m, and the nodes are randomly placed in the range. The initial energy set by each node is 10000J, and the receiving energy consumption, the sending energy consumption and the idle energy consumption are 0.75J, 2J and 0.008J respectively. The transmission range of each node is 100m, the sizes of the data packets and the control packets are 200B and 20B respectively, and the network simulation time is set to 3600 s. Taking the side length a of the cubic area as 600m, the nodes in the network can be divided into 18 clusters, and each cluster has about 3-4 layers of nodes. By simple calculation, the node can know the cluster where the node is located, and whether the node is a cluster head can be known by comparing the distance from the center position of the cubic area, next, from the cluster head, each node in the cluster is layered by broadcasting layering, and a layering schematic diagram of the clustering is shown in fig. 1.
(2) A channel allocation stage:
in order to realize collision-free communication, a layer-by-layer channel allocation method based on interactive channel allocation is adopted. Firstly, after matching the channel with the transmission distance, the inner-layer node allocates channels to all the outer-layer neighbor nodes of the inner-layer node and sends a pre-allocation packet, as shown in fig. 2, the nodes a and B are ith-layer nodes in a cluster, the node a sends the pre-allocation packet to C, D to allocate channels 1 and 2, and the node B also sends the pre-allocation packet to C, E to allocate channels 2 and 1;
after receiving the pre-allocated packets, the outer node performs confirmation or reselection, the node C, D, E is the i +1 th layer node in the cluster, for D, E, if only one pre-allocated packet is received, the pre-allocated packet replies confirmation packets to the node A, B, and the node C receives two pre-allocated packets from a and B, the node C selects a reply reselection packet with a shorter distance from the pre-allocated packets, wherein if a is selected, the node C sends a reselection packet to declare that the node a is selected as a receiving node and uses the channel 1; after receiving the confirmation packet or the reverse selection packet, the inner layer node performs final channel redistribution according to the information in the reverse selection packet, and when receiving the confirmation of D and the reverse selection of C, the node A keeps the redistribution decision consistent with the pre-distribution decision and distributes channels 1 and 2 for C, D; node B receives E's acknowledgement and learns that C will communicate with A using channel 1 through C's reverse selection packet, and in order to ensure no collision, B cannot use channel 1, so B's reallocation decision will allocate channel 2 for E.
(3) And (3) a data transmission stage:
according to the transmission path and channel determined in the channel allocation stage, the node transmits data from the outermost layer to the innermost layer in units of time slots, as shown in fig. 3. And in each time slot, the outer-layer node sends data to the adjacent inner-layer node, and the data collected by all nodes in the cluster in the time of the turn is collected at the cluster head until n time slots pass.
When the data transmission process is carried out for a specified time, the network information needs to be updated, the nodes are clustered in a layered mode again, channels are reallocated in the clusters, and data are transmitted according to a new allocation scheme.
The conflict-free underwater sound multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation, provided by the invention, has the advantages that the channel allocation is negotiated through the self-clustering of the nodes, so that the neighbor nodes in the cluster obtain the communication channels and communication paths among the nodes in a distributed manner through the interactive process of preallocation-confirmation/reverse selection-reallocation, and then data transmission is carried out on the negotiated conflict-free channel; therefore, the conflict is avoided under the condition that no central node participates, and the network transmission efficiency and the throughput are improved. In addition, in the multi-channel communication mode, the overall signal attenuation at the receiving end can be reduced and the energy efficiency can be improved through the matching of the transmission distance and the transmission channel.
While embodiments of the invention have been described above, it is not limited to the applications set forth in the description and the embodiments, which are fully applicable in various fields of endeavor to which the invention pertains, and further modifications may readily be made by those skilled in the art, it being understood that the invention is not limited to the details shown and described herein without departing from the general concept defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (5)
1. A conflict-free underwater acoustic multichannel MAC method based on interactive channel allocation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps that firstly, a water area of a deployment network is virtually divided into a plurality of continuous cubic areas, and nodes located in the same cubic area are used as a cluster;
step two, carrying out intra-cluster layering on the nodes according to the distance between the intra-cluster nodes and the cluster heads;
the cluster head is a node which is closest to the center position of the cube region in the cluster;
thirdly, taking the cluster head as the innermost layer, performing channel pre-allocation on the inner layer node as an outer layer neighbor node adjacent to the inner layer node, and sending a pre-allocation result to the corresponding outer layer neighbor node through a pre-allocation packet; the strategy for channel pre-allocation is as follows:
s.t.fi∈Channel_Set，di∈Transmission_Range；
where i represents the ith adjacent outer neighbor node, fiRepresenting the center frequency, d, of the data channel used by node iiRepresents the distance between the node itself and the node i;
step four, the outer node carries out reverse selection and confirmation on the inner node for sending the pre-allocation packet;
the counter-selection strategy S of the outer node is as follows:
wherein, M represents a candidate set formed by inner-layer neighbor nodes which send the pre-allocation packet to the outer-layer node, and M represents one inner-layer node in the set; b ismRepresents the bandwidth, h, of the channel allocated by the inner node m to the outer node0，mRepresents the channel gain, P, of the outer node and inner node m0Represents the transmission power of the outer node, m _ Alloc represents the pre-allocation packet of the inner node m, omega is the environmental noise, hi，mIndicates the channel gain, P, of node i and node m in the pre-allocated packet of the inner node miRepresents the transmission power of the node i in the pre-allocated packet of the inner node m;
fifthly, the inner layer node redistributes channels to the outer layer node according to the reverse selection and confirmation results;
the inner layer node performs channel reallocation on the outer layer node replying the confirmation to the inner layer node and the outer layer node reversely selecting the inner layer node;
and step six, sending data from the outer layer node to the inner layer node layer by layer according to the result of the channel redistribution until the data collected by all the nodes in the cluster are collected at the cluster head, and performing the next round of data collection.
2. The collision-free underwater acoustic multi-channel MAC method based on mutual channel assignment as claimed in claim 1, further comprising, before said step one:
all nodes in the network broadcast own information and receive broadcast information of other nodes at the same time, thereby acquiring neighbor information;
the broadcasted information includes node ID and node position information.
3. The collision-free underwater acoustic multi-channel MAC method based on mutual channel assignment as claimed in claim 2, wherein in said step two, intra-cluster layering is performed according to the number of hops from intra-cluster nodes to cluster heads.
4. The collision-free underwater acoustic multi-channel MAC method based on mutual channel assignment as claimed in claim 2 or 3, wherein in step four, if the skin node receives a pre-assignment packet sent by the skin node, the skin node replies with an acknowledgement; and if the outer-layer node receives the pre-distribution packets sent by the inner-layer nodes, one of the inner-layer neighbor nodes is selected.
5. The collision-free underwater acoustic multi-channel MAC method based on mutual channel assignment as claimed in claim 4, further comprising: and according to the updating period, after the network state is updated, circularly performing the steps from the first step to the sixth step.
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