CN112787948A - Traffic load balancing method and related device - Google Patents
Traffic load balancing method and related device Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/12—Avoiding congestion; Recovering from congestion
- H04L47/125—Avoiding congestion; Recovering from congestion by balancing the load, e.g. traffic engineering
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- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F9/00—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
- G06F9/06—Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
- G06F9/46—Multiprogramming arrangements
- G06F9/50—Allocation of resources, e.g. of the central processing unit [CPU]
- G06F9/5083—Techniques for rebalancing the load in a distributed system
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- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
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Abstract
The application discloses a traffic load balancing method, which comprises the following steps: the routing gateway distributes routing weights to all nodes according to the preset total weight; carrying out load balancing according to the routing weight; when the throughput performance of the nodes is increased, updating the routing weights of all the nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights, wherein the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight; and carrying out load balancing according to the new routing weight. By configuring the routing weight for each node and updating the routing weight according to the throughput performance of the node, the dynamic adjustment of the load balance according to the throughput performance of the node is realized, and the effect of the load balance is improved. The application also discloses a traffic load balancing device, a computing device and a computer readable storage medium, which have the beneficial effects.
Description
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of network technologies, and in particular, to a traffic load balancing method, a traffic load balancing apparatus, a computing device, and a computer-readable storage medium.
Background
Load balancing means that a load (a work task) is balanced and distributed to a plurality of operation units for operation, such as an FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server, a Web server, an enterprise core application server, and other main task servers, so as to cooperatively complete the work task. Load balancing is built on the original network structure, and the method provides a transparent, cheap and effective method for expanding the bandwidth of the server and the network equipment, enhancing the network data processing capacity, increasing the throughput and improving the availability and flexibility of the network. Among them, Nginx is commonly used as a load balancing service.
In the prior art, the client traffic balance needs to be fixedly configured and cannot be automatically changed according to the change of the back-end service capacity. The overall throughput cannot be increased without human intervention. Taking the balanced strategy of the Nginx proxy as an example, there are 6 kinds of the balanced strategies of the Nginx, which are the polling, the weight, the mode according to the ip distribution, the mode of the minimum connection, the mode of the response time and the mode according to the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) distribution, and the above six methods are all configured statically. Under the condition that the number and the configuration of the back-end services are not changed, the flow distribution mode is fixed. If the processing capacity of the back-end service changes, the traffic routing mode of the back-end service generates an imbalance problem and cannot respond dynamically, the load balancing effect is reduced, and the load of the node is increased under the dynamic change of the traffic.
Therefore, how to make the load balancing process dynamically change according to the node situation is a key issue of attention for those skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the present application is to provide a traffic load balancing method, a traffic load balancing apparatus, a computing device, and a computer-readable storage medium, in which a routing weight is configured for each node, the routing weight is updated according to throughput performance of the node, and then load balancing is performed by using the updated routing weight, so that load balancing is dynamically adjusted, and load balancing effect is improved.
In order to solve the above technical problem, the present application provides a traffic load balancing method, including:
the routing gateway distributes routing weights to all nodes according to the preset total weight;
carrying out load balancing according to the routing weight;
when the throughput performance of the nodes is increased, updating the routing weights of all the nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights, wherein the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight;
and carrying out load balancing according to the new routing weight.
Optionally, when the throughput performance of the node increases, updating the routing weights of all nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights, where a sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight, and the method includes:
when the throughput performance of the node is increased, the preset value is added to the routing weight of the node to obtain a corresponding new routing weight;
and subtracting the preset value from the total routing weight of one or more nodes in the other nodes to obtain a corresponding new routing weight, so that the sum of the routing weights of all the nodes is the total weight.
Optionally, the step of determining that the throughput performance of the node is increased includes:
s1, when the load balance runs for a time period, adding the preset value to the routing weight of the node, and subtracting the preset value from the routing weight of the other node;
s2, judging whether the throughput of the node is increased; if yes, go to S3; if not, go to S4;
s3, judging that the throughput performance of the node is increased;
and S4, selecting the next node to execute S1 until the routing weight of each node is kept unchanged after a plurality of time periods.
Optionally, the routing gateway allocates a routing weight to each node according to a preset total weight, including:
constructing a routing gateway;
distributing a default weight value to the routing weight of each node according to the preset total weight; wherein all default weight values added equal the total weight.
Optionally, the step of performing load balancing according to the routing weight includes:
determining the processing request proportion of the corresponding node according to the routing weight of each node;
and distributing the flow requests to the corresponding nodes according to the processing request proportion of each node.
The present application further provides a traffic load balancing apparatus, including:
the weight configuration module is used for distributing the routing weight to each node by the routing gateway according to the preset total weight; carrying out load balancing according to the routing weight;
the weight dynamic adjustment module is used for updating the routing weights of all the nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights when the throughput performance of the nodes is increased, and the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight;
and the load balancing adjusting module is used for carrying out load balancing according to the new routing weight.
Optionally, the weight dynamic adjustment module includes:
the weight increasing unit is used for increasing the preset value for the routing weight of the node when the throughput performance of the node is increased to obtain a corresponding new routing weight;
and the weight reducing unit is used for subtracting the preset value from the total routing weight of one or more nodes in the other nodes to obtain a corresponding new routing weight, so that the sum of the routing weights of all the nodes is the total weight.
Optionally, the method further includes:
a performance judgment module for executing the following steps:
s1, when the load balance runs for a time period, adding the preset value to the routing weight of the node, and subtracting the preset value from the routing weight of the other node;
s2, judging whether the throughput of the node is increased; if yes, go to S3; if not, go to S4;
s3, judging that the throughput performance of the node is increased;
and S4, selecting the next node to execute S1 until the routing weight of each node is kept unchanged after a plurality of time periods.
The present application further provides a computing device comprising:
a memory for storing a computer program;
a processor for implementing the steps of the traffic load balancing method as described above when executing the computer program.
The present application also provides a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the traffic load balancing method as described above.
The application provides a traffic load balancing method, which comprises the following steps: the routing gateway distributes routing weights to all nodes according to the preset total weight; carrying out load balancing according to the routing weight; when the throughput performance of the nodes is increased, updating the routing weights of all the nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights, wherein the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight; and carrying out load balancing according to the new routing weight.
The routing weight is configured for each node, the routing weight is updated according to the throughput performance of the node, and then the updated routing weight is used for load balancing, so that the load balancing is dynamically adjusted, and the load balancing effect is improved.
The present application further provides a traffic load balancing apparatus, a computing device, and a computer-readable storage medium, which have the above beneficial effects and are not described herein again.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present application, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a traffic load balancing method according to an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 2 is a schematic model diagram of a traffic load balancing method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a traffic load balancing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
The core of the application is to provide a traffic load balancing method, a traffic load balancing device, a computing device and a computer readable storage medium, wherein each node is configured with a routing weight, the routing weight is updated according to the throughput performance of the node, and then the updated routing weight is used for load balancing, so that the load balancing is dynamically adjusted, and the load balancing effect is improved.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present application clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
In the prior art, the client traffic balance needs to be fixedly configured and cannot be automatically changed according to the change of the back-end service capacity. The overall throughput cannot be increased without human intervention. Taking the balanced strategy of the Nginx proxy as an example, there are 6 kinds of the balanced strategies of the Nginx, which are respectively a polling method, a weight method, a minimum connection method, a response time method and a URL distribution method, and the six methods are statically configured. Under the condition that the number and the configuration of the back-end services are not changed, the flow distribution mode is fixed. If the processing capacity of the back-end service changes, the traffic routing mode of the back-end service generates an imbalance problem and cannot respond dynamically, the load balancing effect is reduced, and the load of the node is increased under the dynamic change of the traffic.
Therefore, the traffic load balancing method is provided, and the routing weight is configured for each node, updated according to the throughput performance of the node, and then load balancing is performed through the updated routing weight, so that dynamic adjustment is performed on the load balancing, and the load balancing effect is improved.
The following describes a traffic load balancing method provided by the present application, by way of an embodiment.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a flowchart of a traffic load balancing method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
In this embodiment, the method may include:
s101, the routing gateway distributes routing weights to all nodes according to a preset total weight;
s102, carrying out load balancing according to the routing weight;
the step aims at distributing the routing weight to each node by the routing gateway according to the preset total weight and starting load balancing.
Wherein, the routing gateway is a gateway with a routing function. The gateway is also called an internetwork connector and a protocol converter. The gateway realizes network interconnection above a network layer, is a complex network interconnection device and is only used for interconnection of two networks with different high-level protocols. The gateway can be used for interconnection of both wide area networks and local area networks. A gateway is a computer system or device that acts as a switch-operative. The gateway is a translator used between two systems that differ in communication protocol, data format or language, or even in an entirely different architecture. Instead of the bridge simply communicating the information, the gateway repackages the received information to accommodate the needs of the destination system.
Wherein the total weight is a fixed value that is not changed, and the total weight is distributed to each node. The sum of the weight values of the routing weights of all nodes equals the total weight. Further, in the process of performing load balancing, in order to maintain stability of load balancing, it is necessary to keep the sum of the weight values of the routing weights of all nodes always equal to the total weight.
Further, the step may include:
step 1, constructing a routing gateway;
step 2, distributing a default weight value to the routing weight of each node according to a preset total weight; wherein the sum of all default weight values equals the total weight.
It can be seen that the present alternative is primarily illustrative of the configuration process. In this alternative, a routing gateway is first constructed; and then, setting a default weight value for the routing weight of each node according to the preset total weight.
Further, the step of performing load balancing according to the routing weight may include:
determining the processing request proportion of the corresponding node according to the routing weight of each node; and distributing the flow requests to the corresponding nodes according to the processing request proportion of each node.
S103, when the throughput performance of the nodes is increased, updating the routing weights of all the nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights, wherein the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight;
on the basis of S102, this step is to update the routing weights of all nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights when the throughput performance of the nodes increases, and the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight.
It can be seen that in this step, when the performance of the node changes, the weight of each node is modified, so that dynamic adjustment can be performed when the performance changes, and dynamic load balancing is implemented.
Further, the step may include:
step 1, when the throughput performance of a node is increased, a preset value is added to the routing weight of the node to obtain a corresponding new routing weight;
and 2, subtracting a preset value from the total routing weight of one or more nodes in other nodes to obtain a corresponding new routing weight, wherein the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight.
It can be seen that the present alternative is mainly to illustrate how the weight update is performed. In this alternative, when the throughput performance of a node increases, a preset value is added to the routing weight of the node to obtain a corresponding new routing weight, the preset value is subtracted from the total routing weight of one or more nodes in other nodes to obtain a corresponding new routing weight, and the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight. The number of nodes for reducing the routing weight may be one or more. When a plurality of nodes exist, the preset value is subtracted from the total routing weight of the plurality of nodes, wherein the corresponding value is subtracted from the routing weight of each node.
Further, the determining whether the throughput performance of any node is increased in this embodiment may include:
s1, when the load balance runs for a time period, adding a preset value to the routing weight of a node, and subtracting the preset value from the routing weight of another node;
s2, judging whether the throughput of the node is increased; if yes, go to S3; if not, go to S4;
s3, judging that the throughput performance of the node is increased;
and S4, selecting the next node to execute S1 until the routing weight of each node is kept unchanged after a plurality of time periods.
Therefore, in the alternative scheme, whether the throughput performance of any node is increased or not is tested in a continuous circulation mode, and the routing weight of each node is kept unchanged after a plurality of time periods, so that the fluctuation of the whole network is avoided.
And S104, carrying out load balancing according to the new routing weight.
On the basis of S103, this step aims at load balancing according to the new routing weights. That is, corresponding load balancing is performed according to the new routing weights adopted, so as to dynamically adjust through throughput performance.
Further, the step may include:
determining the processing request proportion of the corresponding node according to the routing weight of each node; and distributing the flow requests to the corresponding nodes according to the processing request proportion of each node.
Therefore, the alternative scheme can adjust the flow request distributed by each node through the new routing weight.
In summary, in this embodiment, each node is configured with a routing weight, the routing weight is updated according to the throughput performance of the node, and then load balancing is performed through the updated routing weight, so that load balancing is dynamically adjusted, and the load balancing effect is improved.
A traffic load balancing method provided in the present application is further described below with a specific embodiment.
In this embodiment, the method may include:
weight-based request routing mechanism: the total flow of the system is set, namely the total weight is 1, and each backend services. I.e. the routing weight of each node is a decimal between 0 and 1, which means that the node is processing the proportion of the request and the total request, and the sum of the weights of all nodes is 1, which is the total flow currently processed by the system. And the scheduler routes the new request to a node with a high spare coefficient, wherein the spare coefficient is the difference between the ratio of the routing weight value to the processing flow of the current node. For example, if a routing weight is 0.3 and the ratio of the currently processed requests to the total requests is 0.1, the spare factor is 0.2.
The adaptive process of the routing weight has a parameter when the system is initialized, which represents a weight value that can be modified, for example, 0.05, and each clock cycle, the weight of a pair of nodes is respectively added or subtracted by 0.05, and the weights of other nodes remain unchanged. So that the sum of the weights of all nodes is still 1. And after the pairing operation of the weights is completed, monitoring the change of the total throughput of the system, and if the change is higher than the previous statistical period, continuing to perform the same weight change on the pair of nodes. Until the throughput is no longer improved. And if the throughput is not obviously increased or is reduced, the change of the weight is backed off, the other paired nodes are subjected to weight change in the next time slice round, and the process is repeated. Wherein, a time slice refers to a period for calculating the weight.
Where the routing weights are constantly changing opportunities and constantly changing. The paired changes and measurements allow the change in weight to be directly reflected in the change in flow and make it easier to measure the node. The frequency of weight changes is high, and even with errors and noise, the weight configuration as a whole moves toward high throughput. The weight of a single node and the total weight of the system are balanced in one period, and large fluctuation is not easy to generate.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a schematic model diagram of a traffic load balancing method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
The method can comprise the following steps:
step 1, constructing a routing gateway and distributing default routing weight;
step 2, establishing and calculating real-time routing information of each node; wherein, the routing information is the task amount of the flow request;
step 3, configuring the time slice length, and modifying the routing weight by the balance matrix;
step 4, the flow calculates the throughput in the time slice, and when the throughput is increased, the modified nodes are continuously modified by the same weight; when the throughput is unchanged, moving the balance matrix so as to modify other nodes and keep the total weight unchanged;
and 5, repeating the processes from the step 3 to the step 4.
Wherein the balancing matrix is used for keeping the routing weight of each node unchanged after a plurality of time slice lengths when the throughput is unchanged.
The method and the device realize real-time load state management of the service nodes, the balance matrix modifies the routing weight of each node in a rolling manner, the throughput change of the routing gateway and each node is detected through flow calculation, the routing weight is modified to the node with high throughput, and the routing weight of the node is gradually increased.
Therefore, in this embodiment, the routing weight may be configured for each node, the routing weight may be updated according to the throughput performance of the node, and then the updated routing weight may be used to perform load balancing, so as to dynamically adjust the load balancing, thereby improving the load balancing effect.
The traffic load balancing device provided in the embodiment of the present application is introduced below, and the traffic load balancing device described below and the traffic load balancing method described above may be referred to correspondingly.
Referring to fig. 3, fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a traffic load balancing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
In this embodiment, the apparatus may include:
a weight configuration module 100, configured to assign a routing weight to each node by the routing gateway according to a preset total weight; carrying out load balancing according to the routing weight;
the weight dynamic adjustment module 200 is configured to update the routing weights of all the nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights when the throughput performance of the nodes increases, and a sum of all the new routing weights is a total weight;
and a load balancing adjusting module 300, configured to perform load balancing according to the new routing weight.
Optionally, the weight dynamic adjustment module 200 may include:
the weight increasing unit is used for increasing a preset value to the routing weight of the node when the throughput performance of the node is increased to obtain a corresponding new routing weight;
and the weight reducing unit is used for subtracting a preset value from the total routing weight of one or more nodes in other nodes to obtain a corresponding new routing weight, and the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight.
Optionally, the apparatus may further include:
a performance judgment module for executing the following steps:
s1, when the load balance runs for a time period, adding a preset value to the routing weight of a node, and subtracting the preset value from the routing weight of another node;
s2, judging whether the throughput of the node is increased; if yes, go to S3; if not, go to S4;
s3, judging that the throughput performance of the node is increased;
and S4, selecting the next node to execute S1 until the routing weight of each node is kept unchanged after a plurality of time periods.
Optionally, the weight configuring module 100 may include:
the gateway construction unit is used for constructing a routing gateway;
the weight matching unit is used for distributing a default weight value to the routing weight of each node according to a preset total weight; wherein the sum of all default weight values equals the total weight.
An embodiment of the present application further provides a computing device, including:
a memory for storing a computer program;
a processor for implementing the steps of the traffic load balancing method according to the above embodiments when executing the computer program.
The embodiments of the present application further provide a computer-readable storage medium, where a computer program is stored on the computer-readable storage medium, and when the computer program is executed by a processor, the steps of the traffic load balancing method according to the above embodiments are implemented.
The embodiments are described in a progressive manner in the specification, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other. The device disclosed by the embodiment corresponds to the method disclosed by the embodiment, so that the description is simple, and the relevant points can be referred to the method part for description.
Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative elements and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both, and that the various illustrative components and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality in order to clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the implementation. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present application.
The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in Random Access Memory (RAM), memory, Read Only Memory (ROM), electrically programmable ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art.
A traffic load balancing method, a traffic load balancing apparatus, a computing device, and a computer-readable storage medium provided by the present application are described in detail above. The principles and embodiments of the present application are explained herein using specific examples, which are provided only to help understand the method and the core idea of the present application. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, it is possible to make several improvements and modifications to the present application without departing from the principle of the present application, and such improvements and modifications also fall within the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A traffic load balancing method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the routing gateway distributes routing weights to all nodes according to the preset total weight;
carrying out load balancing according to the routing weight;
when the throughput performance of the nodes is increased, updating the routing weights of all the nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights, wherein the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight;
and carrying out load balancing according to the new routing weight.
2. The traffic load balancing method according to claim 1, wherein when the throughput performance of the node increases, the routing weights of all nodes are updated according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights, and a sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight, and the method includes:
when the throughput performance of the node is increased, the preset value is added to the routing weight of the node to obtain a corresponding new routing weight;
and subtracting the preset value from the total routing weight of one or more nodes in the other nodes to obtain a corresponding new routing weight, so that the sum of the routing weights of all the nodes is the total weight.
3. The traffic load balancing method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining the increase in throughput performance of the node comprises:
s1, when the load balance runs for a time period, adding the preset value to the routing weight of the node, and subtracting the preset value from the routing weight of the other node;
s2, judging whether the throughput of the node is increased; if yes, go to S3; if not, go to S4;
s3, judging that the throughput performance of the node is increased;
and S4, selecting the next node to execute S1 until the routing weight of each node is kept unchanged after a plurality of time periods.
4. The traffic load balancing method according to claim 1, wherein the routing gateway allocates a routing weight to each node according to a preset total weight, and the method includes:
constructing a routing gateway;
distributing a default weight value to the routing weight of each node according to the preset total weight; wherein all default weight values added equal the total weight.
5. The traffic load balancing method according to claim 1, wherein the step of performing load balancing according to the routing weight includes:
determining the processing request proportion of the corresponding node according to the routing weight of each node;
and distributing the flow requests to the corresponding nodes according to the processing request proportion of each node.
6. A traffic load balancing apparatus, comprising:
the weight configuration module is used for distributing the routing weight to each node by the routing gateway according to the preset total weight; carrying out load balancing according to the routing weight;
the weight dynamic adjustment module is used for updating the routing weights of all the nodes according to a preset value to obtain new routing weights when the throughput performance of the nodes is increased, and the sum of all the new routing weights is the total weight;
and the load balancing adjusting module is used for carrying out load balancing according to the new routing weight.
7. The traffic load balancing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the weight dynamic adjustment module includes:
the weight increasing unit is used for increasing the preset value for the routing weight of the node when the throughput performance of the node is increased to obtain a corresponding new routing weight;
and the weight reducing unit is used for subtracting the preset value from the total routing weight of one or more nodes in the other nodes to obtain a corresponding new routing weight, so that the sum of the routing weights of all the nodes is the total weight.
8. The traffic load balancing apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising:
a performance judgment module for executing the following steps:
s1, when the load balance runs for a time period, adding the preset value to the routing weight of the node, and subtracting the preset value from the routing weight of the other node;
s2, judging whether the throughput of the node is increased; if yes, go to S3; if not, go to S4;
s3, judging that the throughput performance of the node is increased;
and S4, selecting the next node to execute S1 until the routing weight of each node is kept unchanged after a plurality of time periods.
9. A computing device, comprising:
a memory for storing a computer program;
a processor for implementing the steps of the traffic load balancing method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 when executing said computer program.
10. A computer-readable storage medium, having stored thereon a computer program which, when being executed by a processor, carries out the steps of the traffic load balancing method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
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