CN112730061A - Multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep life evaluation method - Google Patents

Multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep life evaluation method Download PDF

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CN112730061A
CN112730061A CN202011546653.1A CN202011546653A CN112730061A CN 112730061 A CN112730061 A CN 112730061A CN 202011546653 A CN202011546653 A CN 202011546653A CN 112730061 A CN112730061 A CN 112730061A
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creep
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CN112730061B (en
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孙志刚
赵旭
牛序铭
宋迎东
彭秋洪
常亚宁
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Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
    • G01N3/18—Performing tests at high or low temperatures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
    • G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
    • G01N2203/0017—Tensile
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
    • G01N2203/006—Crack, flaws, fracture or rupture
    • G01N2203/0067—Fracture or rupture
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
    • G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
    • G01N2203/0071—Creep
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
    • G01N2203/0222—Temperature
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
    • G01N2203/0222—Temperature
    • G01N2203/0226—High temperature; Heating means

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for evaluating the creep life of a multistage variable-temperature variable-load creep, which comprises the following steps of: obtaining different temperatures T through a material high-temperature tensile testiLower corresponding tensile strength σbiWherein i is 1,2,3.. and n; obtaining different stress temperatures (sigma) through a material high-temperature creep testi,Ti) Corresponding creep rupture time t in combinationfi(ii) a Establishing creep rupture time tfA linear relationship with stress temperature (σ, T); establishing a multi-stage temperature-changing load-changing creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model; and 4, evaluating the creep residual life according to the multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model established in the step 4. The creep load residual life evaluation method can be suitable for the variable-temperature variable-load creep condition with a wider stress temperature range, and has high result precision and stronger extrapolation capability.

Description

Multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep life evaluation method
Technical Field
The invention relates to a creep load residual life evaluation method, in particular to a multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep residual life evaluation method.
Background
Evaluation of the residual life of power plant materials, nuclear reactors and rotor components at high temperatures is very difficult, especially when stress temperature conditions change significantly. High temperature damage is related to the loading process of the load, so that under the condition of changing load conditions, accurate evaluation of the residual life of the material is important. The most widely used method for evaluating the residual life damage is a linear damage accumulation model at present, but the method can cause inaccurate residual life prediction results in most cases, because the method cannot explain the influence of creep load sequence and interaction.
In recent years, researchers have also developed several non-linear damage accumulation methods for assessing residual life, but these methods rely heavily on experimental data fitting over a range of temperature stresses within which it is difficult to extrapolate to a wide range of stress temperatures with some accuracy to obtain relevant parameters. The existing damage accumulation method for evaluating the residual life generally has the problems of limited applicability and no general popularization.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for evaluating the creep life under multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load, which is used for evaluating the creep residual life under multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load more simply and accurately.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a multi-stage temperature-changing and load-changing creep life evaluation method comprises the following steps:
step 1, obtaining different temperatures T through a material high-temperature tensile testiLower corresponding tensile strength σbiWherein i is 1,2,3.. and n;
step 2, obtaining stress temperatures (sigma) at different positions through a material high-temperature creep testi,Ti) Corresponding creep rupture time t in combinationfi；
Step 3, establishing creepTime to break tfA linear relationship with stress temperature (σ, T);
step 4, establishing a multi-stage temperature-changing load-changing creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model according to the linear relation established in the step 3;
and 5, evaluating the creep residual life according to the multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model established in the step 4.
In the step 1, the material high-temperature tensile test is carried out on an electrohydraulic servo fatigue testing machine.
In the step 2, the material high-temperature creep test is carried out on a creep testing machine, and a series of material high-temperature creep tests under different stress temperature combinations are carried out.
In the step 3, the creep rupture time t is established according to the high-temperature creep test result and based on the Wilshire equationfLinear relationship with stress temperature (σ, T), i.e.:
Figure BDA0002856443290000021
creep rupture time t in the formulafCompensation by temperature term, note
Figure BDA0002856443290000022
The stress was normalized by tensile strength and is reported as
Figure BDA0002856443290000023
Wherein
Figure BDA00028564432900000211
For equivalent creep activation energy, R is the gas constant.
In said step 4, in the establishment
Figure BDA0002856443290000024
And
Figure BDA00028564432900000210
is in a linear relationship ofThe damage D corresponding to each point on the line is 1, a cluster of equal damage lines exists, and the damage D is defined as the slope tan θ of each equal damage lineiAnd is established
Figure BDA0002856443290000026
And
Figure BDA0002856443290000027
slope tan θ of straight linefRatio of (i) to (ii)
Figure BDA0002856443290000028
Setting a relative damage increment to be in direct proportion to a relative creep time increment, establishing a nonlinear relation between creep damage and creep duration, and establishing a multistage variable-temperature variable-load creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model by combining a damage evolution line concept, wherein the model comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002856443290000029
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002856443290000031
σnfor the nth order creep strain, σbnIs a temperature TnThe tensile strength of the steel sheet is the same as the tensile strength of the steel sheet,
Figure BDA0002856443290000032
the model parameters are determined by a temperature-changing load-changing creep test.
In the step 5, after the material is subjected to the creep load of the n-1 level, the residual life under the creep load of the n level is obtained as follows:
Figure BDA0002856443290000033
has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the invention adopting the technical scheme has the following advantages:
1. the invention provides a multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep residual life evaluationThe method only needs to perform a high-temperature tensile test and a high-temperature creep test to obtain the tensile strength sigma under the corresponding stress temperature conditionbiAnd creep rupture time tfiThe required parameters are few, the test is simple, and the cost is low;
2. the method for evaluating the residual service life of the multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep has strong extrapolation capability and is suitable for a wide stress temperature range, so that the long-term creep damage evolution of the material can be predicted through short-term test data, and the calculation accuracy of the method is high;
3. the method for evaluating the residual service life of the multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep can be applied to common materials such as metal, alloy and the like in engineering, and has strong applicability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a damage curve;
FIG. 2 is a graph of temperature compensated time to failure versus normalized stress;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an isopathy line;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a two-stage temperature-varying load-varying creep load;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of a two-stage temperature-changing load-changing creep load damage evolution law;
FIG. 6 is a multi-stage stress temperature load;
FIG. 7 is a graph comparing the temperature-change load-change creep residual life evaluation method and the test results.
Detailed Description
The invention is further explained below with reference to the drawings.
A multi-stage temperature-changing and load-changing creep life evaluation method comprises the following steps:
step 1, obtaining different temperatures T through a material high-temperature tensile testiLower corresponding tensile strength σbiWherein i is 1,2,3.. and n;
step 2, obtaining stress temperatures (sigma) at different positions through a material high-temperature creep testi,Ti) Corresponding creep rupture time t in combinationfi；
Step 3, establishing creep rupture time tfTemperature of stress(σ, T);
the damage variable D is a process variable, which is influenced by the load history. The increment dD of the damage variable D is therefore dependent on the current damage D, the stress σ, the temperature T, the material property m, the current time T and the time increment dt. The damage increment dD can be expressed as:
dD＝g(D,σ,T,m,t,dt)
assuming relative increase of lesions
Figure BDA0002856443290000041
Relative increment with time
Figure BDA0002856443290000042
If a linear relationship exists, the above equation can be rewritten as:
Figure BDA0002856443290000043
integrating the above formula, when t is t ═ tfWhen D is 1, further:
Figure BDA0002856443290000044
the damage curves are shown in fig. 1 for different temperature stress (σ, T) conditions, corresponding to different indices f (σ, T, m). For example, when creep load is first (σ)1,T1) Duration under conditions t1Then lesion D may be represented by point a. When the temperature stress condition becomes (σ)2,T2) Then the damage will move from point A to point B along the horizontal line, and the damage sizes of points A and B are the same, namely DA＝DB. Then at (σ)2,T2) Under the condition of creep duration t2After that, the injury is from DBIncreasing to D ═ 1, fractures occurred.
Due to DA＝DBIt is possible to obtain:
Figure BDA0002856443290000051
further simplification, there are:
Figure BDA0002856443290000052
a large number of creep test data show that the creep rupture time tfThere is a Wilshire relationship with the applied stress temperature (σ, T) condition, namely:
Figure BDA0002856443290000053
taking logarithm at two sides of the equation simultaneously, and simplifying the logarithm comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002856443290000054
therefore, the temperature of the molten metal is controlled,
Figure BDA0002856443290000055
and
Figure BDA0002856443290000056
there is a linear relationship between them as shown in fig. 2. A large number of experimental data indicate that this linear relationship is true over a wide range of stress temperatures. Wherein σbFor the tensile strength of the material at the corresponding temperature, ln (k)1) Is the intercept, u is the corresponding slope, tfIn order to determine the creep rupture time,
Figure BDA0002856443290000059
for equivalent creep activation energy, R is the gas constant and T is the Kalvin temperature.
Step 4, establishing a multi-stage temperature-changing load-changing creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model according to the linear relation established in the step 3;
there is a stress sigmaeWhen σ is<σeIn time, creep damage does not occur, so σeReferred to as creep durability limit. In that
Figure BDA0002856443290000057
The damage D of each point on the straight line is 1, and thus
Figure BDA0002856443290000058
Figure BDA0002856443290000061
Is an equal damage line.
Assume that there is a cluster of equal damage lines, as shown in fig. 3. Wherein
Figure BDA0002856443290000062
Is an equal damage line with damage of 1, vertical line
Figure BDA0002856443290000063
Then represents an equal damage line with damage of 0, all equal damage lines intersect at point O, and damage is defined as the ratio of the slope of the equal damage line to the slope of the line with damage of 1, i.e.:
Figure BDA0002856443290000064
consider a two-stage temperature-varying load-varying situation, as shown in fig. 4. When the material is first in a loaded condition (σ)1,T1) Lower duration t1Then under load conditions (σ)2,T2) Lower duration t2Until creep rupture occurs. The evolution law of the damage is shown in fig. 5.
In (sigma)1,T1) Under the condition of a duration of t1When the creep damage reaches the point A along the vertical line, the coordinate of the point A is
Figure BDA0002856443290000065
Wherein sigmab1Is a temperature T1Corresponding tensile strength, corresponding damage of
Figure BDA0002856443290000066
Then at (σ)2,T2) Under the action of the conditions, for a time period t2Creep rupture occurs thereafter. The straight line AO is an equal damage line, so that after the load condition changes, the damage evolves from the point A to the point C along the equal damage line AO, and the coordinate of the point C is
Figure BDA0002856443290000067
Creep rupture then occurs from point C, along the vertical line, to point G. Wherein sigmab2Is a temperature T2Corresponding tensile strength, t*Is at (sigma)2,T2) Time of action under conditions t*And is at (sigma)1,T1) Time of action under conditions t1The equivalent time after which the damage is equal, can therefore be written as: t is t*＝tf2-t2Wherein t isf2Is at (sigma)2,T2) Creep rupture time under the influence of conditions.
For the load condition (σ)e,T1) Under the action, the ordinate of the O point can be recorded as
Figure BDA0002856443290000068
For the load condition (σ)e,T2) Under the action, the ordinate of the O point can also be recorded as
Figure BDA0002856443290000071
Wherein, te1And te2Respectively, are of a value appropriate to that (σ)e,T1) And (σ)e,T2) Under the action, the abscissa of the O point is equal.
Thus, in the triangular ABO, there are:
Figure BDA0002856443290000072
alternatively, in a triangular CDO, there are:
Figure BDA0002856443290000073
according to the equality of the two formulas, the following can be obtained:
Figure BDA0002856443290000074
further, it can be simplified as:
Figure BDA0002856443290000081
due to t*＝tf2-t2
Combining the above two formulae, one can obtain:
Figure BDA0002856443290000082
in the triangular EFO, there are:
Figure BDA0002856443290000083
alternatively, in the triangular GHO, there are:
Figure BDA0002856443290000084
according to the equality of the two formulas, the following can be obtained:
Figure BDA0002856443290000091
further, it can be simplified as:
Figure BDA0002856443290000092
bonding of
Figure BDA0002856443290000093
And
Figure BDA0002856443290000094
comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA0002856443290000095
namely:
Figure BDA0002856443290000096
wherein
Figure BDA0002856443290000097
By definition, σeAnd σbeThe creep endurance limit and the tensile strength at a certain temperature are respectively, and due to the difficulty in analysis, the non-linear damage accumulation equation is introduced by the temperature-change load-change creep test result in actual operation to integrally solve
Figure BDA0002856443290000101
Further generalizing to the multi-stage load situation, the general form of the creep load nonlinear damage accumulation method can be obtained as follows:
Figure BDA0002856443290000102
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002856443290000103
and 5, evaluating the creep residual life according to the multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model established in the step 4, and obtaining the residual life under the action of the nth-stage creep load after the material undergoes the n-1-stage creep load:
Figure BDA0002856443290000104
the high-temperature material tensile test is carried out on an electro-hydraulic servo fatigue testing machine, and the high-temperature material creep test is carried out on a creep testing machine. The high-temperature tensile test of the material aims to obtain the material at the temperature TiLower corresponding tensile strength σbiThe method provides a basis for carrying out a high-temperature creep test on the material and establishing the relation between creep rupture time and temperature stress conditions. The high-temperature creep test of the material is respectively carried out at a series of different stress temperatures (sigma)i,Ti) Combined until creep rupture of the material, at different stress temperatures (σ)i,Ti) Corresponding creep rupture time t under the conditionfi. The applied multi-stage stress temperature load is shown in fig. 6.
The following examples are further described.
Examples
In this embodiment, the method for evaluating the creep residual life at variable temperature and variable load of the Al-99.98 material at 225 ℃ comprises the following steps:
(1) performing high-temperature tensile test on Al-99.98 material at 225 deg.C to obtain tensile strength sigma at 225 deg.Cb。
(2) Stress was respectively carried out at 225 ℃ to sigma1And σ2The corresponding creep rupture time, denoted t, is obtained in the high temperature creep test of (1)f1And tf2。
(3) The creep test under variable load is carried out at 225 ℃ and the stress is firstly sigma1Lower creep t1Time, then at stress σ2Lower creep t2And time until creep rupture occurs. Performing a plurality of different sets of t1The time value variable load creep test records corresponding t2The value is obtained. The test data are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1Al-99.98 creep test data at 225 deg.C
Figure BDA0002856443290000111
(4) Arbitrarily selecting a set of data from the test data, e.g. selecting a first set of test data, will
Figure BDA0002856443290000112
Figure BDA0002856443290000113
σ1、σ2、σb1＝σb2＝σbSubstitution into
Figure BDA0002856443290000114
Wherein
Figure BDA0002856443290000115
Can be calculated to obtain
Figure BDA0002856443290000116
Replacing the calculated value with the value
Figure BDA0002856443290000117
Then
Figure BDA0002856443290000118
Only with respect to the applied stress conditions and the tensile strength at the corresponding temperature.
(5) Under the condition of known temperature-changing and load-changing creep process, the creep can be controlled by
Figure BDA0002856443290000121
Evaluating the residual life of temperature-change load-change creep, wherein
Figure BDA0002856443290000122
Only with respect to the stress and the tensile strength at the corresponding temperature. The comparison of the temperature-varying load-varying creep residual life evaluation method and the test results shows that the residual life evaluation method has high prediction accuracy as shown in fig. 7.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A multi-stage temperature-changing and load-changing creep life evaluation method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1, obtaining different temperatures T through a material high-temperature tensile testiLower corresponding tensile strength σbiWherein i is 1,2,3.. and n;
step 2, obtaining stress temperatures (sigma) at different positions through a material high-temperature creep testi,Ti) Corresponding creep rupture time t in combinationfi；
Step 3, establishing creep rupture time tfA linear relationship with stress temperature (σ, T);
step 4, establishing a multi-stage temperature-changing load-changing creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model according to the linear relation established in the step 3;
and 5, evaluating the creep residual life according to the multi-stage variable-temperature variable-load creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model established in the step 4.
2. The method for evaluating the creep life of a multi-stage variable temperature and load according to claim 1, wherein: in the step 1, the material high-temperature tensile test is carried out on an electrohydraulic servo fatigue testing machine.
3. The method for evaluating the creep life of a multi-stage variable temperature and load according to claim 1, wherein: in the step 2, the material high-temperature creep test is carried out on a creep testing machine, and a series of material high-temperature creep tests under different stress temperature combinations are carried out.
4. The method for evaluating the creep life of a multi-stage variable temperature and load according to claim 1, wherein: in the step 3, according to the high-temperature creep test result and based on Wilshire equation,establishing creep rupture time tfLinear relationship with stress temperature (σ, T), i.e.:
Figure FDA0002856443280000011
creep rupture time t in the formulafCompensation by temperature term, note
Figure FDA0002856443280000012
The stress was normalized by tensile strength and is reported as
Figure FDA0002856443280000013
Wherein
Figure FDA0002856443280000014
For equivalent creep activation energy, R is the gas constant.
5. The method for evaluating the creep life of a multi-stage variable temperature and load according to claim 1, wherein: in said step 4, in the establishment
Figure FDA0002856443280000021
And
Figure FDA0002856443280000022
the damage D corresponding to each point on the straight line of the linear relationship (a) is 1, there are a cluster of equal damage lines, and the damage D is defined as the slope tan θ of each equal damage lineiAnd is established
Figure FDA0002856443280000023
And
Figure FDA0002856443280000024
slope tan θ of straight linefRatio of (i) to (ii)
Figure FDA0002856443280000025
Setting a relative damage increment to be in direct proportion to a relative creep time increment, establishing a nonlinear relation between creep damage and creep duration, and establishing a multistage variable-temperature variable-load creep load nonlinear damage accumulation model by combining a damage evolution line concept, wherein the model comprises the following steps:
Figure FDA0002856443280000026
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002856443280000027
σnfor the nth order creep strain, σbnIs a temperature TnThe tensile strength of the steel sheet is the same as the tensile strength of the steel sheet,
Figure FDA0002856443280000028
the model parameters are determined by a temperature-changing load-changing creep test.
6. The method for evaluating the creep life of a multi-stage variable temperature and load according to claim 1, wherein: in the step 5, after the material is subjected to the creep load of the n-1 level, the residual life under the creep load of the n level is obtained as follows:
Figure FDA0002856443280000029
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US11965861B2 (en) * 2020-12-24 2024-04-23 Nanjing University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics Equivalent acceleration method of creep loads based on consistent failure mode
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CN114088517A (en) * 2021-09-24 2022-02-25 核工业理化工程研究院 Method for evaluating acceleration condition of material creep life test

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