CN112714875A - Method for monitoring an energy storage system - Google Patents

Method for monitoring an energy storage system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112714875A
CN112714875A CN201980060765.5A CN201980060765A CN112714875A CN 112714875 A CN112714875 A CN 112714875A CN 201980060765 A CN201980060765 A CN 201980060765A CN 112714875 A CN112714875 A CN 112714875A
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Prior art keywords
energy storage
storage system
energy
line
current
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A·蒂芬巴赫
A·格莱特
D·曼卡
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/396Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/00304Overcurrent protection
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

A method for monitoring an energy storage system having a plurality of energy storage lines, the energy storage lines comprising a plurality of electrochemical energy storages connected in parallel, the method having the steps of: continuously monitoring whether the current charging current or discharging current is above at least one predefined current threshold value for a defined period of time; comparing the detected energy store line voltages and/or the voltage profiles of the energy store line voltages with one another and/or with previous energy store line voltages and/or previous voltage profiles of the energy store line at comparable charging or discharging currents; the fault in the energy storage line is identified as a function of a predetermined criterion of a voltage change in the energy storage line, in particular a switch-on fault is identified by comparing a difference between a voltage change of the energy storage line and an average value of the voltage change of the energy storage line with a predetermined threshold value.

Description

Method for monitoring an energy storage system
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for monitoring an energy storage system having a plurality of energy storage lines, which comprise a plurality of electrochemical energy storage devices connected in parallel, to an electrochemical energy storage system, to the use of such an energy storage system, and to the use of a method according to the preambles of the independent claims.
Background
In order to be able to adapt a battery system to certain requirements as flexibly as possible, battery combinations (Batterieverbunde) or modules are frequently used which are constructed from parallel and series circuits of a plurality of battery cells. According to the prior art, cylindrical battery cells, for example 18650-type battery cells, are used in many applications. In addition to the battery cells, the module has its own monitoring device, for example a measuring device for measuring the voltage of the battery cells.
Depending on the design, further components, in particular a control device for performing further functions, for example for calculating the battery state, can be additionally integrated.
The modules can either be integrated individually in the electric drive system or be formed in the form of a larger battery system by means of parallel and/or series circuits of these modules.
Such modules are typically made up of a plurality of individual battery cells. In particular, if there are battery cell lines connected in parallel (hereinafter referred to as parallel lines), then only the voltage of the parallel lines is measured for monitoring. The measurement initially does not enable the following checks: whether all cells are actually electrically connected to a cell association (batteriezellverbundle) with low resistance and still fully operational.
A disadvantage of such a module is that it is difficult to show (darstellbar) a reliable monitoring of the individual cells in the parallel line according to the prior art. The greater the number of cells in a parallel line, the more difficult it is to identify within such a parallel line whether all cells are still functioning properly (intakt) and are properly electrically connected.
If the control device does not recognize a fault in the switching-on of an individual battery cell, this may lead, in the worst case, to a Thermal Runaway of the individual battery cells (Thermal Runaway english) since the total current in the parallel lines may be distributed over fewer battery cells and the battery cells may therefore be operated beyond specification without recognition.
Document US 2004/0001996 discloses a battery pack including a plurality of parallel blocks each having a plurality of battery cells connected in parallel, wherein the voltage and capacity of each parallel block of the battery pack are determined before and after discharge, and abnormality of the battery cells is determined based on a voltage variation of each parallel block.
Document JP 2009/216448 discloses an abnormality recognition device for a battery pack, which recognizes separation or disconnection of connection of battery cells.
Disclosure of Invention
The object of the present invention is to further improve the prior art. This object is achieved by the features of the independent claims.
THE ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The method according to the invention, which has the characterizing features of the independent claims, has the advantage that reliable monitoring of the electrochemical energy storage is achieved by means of the method according to the invention for monitoring, in particular on-board monitoring, the energy storage system. This can be recognized if the individual energy stores fail, for example, due to mechanical loading of the electrical connections between the energy stores.
To this end, the method according to the invention has the following steps:
a. continuously monitoring whether the current charging or discharging current is above at least one predefined current threshold for a defined period of time;
b. comparing the detected voltage profiles of the energy store line voltage and/or the energy store line voltage with one another and/or with previous voltage profiles of the energy store line voltage and/or the energy store line voltage at comparable charging or discharging currents;
c. the fault in the energy store line is identified on the basis of a predefined criterion of the voltage change in the energy store line, in particular by comparing the difference between the voltage change of the energy store line and the average value of the voltage change of the energy store line with a predefined threshold value.
Further advantageous embodiments are the subject of the dependent claims.
The method according to the invention further comprises the steps of:
d. several measures are taken, in particular reducing the maximum permissible charging or discharging current, to ensure that the energy storage system is operated within the permissible operating limits.
This enables the energy storage system to be brought into a safe operating state and, for example, an increased aging of the energy storage can be counteracted.
The method according to the invention further comprises the steps of:
e. a fault is identified when the charge balance requirement (ladungssusgleichsbeadrf) between the energy storage lines is above a predetermined threshold value and/or the charge balance requirement changes suddenly.
In this way, a plausibilisieren (plausibilisieren) can be carried out on the faults identified in steps a to c of the method according to the invention.
The method according to the invention is not limited to the order of the embodiments shown. More precisely, steps c to e may be carried out in any order, repeatedly, sequentially in time and/or simultaneously.
The charge balance requirement between the energy storage lines is solved according to resistive, capacitive and/or inductive charge balance methods.
The electrochemical energy storage system according to the invention with a plurality of energy storage lines comprises a plurality of electrochemical energy storages connected in parallel, at least one sensor for detecting a voltage, and at least one apparatus, in particular an electronic battery management control device, which is provided for carrying out the steps of the method according to the invention.
The battery management control device advantageously comprises a computer program comprising instructions that cause the electrochemical energy storage system to perform the method according to the invention. Preferably, the computer program is stored on a machine-readable storage medium.
The electrochemical energy storage system according to the invention is advantageously used in electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, for example fuel cell vehicles, electric moped (pedelc) or electric bicycles with an energy storage for boosting (boost), for portable devices for remote communication or data processing, for electric tools or kitchen machines, and in stationary type
Figure BDA0002979885570000031
The storage device is used for storing electric energy which can be obtained in a renewable mode.
The method according to the invention for monitoring an energy storage system is advantageously used for Band end control (Band-end-Kontrol) of an electrochemical energy storage system. This enables quality control of the manufacturing process of the electrochemical energy storage system, for example a welding process, which checks the electrical connections between the electrochemical energy storage systems.
Drawings
Embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the drawings and are explained in more detail in the following description.
Further advantages and advantageous configurations of the subject matter according to the invention are illustrated by the figures and are set forth in the description below. It should be noted that the drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention in any way. Furthermore, the following features may represent the subject matter of the invention, either individually or in any combination, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The figures show:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an energy storage system according to the prior art;
FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a current variation process;
FIG. 3a shows a schematic diagram of the energy storage line voltage in the case of no fault;
FIG. 3b shows a schematic diagram of the energy storage line voltage in a fault condition;
fig. 4a schematically shows the energy storage line voltage during a charging or discharging process in the case of a fault-free situation;
fig. 4b schematically shows the energy storage line voltage during the charging or discharging process in the case of a fault.
Detailed Description
Like reference numerals refer to like apparatus components throughout the several views.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an energy storage system according to the prior art. The energy storage system 100 comprises a plurality of energy storage lines 101 comprising a plurality of electrochemical energy storages 102 connected in parallel. By means of a plurality of voltage sensors U1、U2、U3The voltage of the energy storage line 101 is detected.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a current variation process 200. The energy storage system 100 according to the invention has, for example, its own battery management control device which is provided for carrying out the steps of the method according to the invention. During normal operation of energy storage system 100, energy storage system voltage is typically continuously monitored. In the first embodiment, it is therefore only necessary to store the energy store line voltage and/or the voltage profile of the energy store line voltage in the memory of the battery management control device for the respective time period and to evaluate the energy store line voltage and/or the voltage profile of the energy store line voltage when suitable operating conditions exist, for example during a charging or discharging process.
For example, in the first embodiment, the suitable operating condition is that the present charge or discharge current 201 is appropriate for ensuringA fixed time period Δ t0、Δt1、Δt2Above a predetermined threshold value, a sudden current load occurs.
Since in practice the current jumps are not easily reproducible and usually only very short phases with constant current occur, it is preferable to introduce the criterion for the effectiveness of the current jumps according to fig. 2. Several threshold values S may be considered here0、S2The following must only be met, partially or completely, by the current transformation process i (t):
I1-ΔI1≤I(t)≤I1+ΔI1 (1)
ΔI0/Δt0≥S0 (2)
ΔI2/Δt2≥S2 (3)
if the current jump meets the criterion, the current in the time interval is averaged or the charge amount is calculated.
Alternative embodiments are possible with respect to the evaluation of the effective conditions. The voltage profile of the energy store line voltage caused by the current jump is then taken into account.
Fig. 3a shows a schematic diagram of energy storage line voltage 302a at a current jump 301a in a fault-free situation 300a of energy storage system 100.
Fig. 3b shows a schematic diagram of the energy storage line voltage 302b in the event of a fault situation 300b of the energy storage system 100, in which exactly one energy storage 102 in a certain energy storage line 101 is missing or completely failed. The energy store circuit 101 of the missing energy store 102 shows:
a significantly higher voltage drop 302b (1) at the time of the current jump 301b compared to the other line voltages 302b,
a significant deviation from the previous voltage variation process 302a in the fault-free case.
The comparison of the voltage profile of the energy storage lines 101 should take place in each case at different instants of time of the effective current jump when the same or a similar high charge quantity is respectively taken out or introduced. A threshold value can be introduced here, and the permissible charge amounts can differ by, for example, a maximum of 10%.
Then, both a comparison of the potentially different voltage profiles of the plurality of parallel energy storage lines 101 present at the present time with one another and a historical change of the voltage profile of each individual energy storage line 101 are taken into account.
In one embodiment, for example, the voltage drop at the beginning of the current jump (spannungseinbreak), the voltage change during the current load, and the voltage rise after the current load has decreased are taken into account.
An evaluation was made as to whether the change in the voltage variation was due to the absence of a single battery cell in the line as follows:
if an energy store 102 is missing from the energy store line 101, the internal resistance of the energy store line 101 changes, which is particularly evident in the case of a current jump. The voltage drop in this energy storage line 101 is significantly greater than the voltage drop of a comparable energy storage line 101 of the energy storage system 100. To ensure the evaluation, it may be expedient to calculate the average value m (T) of the voltage drops dU of all energy storage lines 101 at a certain time T.
This average value is particularly relevant if a charge balancing between the energy storage lines 101 has been performed previously. If a threshold S is given, then a decision can be made by comparing dU-M (T) > S: whether all energy storages 102 are electrically connected in the respective energy storage line 101.
If one energy storage 102 is missing in an energy storage line 101, the respective energy storage line 101 discharges or charges faster than the other energy storage lines 101 of the energy storage system 100. Thus, the energy storage line voltage of the energy storage line 101 with a smaller number of electrically switched-on energy storages 102 drops faster.
Fig. 4a shows a schematic representation of the energy store line voltages 402a, 402a (1), 402a (4), 402a (6) during the charging or discharging process in the fault-free case 400a of the energy store system 100, and fig. 4b shows a schematic representation of the energy store line voltages 402b, 402b (6) during the charging or discharging process in the fault-free case 400b of the energy store system 100.
Thus, during longer discharges or charges, the curve of the energy storage line voltage 402b (6) regularly intersects the curves of the other energy storage line voltages 402 b. The number of intersections 403(0), 403(1), 403(2) is suitable as a method for detecting the loss of a single energy store 102 (Verlust). Preferably, no charge balancing between the energy storage lines 101 is necessary.
Upon identification of a fault, the battery management control device preferably takes action to respond to and counteract the absence of energy storage 102 in the energy storage line 101. Thus, by reducing the maximum permissible current, for example by means of a weighting factor, which depends on the number of energy stores 102 which are no longer electrically connected, it can be ensured that the energy storage system 100 continues to operate within its permissible limits and that the energy stores 102 in the energy store line 101 are not overloaded by the reduced number of energy stores 102. This also has a positive effect on the aging of the other energy storages 102 of the associated energy storage line 101.
It is particularly advantageous in the actual operation of the energy storage system 100 to be able to generate a defined current jump in a targeted manner during charging by means of an external source, which current jump is higher than the maximum permissible continuous charging current for a specific short time interval, and to apply the method described above on this basis. It is also advantageous here that suitable operating conditions can be set regularly in order to achieve continuous monitoring. The evaluation during charging is advantageous, since charging is usually carried out initially over a relatively long period with a constant current. If the voltage of the line has a deviating slope (Steigung), a fault can be identified.
In the case of a strip end control, a current jump close to or exactly at the maximum permissible current value is used in order to thus achieve a maximum separation accuracy between the electrically correctly connected, incorrectly connected or poorly connected energy stores 102
Figure BDA0002979885570000071
For example, if the electrical connection between the energy storages 102 is made by means of welding, a quality control of the welding process can thus be performed.
Furthermore, the charge balance requirement determined by the time of the charge balance requirement for the individual energy storage lines 101 can be used as an additional criterion for the fault evaluation or can also be used as an independent evaluation criterion. For this purpose, the frequency and the length of time required for charge balancing in the individual energy storage lines 101 are recorded in the memory of the battery management control device, i.e. the line voltage is balanced by resistive, capacitive or inductive methods.
A fault is identified in the following cases:
the charge balance requirement between the individual lines is considerably higher than usual for batteries many times, or
The charge balance requirement changes undesirably and abruptly due to the interruption of the switching on of the battery cells.
If a fault is identified, the battery management system can take action, in particular reduce the maximum permissible charging or discharging current, in order to ensure that the energy storage system operates within the permissible operating limits.

Claims (9)

1. A method for monitoring an energy storage system (100) having a plurality of energy storage lines (101) comprising a plurality of electrochemical energy storages (102) connected in parallel, having the steps of:
a. continuously monitoring whether the current charging current or discharging current is above at least one predefined current threshold for a defined period of time;
b. comparing the detected energy store line voltages and/or the voltage profiles of the energy store line voltages with one another and/or with previous energy store line voltages of the energy store line (101) and/or previous voltage profiles of the energy store line (101) at comparable charging or discharging currents;
c. a fault in the energy storage line (101) is identified as a function of a predefined criterion of a voltage change in the energy storage line (101), in particular a switch-on fault is identified by comparing a difference value, which is formed from the voltage change of the energy storage line (101) and an average value of the voltage change of the energy storage line (101), with a predefined threshold value.
2. The method for monitoring an energy storage system (100) having a plurality of energy storage lines (101) according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the steps of:
d. measures are taken, in particular a reduction of the maximum permissible charging current or discharging current, in order to ensure that the energy storage system (100) is operated within permissible operating limits.
3. The method for monitoring an energy storage system (100) having a plurality of energy storage lines (101) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method further comprises the steps of:
f. a fault is identified when the charge balance requirement between the energy storage lines (101) is above a predetermined threshold value and/or the charge balance requirement changes suddenly.
4. Method for monitoring an energy storage system (100) having a plurality of energy storage lines (101) according to claim 3, wherein the charge balance requirement is determined according to a resistive charge balance method, a capacitive charge balance method and/or an inductive charge balance method.
5. An electrochemical energy storage system (100) having a plurality of energy storage lines (101) comprising a plurality of electrochemical energy storages (102) connected in parallel for detectionVoltage (U)1,U2,U3) At least one sensor, and at least one device, in particular an electronic battery management control device, which is provided for carrying out the steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
6. A computer program comprising instructions for causing the electrochemical energy storage system (100) according to claim 5 to carry out the method steps according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
7. A machine-readable storage medium on which the computer program according to claim 6 is stored.
8. Use of an electrochemical energy storage system (100) according to claim 5, the electrochemical energy storage system (100) being used in electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, electric mopeds or electric bicycles, in portable devices for telecommunication or data processing, in electric tools or kitchen machines, and in stationary storage for storing, in particular, renewably obtainable, electric energy.
9. Use of a method for monitoring an energy storage system (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 4 for end-of-strip control of an electrochemical energy storage system (100).
CN201980060765.5A 2018-09-17 2019-09-16 Method for monitoring an energy storage system Pending CN112714875A (en)

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DE102018215761.8A DE102018215761A1 (en) 2018-09-17 2018-09-17 Method for monitoring an energy storage system
PCT/EP2019/074732 WO2020058204A1 (en) 2018-09-17 2019-09-16 Method for monitoring an energy storage system

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