CN112697867A - General detection method for amphetamine drugs based on artificial molecule recognition system - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a general analysis method of amphetamine drugs based on an artificial molecule recognition system, wherein a three-electrode system prepared by a laser-induced etching graphene technology is a sensor substrate; the sensor substrate is modified by a molecularly imprinted polymer membrane prepared by a sol-gel method, and then washed and demoulded to prepare a sensor corresponding to the template molecule; evaluating the performance of the prepared sensor by using a differential pulse voltammetry; the methamphetamine molecularly imprinted membrane modified electrode can be directly used for specificity detection, does not depend on a large instrument, and has good accuracy and reliability in detection result; has the characteristics of high specificity, low cost, portability, automation, low detection limit, simple preparation process and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of drug detection, in particular to a general detection method for amphetamine drugs based on an artificial molecular recognition system. The method is characterized in that a three-electrode system prepared by a laser-induced graphene etching technology is taken as a substrate, and an artificial molecular recognition system of amphetamine drugs is constructed on the substrate by a molecular imprinting technology and is taken as a sensor. The method takes differential pulse voltammetry as a detection means to detect the phenylpropylamine drugs.
Background
Methamphetamine, commonly known as methamphetamine, and the main active metabolite amphetamine belong to amphetamine stimulants, have the effect of exciting central nerves, and can be addicted after long-term repeated use. Therefore, the development of an effective, rapid and low-cost methamphetamine detection method and a portable instrument has important basic and application research significance. At present, the detection aims for amphetamine drugs are mainly two: preliminary screening and confirmation.
The prior primary screening method for amphetamine drugs mainly comprises enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, immune colloidal gold technology and the like. In the aspect of confirmation, currently, methods such as gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combination, high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combination, ultra high performance liquid chromatography, chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis and the like are mostly adopted for physical and chemical detection at home and abroad. However, the above detection method is used in a professional laboratory, and requires a professional technician to operate and analyze the detection result, and the methods are methods for which evidence required in court trial can be approved, but are not suitable for application of a virus-inhibited field test.
In order to meet the requirement of field inspection of the phenylpropylamine narcotics, some research institutions have carried out related research works. Currently, research is mainly focused on developing portable professional laboratory instruments, such as: portable mass spectrometry, portable chromatography, portable spectroscopy, and the like. These efforts have driven the progress of miniaturization of large instruments. But the high cost and the complicated using method become the difficulty for research, popularization and use. The rapid detection of drugs in chemical synthesis on site requires not only instruments that can be used on site, but also a feasible method. In recent years, laboratory work results are directly applied to a portable detection analyzer through an informatization technology, so that the field work link is simplified, and the laboratory work results become a commonly adopted scheme.
In field detection, the problem that many substances which interfere with detection in a detection material often give false positive results is always troublesome for technicians.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a general analysis method of amphetamine drugs based on an artificial molecular recognition system, which can be directly used for detecting saliva test materials without a pretreatment process; the complex pretreatment process of the material to be detected is avoided; meanwhile, the specific rapid detection of series amphetamine drugs existing in the detection material is realized; the detection method has low requirement on the consistency of the related sensor probe, and is more suitable for the application and production of large-scale portable field detection instruments.
The invention relates to a general detection method of amphetamine drugs based on an artificial molecule recognition system, which adopts the following technical scheme:
1) the three-electrode system prepared by the laser-induced graphene etching technology is a sensor substrate;
2) the sensor substrate is modified by a molecularly imprinted polymer membrane prepared by a sol-gel method, and then washed and demoulded to prepare a sensor corresponding to the template molecule;
3) evaluating the performance of the sensor prepared in the step 2) by using differential pulse voltammetry.
The preparation method of the sensor in the step 2) of the invention comprises the following steps:
a. molecular imprinting polymerization solution: dispersing carbon nanotubes in an ethanol/water mixed solution (V: V =1: 1) and performing ultrasonic treatment to obtain a solution A with the final concentration of the carbon nanotubes of 1 mg/mL; mixing 100 muL of 98% tetraethoxysilane with concentration, 50 muL of 99% phenyl methoxysilane with concentration, 50 muL of 99% methyl methoxysilane with concentration, 100 muL of absolute ethyl alcohol, 5 muL of hydrochloric acid (4.0 mmol/L) and 100 muL of ultrapure water, and continuously stirring for 2 hours to obtain a solution B; mixing the solution A and the solution B and a target amphetamine drug molecule aqueous solution (1 mg/mL) according to a volume ratio of 2: 5: 1, mixing to obtain a molecularly imprinted polymer solution;
b. a sensor substrate; polishing the sensor substrate, washing with ultrapure water, and adding potassium chloride solution containing 0.1 mol/L and K of 5 mmol/L3[Fe(CN)6]/ K4[Fe(CN)6]The solution is subjected to cyclic voltammetry scanning, the scanning voltage range is-0.2-0.6V, the scanning rate is 20-20 mV/s, the equilibrium time is 10 s, and when the potential difference of the recorded oxidation peak and the reduction peak reaches below 90 mV, the sensor substrate is obtained by washing with ultrapure water;
c. and (c) dropwise adding the molecularly imprinted polymer prepared in the step a to a working electrode part of the sensor substrate in the step b, drying and polymerizing at room temperature to prepare a molecularly imprinted polymer modified sensor substrate, and eluting template molecules in ultra-pure water at 40 ℃ under stirring to obtain the sensor corresponding to the template molecules.
The introduction of the artificial molecular recognition system ensures the specific recognition and combination of the recognition sites on the molecular imprinting membrane and the target molecules, thereby eliminating the interference of certain substances in the actual test material on the determination.
Human saliva is a buffer system, the environment is relatively stable, and the detection of methamphetamine in buffer solution is ensuredSo that the interference of certain acid and alkali can be resisted. Methamphetamine class drugs are usually represented by K within the current detection potential3 [Fe (CN)6] /K4 [Fe (CN)6Detecting by using a molecular imprinting film layer as a medium so as to make up the defect that the electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction cannot occur. The basic principle can be understood as follows: since the pores of the molecularly imprinted membrane are identical to those of methamphetamine, when methamphetamine is contained in the base solution, the molecularly imprinted membrane occupies the pores, thereby preventing K in the buffer solution3 [Fe (CN) 6] /K4 [Fe (CN) 6The ions enter the surface of the electrode and react, so that the redox peak is reduced and the peak current is reduced. When the concentration of methamphetamine is higher, more holes are occupied, and the peak current is lower.
The invention develops a sensor for electrochemically detecting methamphetamine based on a complex reaction and a molecular imprinting technology; after verification: the working concentration range of the sensor is 1.8 multiplied by 10-8mol / L〜7.5×10-5mol/L, detection limit of 7.2X 10-8mol/L (S/N = 3). The sensor also shows a fast response time of less than 180 s and has good interference resistance to several coexisting substances. And the determination of the methamphetamine in the actual saliva sample also gives a satisfactory result, which indicates the potential application prospect.
The invention has the positive effects that: based on the preparation of the molecularly imprinted modified electrode, the methamphetamine molecularly imprinted electrode with the identification performance is prepared by elution, so that the rapid analysis of drugs of the methamphetamine molecularly imprinted electrode is realized by an electrochemical analysis method, and the untreated saliva sample can be detected; the methamphetamine molecularly imprinted membrane modified electrode can be directly used for specificity detection, does not depend on a large instrument, and has good accuracy and reliability in detection result; has the characteristics of high specificity, low cost, portability, automation, low detection limit, simple preparation process and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image of the molecularly imprinted membrane-methamphetamine complex (a) and the methamphetamine sensor (b) in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a graph of the electrochemical impedance characterization performed on the methamphetamine sensor construction process in example 2; 1. a sensor substrate, 2, a sensor substrate modified by a molecularly imprinted membrane-methamphetamine compound, 3, a methamphetamine sensor and a methamphetamine sensor with the concentration of 1.0 mmol/L K after 4 and the methamphetamine react for 3 minutes3[Fe (CN)6] /K4[Fe (CN)6]Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in (1);
fig. 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of a working electrode prepared using the laser-induced graphene etching technique in example 2;
FIG. 4 shows the results of 180 s exposure of the methamphetamine sensor (a) described in example 3 with different concentrations of methamphetamine solution at a K of 5 mmol/l3[Fe(CN)6]/ K4[Fe(CN)6]Differential pulse voltammetry of (1); (b) a linear relationship graph of methamphetamine concentration and differential pulse voltammetric peak current;
FIG. 5(A) is a diagram of the methamphetamine sensor of example 4 immersed in various substances (including K)+、Na+、Fe2+Glucose, folic acid, tyramine, and methamphetamine), and (B) is the DPV response curve for the sensor stored in pH 7.0PBS over different periods of 24 days.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which do not limit the present invention in any way, and any modifications or changes that can be easily made by a person skilled in the art to the present invention will fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention without departing from the technical solution of the present invention.
Example 1
The process of preparing the sensor by taking the methamphetamine as the target molecule comprises the following steps:
1. mixing 0.5 mL of ethanol, 0.5 mL of ultrapure water and 1.0 mg of multi-walled carbon nanotubes together, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 20 minutes to form a dark brown solution to form a solution A;
2. mixing 100 muL of 98% tetraethoxysilane with concentration, 50 muL of 99% phenyl methoxysilane with concentration, 50 muL of 99% methyl methoxysilane with concentration, 100 muL of absolute ethyl alcohol, 5 muL of hydrochloric acid (4.0 mmol/L) and 100 muL of ultrapure water, and continuously stirring for 2 hours to obtain a solution B;
3. then, mixing 80 muL of the solution A, 200 muL of the solution B and 40 muL of a methamphetamine molecular aqueous solution (1 mg/mL), and placing the mixture overnight at 4 ℃ after ultrasonic dispersion for 1 hour to form a methamphetamine molecular imprinting polymer solution;
4. and (3) dropwise adding the molecular imprinting polymerization solution into a working electrode part (the diameter is 3 mm) of the sensor substrate, and drying at room temperature for 2 hours to form a molecular imprinting film-methamphetamine compound on the substrate. Stirring and eluting the sensor substrate modified by the compound in deionized water at 40 ℃ for 1 hour, and drying at room temperature to obtain a methamphetamine sensor;
5. scanning electron microscope images of molecularly imprinted membrane-methamphetamine complex (a) and methamphetamine sensor (b) are shown in fig. 1: it is clear from the image that, compared with the surface of the molecularly imprinted membrane-methamphetamine complex, the surface of the methamphetamine sensor obtained by the ultra-pure water elution has obvious gully structure, which indicates that the methamphetamine has been successfully eluted.
Example 2:
performing electrochemical impedance characterization on the construction process of the methamphetamine sensor:
FIG. 2 shows (1) a sensor substrate, (2) a sensor substrate modified with a molecularly imprinted membrane-methamphetamine complex, (3) a methamphetamine sensor, and (4) a methamphetamine sensor at 1.0 mmol/L K after 3 minutes of interaction with 1. mu. mol/L methamphetamine3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6]The fixed potential is 0.2V, and the frequency range is 0.1-100000 Hz. As can be seen from FIG. 3, the sensor substrate has a graphene structure, and K is not modified before the silicon-based molecularly imprinted membrane is modified3Fe(CN)6The probe can directly reach the surface of the probe, and a small impedance value is displayed; when the molecular stamp is modifiedAfter the tracer membrane-methamphetamine complex blocks K due to the complex3Fe (CN)6The probe reaches the surface of the substrate, and the impedance shows an increased result; after the template molecules are eluted, cavities appear at the molecular sites of the template on the molecularly imprinted membrane, so that probe molecules can approach the surface of the substrate, the impedance is reduced, but the impedance value is still higher than that of the sensor substrate due to the existence of the molecularly imprinted membrane; when the methamphetamine molecule re-binds to the sensor, it re-occupies the binding site and the impedance value increases again.
Example 3:
FIGS. 4 (a) and (b) show the effect of a methamphetamine sensor on various concentrations of methamphetamine solution for 180S at K of 5 mmol/L, respectively3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN)6]And a linear plot of methamphetamine concentration versus differential pulse voltammetry peak current. It is calculated to conclude that the ratio is 1.8 multiplied by 10-8mol/L～7.5×10- 5In the mol/L range, the concentration of the methamphetamine is in linear relation with the differential pulse volt-ampere peak current, and the detection limit is 7.2 multiplied by 10- 9mol/L, and the linear regression equation is I (mu A) = -0.1982C (mu mol/L) +16.2955 (R)2=0.9986)。
Example 4:
to determine the effect of interfering species on methamphetamine sensor response signals, we selected as potential interfering substances from among drugs or organisms that normally co-exist with methamphetamine and may interfere with its detection. Anti-interference studies are performed by placing the sensor in a solution containing the selected interferent under optimal conditions. As shown in FIG. 5A, a 600-fold concentration of K was found+，Na+，Fe2+And the response signals of the glucose, the folic acid and the tyrosine with 400 times of concentration to the methamphetamine with 0.3 mu mol/L have no influence. The results show that the methamphetamine sensor prepared by the invention has good anti-interference performance on the most common interference substances.
Example 5
In order to verify the electrodes prepared using the method of the inventionReproducibility and stability. This experiment was conducted by using a sensor and a 4.6X 10 sensor-5After the reaction of mol/L methamphetamine, a sensor reproducibility experiment is carried out by measuring corresponding signals. First, the electrochemical signal was measured five times in succession for the same sensor, and the relative standard deviation of the results was 2.35%, showing good reproducibility of the sensor. When not in use, the sensor was stored in a refrigerator at 4 ℃ protected from light (in PBS pH 7.0). To measure the stability of the sensor, changes in the DPV response are checked periodically. DPV signal intensity was found to vary only slightly within 16 days; the decrease after 24 days was 8.62% (FIG. 5B), indicating good stability of the sensor.
Example 6:
in order to evaluate the practical application performance of the sensor, the analytical ability of the sensor on saliva samples was demonstrated by a standard addition method. Taking 5 mL of sample solution, wherein the initial concentration of the methamphetamine is 0.9 [ mu ] mol/L, adding the methamphetamine with different concentrations into the sample solution, and the test results are shown in the attached table 1:
table 1.
And (4) conclusion: the recovery rate of the sample with each concentration is tested for 5 times, the recovery rate is between 98.6% and 100.5%, and the relative standard deviation is between 3.60% and 4.50%, which shows that the method has higher precision and better reliability in the actual detection of the methamphetamine.
Claims (2)
1. A general analysis method of amphetamine drugs based on an artificial molecular recognition system comprises the following steps:
1) the three-electrode system prepared by the laser-induced graphene etching technology is a sensor substrate;
2) the sensor substrate is modified by a molecularly imprinted polymer membrane prepared by a sol-gel method, and then washed and demoulded to prepare a sensor corresponding to the template molecule;
3) evaluating the performance of the sensor prepared in the step 2) by using differential pulse voltammetry.
2. The general analysis method for amphetamine drugs based on the artificial molecular recognition system according to claim 1, which is characterized in that:
the preparation method of the sensor in the step 2) comprises the following steps:
a. molecular imprinting polymerization solution: dispersing carbon nanotubes in an ethanol/water mixed solution (V: V =1: 1) and performing ultrasonic treatment to obtain a solution A with the final concentration of the carbon nanotubes of 1 mg/mL; mixing 100 muL of 98% tetraethoxysilane with concentration, 50 muL of 99% phenyl methoxysilane with concentration, 50 muL of 99% methyl methoxysilane with concentration, 100 muL of absolute ethyl alcohol, 5 muL of hydrochloric acid (4.0 mmol/L) and 100 muL of ultrapure water, and continuously stirring for 2 hours to obtain a solution B; mixing the solution A and the solution B and a target amphetamine drug molecule aqueous solution (1 mg/mL) according to a volume ratio of 2: 5: 1, mixing to obtain a molecularly imprinted polymer solution;
b. a sensor substrate; polishing the sensor substrate, washing with ultrapure water, and placing in a container containing 0.1 mol/L KCl and 5 mmol/L K3[Fe(CN)6]/ K4[Fe(CN)6]The solution is subjected to cyclic voltammetry scanning, the scanning voltage range is-0.2-0.6V, the scanning speed is 20-20 mV/s, the balancing time is 10 s, and when the recorded potential difference of oxidation and reduction peaks reaches below 90 millivolts, the sensor substrate is obtained by washing with ultrapure water;
c. and (c) dropwise adding the molecularly imprinted polymer prepared in the step (a) to the working electrode part of the sensor substrate in the step (b), drying and polymerizing at room temperature to prepare the molecularly imprinted polymer modified sensor substrate, and eluting template molecules in ultra-pure water at 40 ℃ under stirring to obtain the sensor corresponding to the template molecules.
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