CN112695000B - Strain for reducing complex state ferric iron and application thereof - Google Patents

Strain for reducing complex state ferric iron and application thereof Download PDF

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CN112695000B
CN112695000B CN202110134035.4A CN202110134035A CN112695000B CN 112695000 B CN112695000 B CN 112695000B CN 202110134035 A CN202110134035 A CN 202110134035A CN 112695000 B CN112695000 B CN 112695000B
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刘楠
焦丽萍
蔡雅兰
刘若雯
李营营
刘峻
刘杨
张珂
马闯
赵继红
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Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46Removing components of defined structure
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    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
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Abstract

The invention relates to the reduction of complexed ferric iron (L-Fe) ) And its application. The invention provides Fe The reducing bacteria is Klebsiella pneumoniaeKlebsiella Pneumoniaes LF-2), which has been deposited in the Guangdong province culture Collection of microorganisms with the deposition number GDMCC No: 61222. which has reduced L-Fe III Can efficiently reduce EDTA-Fe 、Citrate‑Fe And the like. At the same time, the user can select the desired position,Klebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 has certain alkali resistance and can resist EDTA-Fe at pH of 8.5 The reduction is still as high as more than 80%. The invention is as describedKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 can convert L-Fe Reducing the iron (II) into complex ferrous iron with the capability of complexing nitric oxide, and removing Nitrogen Oxide (NO) x ) The complex absorption-biological reduction flue gas denitration process and the reaction related to iron reduction are widely applied to removing NO in the flue gas x Provides technical support and theoretical basis and has strong practical application value.

Description

Strain for reducing complex state ferric iron and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental biology, and particularly relates to a strain for reducing complex ferric iron and application thereof.
Background
Nitrogen Oxides (NO) x ) Is one of the main atmospheric pollutants in China, and the sources of the atmospheric pollutants are natural sources and artificial sources. Natural sources are from ammonia oxidation, lightning and soil emissions, while man-made sources are mainly from fossil fuel combustion, automobile exhaust emissions and certain industrial processes. With the recent economic development and the accelerated urbanization process, NO x The discharge amount is increasing day by day. NO x Not only is one of the major causes of photochemical smog formation and ozone depletion, but the secondary nitrate is also responsible for the formation of regional acid rain. With NO x Also can bring great threat to human health, and is fine Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 ) The important constituent components of (a). In 2018, 338 and above cities in the country, the city with excessive environmental air quality accounts for 64.2%, in 2018, autumn and winter, Jingjin Ji and the PM of the surrounding areas 2.5 The mean concentration increased 6.5% from NO x The problem of atmospheric pollution caused by the continuous growth is not negligible.
At present, denitration technologies widely applied at home and abroad are Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), an adsorption method, an absorption method, a biological method and the like. The flue gas denitration technologies which are widely applied industrially internationally are SCR and SNCR. SCR method for NO x The removal efficiency is higher, but the disadvantages of high investment and operation cost, easy inactivation of the catalyst, easy ammonia escape and the like exist; the SNCR method does not require a catalyst, but has low removal efficiency.
The biological process of industrial waste gas research began in the last 80 th century, in which biological reduction could utilize denitrifying bacteria to reduce NO to non-polluting N 2 . Because of its advantages of low investment and operation cost, no secondary pollution, etc., this method has become one of the hot topics for industrial waste gas purification research in all countries of the world. But due to NO in the flue gas x More than 90 percent of the total NO exists in the form of NO, and the solubility of the NO in a liquid phase is extremely small (the solubility of the NO in water is only 4.7 percent), so that the NO in the smoke is limited x The gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency reduces the reduction effect of the microorganism.
While the current ferrous complexes (e.g., EDTA-Fe) 、Citrate-Fe 、NTA-Fe 、(NH 2 CH 2 COO) 2 -Fe And (C) 4 H 5 O 6 ) 2 -Fe Etc., hereinafter abbreviated as L-Fe . EDTA: ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid; citrate: citric acid; NTA: triacetic acid, (NH) 2 CH 2 COO) 2 : glycine; (C) 4 H 5 O 6 ) 2 : tartaric acid) has good effect of absorbing NO, and solves the problems of low gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency of NO in the flue gas, short reaction time on the surface of microorganism and the like, so that the complexing absorption method and the biological reduction method are combined to realize the NO in the flue gas x Is effectively removed.
However, the higher oxygen content (about 9% of industrial oxygen content) in the flue gas can convert L-Fe Oxidation to ferric complexes not capable of complexing NO (e.g. EDTA-Fe) 、Citrate-Fe 、NTA-Fe III 、(NH 2 CH 2 COO) 2 -Fe 、(C 4 H 5 O 6 ) 2 -Fe Etc., hereinafter abbreviated as L-Fe III ). Thus aiming at reducing L-Fe III Breeding of efficient strain for NO in smoke x The treatment effect and the long-term stable operation of the device are important, and the L-Fe The screening and separation of reducing bacteria are the research hotspots in academia nowadays.
Currently, a plurality of iron-reducing bacteria have been isolated and purified, and mainly distributed in Proteus (A), (B) and (C)Proteus sp., Shewanella (Shewanella) and Shewanella (Shewanella)Shewanellasp.), genus Desulfobacter (Desulfitobacteriumsp., Ferobacterium sp. (R.), and (C)Ferribacteriumsp.) and the like. For example, patent No. CN108456649A describes the reduction of Fe in clay minerals III The proteus and the application thereof for inhibiting the clay swelling property, the patent screens a strain of Fe from produced liquid of a Hongkong oil field III The CA128 bacterium with reducing function belongs to Proteus, and the CA128 bacterium is used for treating Citrate-Fe Middle Fe III The reduction rate can reach 86.62 percent; for Fe in montmorillonite III The reduction rate can reach 47.1 percent.
Patent No. CN104974964A describes a dissimilatory iron reducing bacterium and application thereof, which is obtained by screening a dissimilatory reduced Fe from a high-arsenic polluted area of Hangjinqi in Heyu plain of inner Mongolia The Klebsiella oxytoca strain is named as IMFRCUG-1 strain, and the IMFRCUG-1 strain is used for treating Citrate-Fe The reduction rate of the iron reaches more than 80 percent.
Patent No. CN101353634A describes a Klebsiella pneumoniae and its application, which is obtained by separating and purifying a soil sampleKlebsiellaPneumoniaeMFC4, which is capable of reducing iron oxides of higher crystallinity.
Through analyzing the current research situation of the current iron reducing bacteria, the Fe screened at present is found III Although the reducing bacteria have similarity at the first level of the genus, the difference of the gene sequence structure at the first level of the species is large, and the reducing bacteria have Fe III The reducing effect of (2) is also different.
Compared with Klebsiella oxytoca described in patent No. CN112063550A (accession No: GDMCC No: 60977), the inventionKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 pair concentration is lower than 20 mmol.L -1 EDTA-Fe The reduction efficiency is nearly as high as 100%.
In addition, during the reaction process of reducing the iron oxide by the microorganism, the carbon source is used as an electron donor to provide energy for the growth of the microorganismFe in iron oxides III As a terminal electron acceptor to accept electrons and then reduce to Fe . Microbial reduction of L-Fe III Different from the above, EDTA, NTA and other chelating agents form soluble chelated iron with iron, and due to the complexation and steric hindrance of the EDTA and other macromolecules, the EDTA forms soluble chelated iron which has greater difficulty in the process of biological enzyme catalytic reduction compared with iron oxide, so that a reaction mechanism different from the biochemical process of iron oxide exists, and the enzyme catalytic process and L-Fe need to be increased III Thereby increasing L-Fe III And (4) reducing efficiency.
Therefore, screening, separating and utilizing the directional domestication method to obtain the L-Fe capable of being efficiently reduced III The strain can be used for removing NO in the flue gas denitration process by researching the biological characteristics and the degradation characteristics of the strain x Provides technical support and theoretical basis for the biological treatment.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a strain for reducing and complexing ferric iron and application thereof. In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme.
In one aspect, the invention provides a strain of reduced complex ferric iron, named Klebsiella pneumoniaeKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2, which was deposited in Guangdong province culture Collection of microorganisms at 28.10.2020, the address of the depository: guangdong province Guangzhou city Jifurao Zhonglu No. 100 with the preservation number GDMCC No: 61222.
specifically, the aboveKlebsiella PneumoniaesThe colony morphology of LF-2 is round, convex, smooth in surface, glossy, and neat in edge, and is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. The optimal growth temperature is 28-30 ℃, and the optimal growth pH value is pH = 6.6-7.2.
For the aboveKlebsiella PneumoniaesSequencing the 16S rDNA gene sequence of LF-2 to obtain the 16S rDNA sequencing sequence and Klebsiella pneumoniaeKlebsiella Pneumoniae) The homology reaches 99.93 percent.Klebsiella PneumoniaesThe phylogenetic evolutionary tree of LF-2 is shown in FIG. 3.
In another aspect, the present invention provides the aboveKlebsiella PneumoniaesUse of LF-2 for reducing complex ferric iron, wherein the complex ferric iron is selected from one or more of the following: EDTA-Fe Citric acid-Fe Triacetic acid-Fe
In a particular embodiment, the reduction of the complexed ferric iron is carried out at a pH in the range of 6.5 to 8.5, preferably at a pH of 7.5.
In another embodiment, the reduction of the complexed ferric iron is combined with a biological treatment to remove nitrogen oxides from the flue gas in a flue gas denitration process.
The invention separates and obtains reduced Fe from the activated sludge of the denitrification tank of the double-bridge sewage treatment plant in Zhengzhou city Is named asKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 has the beneficial effect that the strain has stronger reduction of L-Fe Can efficiently reduce EDTA-Fe And Citrate-Fe Solution, applicable to removal of NO x Reducing L-Fe in electrode biomembrane reactor Reduction product of L-Fe Can convert NO into x The NO in the solution is complexed to L-Fe -NO, reducing NO to non-contaminating N by complex nitrogen oxide reducing bacteria with the addition of a carbon source 2 . Provides technical support and theoretical basis for biological treatment for removing nitrogen oxides in flue gas in a flue gas denitration process, and has strong practical application value.
Drawings
FIG. 1A shows the present inventionKlebsiella PneumoniaesPlate colony schematic of LF-2;
FIG. 1B shows the present inventionKlebsiella PneumoniaesGram stain pattern of LF-2;
FIG. 2 shows the present inventionKlebsiella PneumoniaesAn electron microscope image of LF-2;
FIG. 3 shows the present inventionKlebsiella PneumoniaesPhylogenetic tree maps of the LF-2 sequence;
FIG. 4 shows the present inventionKlebsiella PneumoniaesGrowth curve graph of LF-2;
FIG. 5 shows the present inventionKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 in reduction of EDTA-Fe The iron reduction rate graph in the experiment (2);
FIG. 6 shows the present inventionKlebsiella PneumoniaesReduction of Citrate-Fe by LF-2 The iron reduction rate curve in the experiment (2);
FIG. 7 shows the present inventionKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 iron reduction rate graph under different pH conditions.
Detailed Description
In order to better understand the present invention, the following examples are further provided to illustrate the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
Example 1: isolation, screening and characterization of strains
Preparing materials:
1. the experimental sample is taken from activated sludge in a denitrification tank of a double-bridge sewage treatment plant in Zhengzhou city.
2. Culture medium:
liquid culture medium: glucose 2000 mg.L -1 ,KH 2 PO 4 1200 mg·L -1 ,NaSO 3 140 mg·L -1 ,MgCl 2 200 mg·L -1 ,NaHCO 3 10800 mg·L -1 ,NaNO 2 250 mg·L -1CaCl 2 80 mg·L -1 ,CoCl 2 19.2 mg·L -1 ,MnCl·4H 2 O 79.2 mg·L -1 ,CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O 20 mg·L -1 ,Na 2 MoO 4 ·2H 2 O 17.6 mg·L -1 ,NiCl 2 ·6H 2 O 15.2 mg·L -1 ,H 3 BO 3 1.12 mg·L -1ZnCl 2 8 mg·L -1 After oxygen is removed by using high-purity nitrogen, high-temperature and high-pressure sterilization is carried out.
Solid medium: glucose 3000 mg.L -1 ,K 2 HPO 4 ·3H 2 O 1000 mg·L -1 ,KH 2 PO 4 625 mg·L -1NaSO 3 70 mg·L -1MgSO 4 100 mg·L -1CaCl 2 2 mg·L -1 ,MnSO 4 0.5 mg·L -1 ,Na 2 MoO 4 ·2H 2 O 0.1 mg·L -1 ,CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O 0.1 mg·L -1 ,NaNO 2 1000 mg·L -1 23 g of agar, deoxygenated by using high-purity nitrogen, and then sterilized at high temperature and high pressure.
3. L-Fe Solution: equimolar of FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O and Na 2 EDTA·2H 2 O (or Citrate, triacetic acid and the like) is directly prepared into L-Fe with a certain concentration by deionized water Solution, using 50 g.L -1 NaHCO of 3 Adjusting pH to 6.7-6.9, removing oxygen with high purity nitrogen, sterilizing at high temperature under high pressure, and diluting to 10 mmol.L -1 And (5) standby.
4. Laboratory apparatus and device
Eika KS4000i control constant temperature oscillator
Bo news BPX-82 electric heating constant temperature incubator
Bowen YXQ-LS vertical pressure steam sterilizer
UNICO-UV2100 ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer
Boke BBS-V600 superclean bench
Mettlerlatidol LE438-2M IP 67 pH meter and the like
(II) separating, screening and purifying strains:
1. directed domestication of strains
Taking activated sludge in a denitrification tank of a double-bridge sewage treatment plant in Zhengzhou city. Substrate L-Fe for active sludge in electrode bio-membrane reactor The directional domestication is carried out for 30 days every 10 h until the activated sludge pairs the L-Fe The solution realizes stable and efficient reduction.
2. Screening, separating and purifying strains
Taking 5 mL of sludge out of the electrode biofilm reactor, adding 50 mL of sterile water into a conical flask, and placing the conical flask in a shaking table for 180 r min -1 Shaking at 30 ℃ for 1 hour. Then screening L-Fe The culture medium of the reducing bacteria is used for screening strains of the activated sludge. After 2-4 days of shaking culture, reduced L-Fe is obtained Enriched bacterial liquid of performance. Use of solid medium in combination with a flat paddlePurifying and separating target strain by linear method, namely taking 100 μ L of enriched bacterial liquid, inoculating the enriched bacterial liquid to a solid culture medium by using plate streaking, putting the solid culture medium into a constant-temperature incubator at 30 ℃ for culturing for 3-5 days, selecting a single bacterial colony growing on a plate, continuing to perform amplification culture in the liquid culture medium, obtaining the enriched bacterial liquid, then continuing to purify and separate the reduced strain by using the solid culture medium plate streaking method, repeating the steps until L-Fe is obtained Pure colonies with reduced performance.
(III) identification of strain morphology and molecular biology
1. The colony morphology of the strain is as follows: is round, convex, smooth in surface, glossy, neat in edge, and is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. The optimal growth temperature is 28-30 ℃, and the optimal growth pH value is 6.6-7.2.
2. The strain is subjected to 16S rDNA sequence determination, and the result shows that the length of a 16S rDNA gene sequence is 1399bp, the gene sequence is uploaded to Genbank, and a gene sequence number (MW 518869) is obtained. Comparing the 16S rDNA sequence with GenBank database by BLAST analysis method to find out the 16S rDNA sequence of the strain andKlebsiella Pneumoniaethe homology of the gene reaches 99.93 percent; its morphological characteristics and physiological, biochemical and physiological functionsKlebsiella PneumoniaeMost similar, is namedKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2, based on the 16S rDNA sequenceKlebsiella PneumoniaesThe phylogenetic evolutionary tree of LF-2 is shown in FIG. 3.
The invention separates L-Fe from the activated sludge in the denitrification tank of double-bridge sewage treatment plant in Zhengzhou city Reducing bacteria, and finding that the bacteria have strong reduction EDTA-Fe And Citrate-Fe Ability of applying to NO removal x Reducing L-Fe in electrode biomembrane reactor . For removing NO in flue gas denitration process x The biological treatment provides technical support and theoretical basis, and has strong practical application value.
Example 2 Klebsiella PneumoniaesGrowth curve experiment of LF-2.
PickingKlebsiella PneumoniaesCulturing LF-2 single colony in oxygen-removed sterilized liquid culture medium overnight, and collecting the culture1 mL of overnight-cultured bacterial liquid, and deoxygenated by using sterilized NaHCO 3 Washed 3 times with buffer and then 0.5 mL NaHCO 3 The buffer solution is used for resuspending the bacterial liquid to obtainKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 bacterial suspension. Adding 50 mL of liquid culture medium and 2 g.L of glucose into a 250 mL serum bottle -1 Adding 100 mL of 5 mmol.L -1 L-Fe of Adjusting the pH of the solution to 6.7-6.9, removing oxygen by using high-purity nitrogen, and sterilizing at high temperature and high pressure; then the anaerobic bottle is connected with the anaerobic bottleKlebsiella Pneumoniaes15 mL of LF-2 bacterial suspension, placing the serum bottle at 30 ℃ for 180 r min -1 The strain is cultured in a constant temperature shaking table, the strain liquid is taken every 2 h in the culture process and is put into a centrifuge tube, the absorbance of the strain liquid is measured by a Coomassie brilliant blue method at the wavelength of 595 nm, and the observation is carried outKlebsiella PneumoniaesVariation of the LF-2 growth curve.
Example 3 Klebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 in reduction of L-Fe Application of aspects
Klebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 reduction of EDTA-Fe Experiment:
pickingKlebsiella PneumoniaesCulturing LF-2 single colony in oxygen-removed sterilized liquid culture medium overnight, collecting overnight culture solution 1 mL, and sterilizing oxygen-removed NaHCO 3 Washed 3 times with buffer and then 0.5 mL NaHCO 3 Resuspending the bacterial solution in a buffer to obtainKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 bacterial suspension. 100 mmol. L are respectively added into a 500 mL anaerobic bottle -1 EDTA-Fe Solution 12.5 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, then liquid medium 25 mL, 50 g.L -1 NaHCO of 3 Adjusting the pH value of the solution to 6.7-6.9, removing oxygen by using high-purity nitrogen, and sterilizing at high temperature and high pressure; after cooling, the mixture was added to a concentration of 1000 mg.L after oxygen removal and sterilization -1 The glucose solution of (a); then the anaerobic bottle is connected with the anaerobic bottleKlebsiella Pneumoniaes15 mL of LF-2 bacterial suspension is sampled every 2 h, and the change of the iron reduction rate in the anaerobic bottle is determined.
Klebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 reduction of Citrate-Fe Middle Fe Experiment:
pickingKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 sheetCulturing the bacterial colony in oxygen-removed sterilized liquid culture medium overnight, collecting the above overnight cultured bacterial liquid 1 mL, and sterilizing with oxygen-removed NaHCO 3 Washed 3 times with buffer and then 0.5 mL NaHCO 3 The buffer solution is used for resuspending the bacterial liquid to obtainKlebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 bacterial suspension. 50 mmol. L are respectively added into a 500 mL anaerobic bottle -1 Of (5) Citrate-Fe The solution was added to 25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, and then 25 mL of liquid medium was added thereto, using 50 g.L -1 NaHCO of 3 Adjusting the pH value of the solution to 6.7-6.9, removing oxygen by using high-purity nitrogen, and sterilizing at high temperature and high pressure; after cooling, the mixture was added to a concentration of 1000 mg.L after oxygen removal and sterilization -1 The glucose solution of (a); then the anaerobic bottle is connected with the anaerobic bottleKlebsiella Pneumoniaes15 mL of LF-2 bacterial suspension is sampled and analyzed at intervals, and the change of the iron reduction rate in the anaerobic bottle is determined.
Klebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 for different substrates (EDTA-Fe) And Citrate-Fe ) Middle Fe The reduction is shown in fig. 5 and 6: under the appropriate conditions, the reaction mixture is then,Klebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 can be used to adjust the concentration (e.g. 2.5, 10 and 20 mmol. multidot.L) at different times -1 ) EDTA-Fe All reduced, with strong reduced EDTA-Fe Middle Fe The ability of (c); the concentration of the catalyst can be reduced to 2.5 mmol.L within about 50 h -1 Of (5) Citrate-Fe The reduction is carried out completely, and the reaction solution is completely reduced,Klebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 has a certain reduction Citrate-Fe Middle Fe The ability of the cell to perform.
Example 4 Klebsiella PneumoniaesReduction characteristic experiment of LF-2 under different pH conditions
Respectively taking the concentration of 100 mmol.L -1 EDTA-Fe 50 mL of the solution is put into 3 500 mL serum bottles to prepare EDTA-Fe Concentration 10 mmol. L -1 25 mL of each liquid medium was added, followed by NaHCO 3 (50 g·L -1 ) Respectively adjusting pH to 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5, and finally inoculating 5 mL of the solution Klebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 bacterial liquid, standing at 30 deg.C for 180 r.min -1 Continuously culturing in a constant temperature shaking table, and sampling and analyzing every 1 h.
Klebsiella PneumoniaesThe reduction of LF-2 at different pH values is shown in FIG. 7: alkaline environment to EDTA-Fe The reduction efficiency is not greatly influenced, and the strain can well reduce a substrate EDTA-Fe within the pH value range of 6.5-8.5 EDTA-Fe at pH 7.5 The reduction characteristic of the catalyst is obviously superior to other pH values,Klebsiella PneumoniaesLF-2 has a certain alkali resistance. In different pH environmentsKlebsiella PneumoniaesEDTA-Fe can be reduced by LF-2 in different degrees And provides guarantee for the application of the pH-sensitive adhesive in different pH environments.
The above embodiments are merely examples for clearly illustrating the present invention and do not limit the present invention. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. It is not necessary or necessary to exhaustively enumerate all embodiments herein, and obvious variations or modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
Sequence listing
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ggaagccacg cctcaagggc acaacctcca aatcgacatc gttttacggc gtggactacc 660
agggtatcta atcctgtttg ctccccacgc tttcgcacct gagcgtcagt ctttgtccag 720
ggggccgcct tcgccaccgg tattcctcca gatctctacg catttcaccg ctacacctgg 780
aattctaccc ccctctacaa gactctagcc tgccagtttc gaatgcagtt cccaggttga 840
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tgtgctaccg ctcgactgc 1399

Claims (6)

1. The strain of reducing complex state ferric iron is characterized in that the strain is named as Klebsiella pneumoniaeKlebsiella Pneumoniaes) LF-2, deposited in Guangdong province microbial strain collection center with the deposition number GDMCC No: 61222.
2. use of the strain according to claim 1 for reducing complexed ferric iron.
3. Use according to claim 2, wherein the trivalent iron in complexed state is selected from one or more of the following: EDTA-Fe Citric acid-Fe Triacetic acid-Fe
4. Use according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the reduction of the complexed ferric iron is carried out at a pH in the range of 6.5 to 8.5.
5. Use according to claim 4, wherein the reduction of the complexed trivalent iron is carried out at a pH of 7.5.
6. Use according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the reduction of the complexed ferric iron is combined with a biological treatment for removing nitrogen oxides from flue gas in a flue gas denitration process.
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