CN112682451A - Damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring - Google Patents
Damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring, which comprises a piston rod, a cylinder barrel with two sealed ends, a controller assembly, a displacement sensor, an energy accumulator and an overflow valve, wherein the piston rod is connected with the cylinder barrel; a bottom valve and a piston valve are arranged in the cylinder barrel, and the cylinder barrel is sequentially divided into a bottom valve cavity, a rodless cavity and a rod cavity from top to bottom; the bottom valve cavity is communicated with the rod cavity through a bypass pipe; an overflow valve is arranged on the bypass pipe; the energy accumulator is positioned between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve cavity; the displacement sensor obtains a hydro-pneumatic spring length signal in real time and transmits the signal to the controller assembly; the bottom valve and the piston valve are both provided with one-way valves; the oil liquid circularly flows among the bottom valve cavity, the rodless cavity, the rod cavity and the energy accumulator in sequence; the controller assembly adjusts the overflow pressure of the overflow valve according to the signal transmitted by the displacement sensor, and the continuous adjustable damping is realized. The invention has high structure integration level, compact arrangement and simpler control. The semi-active suspension vehicle loaded with the hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping has better smoothness.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of locomotive parts, particularly relates to a hydro-pneumatic spring of a transportation tool, and particularly relates to a hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping.
Background
In the field of heavy cross-country vehicles and special equipment vehicles, the hydro-pneumatic spring is an elastic damping element of a vehicle suspension with high energy density and excellent performance. In the running process of the vehicle, the hydro-pneumatic spring generates elastic force through the compression of the gas of the energy accumulator, and generates damping force through the proportional electromagnetic overflow valve and the like, so that the impact on the ground can be greatly alleviated, the vibration is attenuated, and the running smoothness of the vehicle is improved. Has good application prospect.
The damping characteristics of a common hydro-pneumatic spring are invariable, and a common hydro-pneumatic spring loaded is also called a passive suspension vehicle. The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping can present different damping characteristics under different working conditions according to control strategies, and the damping characteristics are continuously adjustable and stepless. The vehicle suspension system loaded with the damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring has the performance incomparable with the common passive suspension system.
When some special vehicles are equipped for use, the adjustment requirement is provided for the index of the vehicle posture. Therefore, a vehicle height sensor is required to be additionally arranged so as to realize the function of adjusting the posture of the whole vehicle. Usually, such displacement sensors are external, have low precision, and increase the difficulty of the arrangement of the suspension system.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring which is good in smoothness, stable in controllability and adjustable in overall height.
In order to achieve the aim, the hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping comprises a piston rod and a cylinder barrel with two sealed ends, and is characterized in that: the device also comprises a controller assembly, a displacement sensor, an energy accumulator and an overflow valve;
a bottom valve and a piston valve are arranged in the cylinder barrel, and the cylinder barrel is sequentially divided into a bottom valve cavity, a rodless cavity and a rod cavity from top to bottom;
one end of the piston rod is connected with the piston valve, and the other end of the piston rod extends out of the cylinder barrel;
the bottom valve cavity is communicated with the rod cavity through a bypass pipe; the bypass pipe is provided with the overflow valve;
the energy accumulator is positioned between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve cavity;
the displacement sensor obtains a hydro-pneumatic spring length signal in real time and transmits the signal to the controller assembly;
the bottom valve and the piston valve are both provided with one-way valves;
the oil liquid circularly flows among the bottom valve cavity, the rodless cavity, the rod cavity and the energy accumulator in sequence;
the controller assembly adjusts the overflow pressure of the overflow valve according to the signal transmitted by the displacement sensor, and continuous and adjustable damping is achieved.
When the speed of the hydro-pneumatic spring is too high, in order to prevent impact, as an optimal scheme, unloading valves are arranged on the bottom valve and the piston valve; oil can flow from the rod cavity to the rodless cavity through the unloading valve and from the rodless cavity to the bottom valve cavity.
Preferably, the opening pressure of the unloading valve is larger than that of the one-way valve.
Preferably, the displacement sensor comprises a sensor body fixed in the bottom valve cavity and a magnetic conductive ring; one end of the sensor body is inserted into the magnetic conductive ring; the magnetic guide ring is installed in the axial hole of the piston rod. When the displacement sensor is built-in, the working environment is good, the service life can be prolonged, the output signal is the absolute value of the length of the hydro-pneumatic spring, secondary calculation is not needed through other means, and the precision is high.
Preferably, the overflow valve is a proportional electromagnetic overflow valve.
Preferably, the accumulator is a diaphragm type accumulator and comprises a liquid part and a gas part, the gas part is sealed through a diaphragm, and the liquid part is communicated with oil in the cylinder barrel.
Preferably, the temperature sensor is arranged between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve cavity and is used for collecting a temperature signal of oil in the oil-gas spring; the temperature sensor is electrically connected with the controller assembly.
Preferably, the device also comprises a pressure sensor which is arranged between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve cavity and is used for collecting pressure signals of oil in the oil-gas spring; the pressure sensor is electrically connected with the controller assembly.
Preferably, the device further comprises a rigid locking valve for controlling the on-off of the energy accumulator; the rigid latching valve is electrically connected to the controller assembly.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the structure integrated level is high, arranges compactly. The hydro-pneumatic spring integrates an energy accumulator, a plug-in type proportional electromagnetic overflow valve, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor and a built-in magnetostrictive displacement sensor. After the components are integrally installed, the structure is compact, the installation is convenient, and the reliability is high. And are standard parts, thus being convenient for mass production.
(2) The damping of the hydro-pneumatic spring can be continuously adjusted, and the performance is excellent. The damping force of the hydro-pneumatic spring can be continuously adjusted, and the control is simple by controlling the current of the proportional electromagnetic overflow valve to relieve the bowels. The semi-active suspension vehicle loaded with the hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping has better smoothness.
(3) The two check valves are assembled in the same direction, so that the oil can flow in a single direction in the oil cylinder, and the using amount of the proportional electromagnetic overflow valve is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention
FIG. 2 is a compression stroke oil flow diagram of the present invention
FIG. 3 is the oil flow diagram of the extension stroke of the present invention
FIG. 4 shows the hydro-pneumatic spring elastic force-displacement characteristics of the present invention
FIG. 5 shows the damping force-displacement characteristic of hydro-pneumatic spring of the present invention
FIG. 6 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the present invention
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the bottom valve in the embodiment of FIG. 6 in a rotated cross-section
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional view of the piston valve shown in FIG. 6 in a rotated state
FIG. 9 is a schematic view, partially in section, of the controller assembly of the embodiment shown in FIG. 6
In the figure: 1. a piston rod; 2. a cylinder barrel; 2.1, a bottom valve cavity; 2.2, a rodless cavity; 2.3, a rod cavity; 3. a controller assembly; 4. an accumulator; 5. a proportional electromagnetic spill valve; 6. a bypass pipe; 7. a piston valve; 7.1, clamping; 7.2, a circular hoop; 7.3, a semicircular ring; 7.4, a piston valve body; 7.5, piston unloading valve disc; 7.6, a piston valve plate; 7.7, piston one-way valve disc; 7.8, a piston one-way valve seat; 8. a bottom valve; 8.1, a displacement sensor pressing plate; 8.2, a bottom valve unloading valve seat; 8.3, a bottom valve unloading valve disc; 8.4, a check valve disc of the bottom valve; 8.5, a one-way valve seat of the bottom valve; 9. a rigid latching valve; 10. a displacement sensor; 10.1, a sensor body; 10.2, a magnetically conductive ring; 11. a bottom valve check valve; 12. a piston check valve; 13. a bottom valve unloading valve; 14. a piston unloader valve; 15. a temperature sensor; 16. a pressure sensor, 17 and a bottom valve unloading through hole; 18. a bottom valve one-way through hole; 19. a piston unloading through hole; 20. the piston is a one-way through hole.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention (including the preferred ones) are described in further detail below by way of fig. 1 to 9 and enumerating some alternative embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely a few embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, the hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping comprises a piston rod 1, a cylinder barrel 2 with two sealed ends, a controller assembly 3, a displacement sensor 10, an energy accumulator 4 and an overflow valve;
a bottom valve 8 and a piston valve 7 are arranged in the cylinder barrel 2, and the cylinder barrel 2 is sequentially divided into a bottom valve cavity 2.1, a rodless cavity 2.2 and a rod cavity 2.3 from top to bottom; one end of the piston rod 1 is connected with a piston valve 7, and the other end of the piston rod extends out of the cylinder barrel 2; the cavity 2.1 of the bottom valve 8 is communicated with the cavity 2.3 with the rod through a bypass pipe 6; the overflow valve is arranged on the bypass pipe 6; the energy accumulator 4 is positioned between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve 8; the displacement sensor 10 obtains a hydro-pneumatic spring length signal in real time and transmits the signal to the controller assembly 3; the bottom valve 8 and the piston valve 7 are both provided with one-way valves; oil circularly flows among the bottom valve cavity 2.1, the rodless cavity 2.2, the rod cavity 2.3 and the energy accumulator 4 in sequence; the controller assembly 3 adjusts the overflow pressure of the overflow valve according to the signal transmitted by the displacement sensor 10, so that the continuous adjustable damping is realized.
When the speed of the hydro-pneumatic spring is too high, in order to prevent impact, as a preferred scheme, unloading valves are arranged on the bottom valve 8 and the piston valve 7; oil can flow from the rod cavity 2.3 to the rodless cavity 2.2 and from the rodless cavity 2.2 to the bottom valve cavity 2.1 through the unloading valve.
Preferably, the opening pressure of the unloading valve is larger than that of the one-way valve.
Preferably, the overflow valve is a proportional electromagnetic overflow valve 5. The proportional electromagnetic overflow valve 5 is in a plug-in type.
Preferably, the accumulator 4 is a diaphragm type accumulator 4, and generates an elastic force based on compressibility of gas. The gas part is sealed by a diaphragm, and the liquid part is communicated with oil in the cylinder 2. The liquid part is communicated with oil in the oil cylinder, so when the oil pressure rises, gas is compressed, and the oil is sucked into the energy accumulator 4; when the pressure drops, the gas expands, pressing the oil out of the accumulator 4.
The reciprocating motion of the piston consisting of the piston rod 1 and the piston valve 7 enables oil to flow between the three cavities of the hydro-pneumatic spring and the energy accumulator 4 in a reciprocating mode, the gas volume of the energy accumulator 4 changes, and spring force is generated. The proportional electromagnetic overflow valve 5 is positioned between the cylinder barrel 2 and the energy accumulator 4, the overflow pressure of the proportional electromagnetic valve is controlled by adjusting the voltage of the proportional electromagnetic overflow valve 5 through the controller assembly 3, continuous and adjustable damping can be realized, and the proportional electromagnetic overflow valve is a main source of the damping force of the hydro-pneumatic spring.
The base valve check valve 11 on the base valve 8 and the piston check valve 12 on the piston valve 7 enable oil to flow in a single direction in the compression and extension processes, and therefore the two-way overflow pressure of the compression and extension stroke can be continuously changed by only using one proportional electromagnetic overflow valve 5. The bottom valve unloading valve 13 on the bottom valve 8 and the piston unloading valve 14 on the piston valve 7 can unload in time when the oil-gas spring is impacted too much, thereby playing a role in protecting the oil-gas spring.
When the hydro-pneumatic spring works, the piston reciprocates in the cylinder barrel 2. Due to the arrangement of the two check valves, oil in the cylinder barrel 2 only flows into the rodless cavity 2.2 through the bottom valve cavity 2.1 and flows into the rod cavity 2.3 through the rodless cavity 2.2. The piston moves upwards, namely the compression stroke of the hydro-pneumatic spring, the pressure of the rodless cavity 2.2 is increased, oil in the rodless cavity 2.2 flows into the rod cavity 2.3 through the one-way valve and then flows into the energy accumulator 4 through the proportional solenoid valve. The piston moves downwards, namely the extension stroke of the hydro-pneumatic spring, the pressure of the rodless cavity 2.2 is reduced, oil in the bottom valve cavity 2.1 flows into the rodless cavity 2.2 through the one-way valve, oil in the rod cavity 2.3 flows into the bottom valve cavity 2.1 through the proportional solenoid valve, and meanwhile, the energy accumulator 4 can compensate part of the oil in the bottom valve cavity 2.1. From the trend of the oil path, whether the oil path is in a compression stroke or an extension stroke, the oil passes through the proportional solenoid valve, so that continuously adjustable damping force is generated.
As shown in fig. 6 to 9, one embodiment of the present invention is shown.
The displacement sensor 10 comprises a sensor body 10.1 fixed in the bottom valve cavity 2.1 and a magnetic conductive ring 10.2; one end of the sensor body 10.1 is inserted into the magnetic guide ring 10.2; the magnetically conductive ring 10.2 is mounted in the axial bore of the piston rod 1. When the displacement sensor 10 is built-in, the working environment is good, the service life can be prolonged, the output signal is the absolute value of the length of the hydro-pneumatic spring, secondary calculation is not needed through other means, and the precision is high.
The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping designed by the invention also comprises a temperature sensor 15, a pressure sensor 16 and a rigid locking valve 9.
The temperature sensor 15 is in a plug-in type, is arranged between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve cavity 2.1, and collects temperature signals of oil in the hydro-pneumatic spring; the temperature sensor 15 is electrically connected to the controller assembly 3.
The pressure sensor 16 is in a plug-in type, is arranged between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve cavity 2.1, and collects pressure signals of oil in the oil-gas spring; the pressure sensor 16 is electrically connected to the controller assembly 3.
The rigid locking valve 9 controls the on-off of the energy accumulator 4, and the rigid locking valve 9 is electrically connected with the controller assembly 3.
The bottom valve 8 comprises a displacement sensor pressure plate 8.1, a bottom valve unloading valve disc 8.3, a bottom valve unloading valve seat 8.2, a bottom valve one-way valve disc 8.4 and a bottom valve one-way valve seat 8.5. The displacement sensor pressure plate 8.1 presses the sensor body 10.1 and then is fixed on the upper part of the cylinder barrel 2 by bolts; the bottom valve unloading valve seat 8.2 is connected with a displacement sensor pressure plate 8.1 through a bolt; the bottom valve one-way valve seat 8.5 is connected with the bottom valve unloading valve seat 8.2 through a bolt; the bottom valve unloading valve disc 8.3 is clamped between the displacement sensor pressure plate 8.1 and the bottom valve unloading valve seat 8.2, and a cylindrical pin for guiding is arranged on the bottom valve unloading valve disc 8.3, is matched with a round hole on the displacement sensor 10 to generate a guiding effect, and is pre-tightened through a spring. During the compression stroke of the hydro-pneumatic spring, if the speed is too high, oil pushes the bottom valve unloading valve disc 8.3 through the bottom valve unloading through hole 17 at the upper end of the bottom valve unloading valve seat 8.2 to move upwards, and the oil can flow from the rodless cavity 2.2 to the bottom valve cavity 2.1, namely, the compression stroke unloading valve is formed; the bottom valve one-way valve disc 8.4 is clamped between the bottom valve unloading valve seat 8.2 and the bottom valve one-way valve seat 8.5 and is pre-tightened by a spring. When the hydro-pneumatic spring is in a stretching stroke, oil pushes the bottom valve one-way valve disc 8.4 through the bottom valve one-way through hole 18 at the lower end of the bottom valve unloading valve seat 8.2 to move downwards, and the oil can flow from the bottom valve cavity 2.1 to the rodless cavity 2.2 at the position, namely the stretching stroke one-way valve is formed. In the bottom valve, the pretightening force of the unloading valve spring is large, the rigidity is high, the opening pressure of the unloading valve is large, the pretightening force of the check valve spring is small, the rigidity is small, and the opening pressure of the check valve is small.
The piston valve 7 comprises a hoop 7.1, a circular hoop 7.2, a semicircular ring 7.3, a piston valve body 7.4, a piston unloading valve disc 7.5, a piston valve plate 7.6, a piston one-way valve disc 7.7 and a piston one-way valve seat 7.8. The piston valve body 7.4 is sleeved on the piston rod 1, one end of the piston valve body is axially fixed through the semicircular ring 7.3, the circular ring hoop 7.2 and the hoop 7.1, and the other end of the piston valve body is axially fixed through a step on the piston rod 1; a piston valve plate 7.6 is sleeved on the piston valve body 7.4, one end of the piston valve plate is axially fixed through a step on the piston valve 7, and the other end of the piston valve plate is compressed and axially fixed through a piston one-way valve seat 7.8; the piston one-way valve seat 7.8 is connected with the piston valve 7 through threads; the piston unloading valve disc 7.5 is clamped between the piston valve plate 7.6 and the piston valve body 7.4, a cylindrical pin for guiding is arranged on the piston unloading valve 14, the cylindrical pin is matched with a round hole in the piston valve body 7.4 to generate a guiding effect, and the cylindrical pin is pre-tightened by a spring. When the hydro-pneumatic spring is in a stretching stroke, if the speed is too high, oil pushes the piston unloading valve disc 7.5 through the piston unloading through hole 19 at the upper end of the piston valve plate 7.6 to move upwards, and the oil can be led to the rodless cavity 2.2 from the rod cavity 2.3 at the position, namely the stretching stroke unloading valve is formed; the piston one-way valve disc 7.7 is clamped between the piston valve plate 7.6 and the piston one-way valve seat 7.8 and is pre-tightened by a spring. When the hydro-pneumatic spring is in a compression stroke, oil liquid jacks the piston one-way valve disc 7.7 through the piston one-way through hole 20 at the lower end of the piston valve plate 7.6 to move downwards, and the oil liquid can lead to the rod cavity 2.3 from the rodless cavity 2.2, namely the compression stroke one-way valve. In the piston valve 7, the pretightening force of the unloading valve spring is large, the rigidity is high, the opening pressure of the unloading valve is large, the pretightening force of the check valve spring is small, the rigidity is small, and the opening pressure of the check valve is small.
According to the design of two sets of one-way valves of the bottom valve 8 and the piston valve 7, oil keeps flowing in a one-way mode in the oil cylinder regardless of compression stroke or extension stroke. At the moment, the bidirectional damping can be adjusted by only using one proportional electromagnetic overflow valve 5. The overflow pressure of the proportional electromagnetic overflow valve 5 can be adjusted in a stepless manner according to the loading voltage, namely the damping force of the hydro-pneumatic spring can be adjusted in a stepless manner. Meanwhile, the compression stroke unloading valve and the extension stroke unloading valve are arranged, so that the oil-gas spring can be timely unloaded and protected when the suspension is subjected to large impact.
Through the test of the damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring provided by the embodiment of the invention, the result shows that:
1. the damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring can generate nonlinear elastic force, and the larger the compression amount is, the larger the elastic force is, and the spring accords with the common use environment of automobiles. The spring force-displacement characteristic curve is shown in fig. 4.
2. The damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring can generate stepless adjustable damping according to voltage loaded by the proportional solenoid valve. And the hydro-pneumatic spring has good performance and stable damping characteristic. The damping force-displacement characteristic curve is shown in fig. 5.
3. The damping of the damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring is continuously adjustable, the adjusting range reaches 28000N (extension stroke)/18000N (compression stroke), and the semi-active hydro-pneumatic suspension can be developed by matching with a semi-active suspension control algorithm.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and any modification, combination, replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention is included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The utility model provides a damping continuously adjustable oil gas spring, includes piston rod, both ends sealed cylinder, its characterized in that: the device also comprises a controller assembly, a displacement sensor, an energy accumulator and an overflow valve;
a bottom valve and a piston valve are arranged in the cylinder barrel, and the cylinder barrel is sequentially divided into a bottom valve cavity, a rodless cavity and a rod cavity from top to bottom;
one end of the piston rod is connected with the piston valve, and the other end of the piston rod extends out of the cylinder barrel;
the bottom valve cavity is communicated with the rod cavity through a bypass pipe; the bypass pipe is provided with the overflow valve;
the energy accumulator is positioned between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve cavity;
the displacement sensor obtains a hydro-pneumatic spring length signal in real time and transmits the signal to the controller assembly;
the bottom valve and the piston valve are both provided with one-way valves;
the oil liquid circularly flows among the bottom valve cavity, the rodless cavity, the rod cavity and the energy accumulator in sequence;
the controller assembly adjusts the overflow pressure of the overflow valve according to the signal transmitted by the displacement sensor, and continuous and adjustable damping is achieved.
2. The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping of claim 1, wherein: the bottom valve and the piston valve are both provided with unloading valves; oil can flow from the rod cavity to the rodless cavity through the unloading valve and from the rodless cavity to the bottom valve cavity.
3. The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping of claim 2, wherein: the opening pressure of the unloading valve is greater than that of the one-way valve.
4. The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping of claim 1, wherein: the displacement sensor comprises a sensor body and a magnetic conductive ring which are fixed in a bottom valve cavity; one end of the sensor body is inserted into the magnetic conductive ring; the magnetic guide ring is installed in the axial hole of the piston rod.
5. The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping of claim 1, wherein: the overflow valve is a proportional electromagnetic overflow valve.
6. The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping of claim 1, wherein: the accumulator is a diaphragm type accumulator and comprises a liquid part and a gas part, wherein the gas part is sealed through a diaphragm, and the liquid part is communicated with oil in the cylinder barrel.
7. The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping of claim 1, wherein: the temperature sensor is arranged between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve cavity and is used for collecting a temperature signal of oil in the oil-gas spring; the temperature sensor is electrically connected with the controller assembly.
8. The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping of claim 1, wherein: the pressure sensor is arranged between the outlet of the overflow valve and the inlet of the bottom valve cavity and is used for collecting pressure signals of oil in the oil-gas spring; the pressure sensor is electrically connected with the controller assembly.
9. The hydro-pneumatic spring with continuously adjustable damping of claim 1, wherein: the rigid locking valve is used for controlling the on-off of the energy accumulator; the rigid latching valve is electrically connected to the controller assembly.
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| CN202011529744.4A CN112682451B (en) | 2020-12-22 | 2020-12-22 | Damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring |
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| CN202011529744.4A CN112682451B (en) | 2020-12-22 | 2020-12-22 | Damping continuously adjustable hydro-pneumatic spring |
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| CN113059975A (en) * | 2021-04-22 | 2021-07-02 | 中国矿业大学 | Semi-active hydro-pneumatic suspension system of mining dump truck and control method |
| CN115013465A (en) * | 2022-07-01 | 2022-09-06 | 北京汽车集团越野车有限公司 | Adjustable energy accumulator assembly and vehicle with same |
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| CN112682451B (en) | 2022-08-23 |
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