CN112666255A - Rapid detection system and method for shallow layering of concrete bridge deck - Google Patents
Rapid detection system and method for shallow layering of concrete bridge deck Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种混凝土桥面板浅层分层快速检测系统及方法，系统包括框架推车、应力波激发源、声信号采集装置、示波器、编码器、控制与处理系统。本发明使用球链冲击源可以得到持续的高信噪比的声学激励，与冲击回波法的钢球撞击较为相似，多组通道并行使用，大幅提高检测效率，在对新老桥梁的检测中取得了良好的效果。
The invention provides a rapid detection system and method for shallow layers of a concrete bridge deck. The system includes a frame cart, a stress wave excitation source, an acoustic signal acquisition device, an oscilloscope, an encoder, and a control and processing system. The present invention uses the ball chain impact source to obtain continuous acoustic excitation with high signal-to-noise ratio, which is similar to the impact of steel balls in the impact echo method. Multiple groups of channels are used in parallel, which greatly improves the detection efficiency. In the detection of new and old bridges obtained a good outcome.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of concrete bridge deck shallow layer defect detection, in particular to a concrete bridge deck shallow layer layering rapid detection system and method.
Background
Common nondestructive methods for concrete layering include ground penetrating radar, shock echo, and ultrasonic methods. However, the ground penetrating radar method and the ultrasonic method are greatly interfered in the bridge deck with densely distributed reinforcing steel meshes, and the detection efficiency of the solid-solid coupling shock echo method is too low. Based on this, Zhu and Popovic propose an air coupled impulse echo test using microphones instead of touch sensors, which was later used in simulated concrete deck and in-situ bridge testing. Based on the principle, other researchers design a development test system combining an automatic excitation source and air coupling sensing to improve the efficiency of the impact echo test. However, these systems require complex electrical and mechanical control systems to achieve continuous impact. The method is difficult to be widely applied in practical application.
Shock echo is a widely used non-destructive inspection method, and has been widely used for layered inspection in concrete structures. The shock echo method is an elastic wave-based method for detecting transient vibration response of a plate-like structure using mechanical shock. This shock generates bulk waves (longitudinal and transverse) and surface guided waves (such as lamb and rayleigh waves) that propagate in the plate. The multiply reflected bulk wave eventually forms a resonant mode. The analysis of the resonance modes is central to the analysis by the impulse echo method. Generally, in the analysis of data by the layered detection impact echo method, two groups of vibration modes are most important: thickness mode and bending vibration mode. The frequency of the thickness mode is the zero group velocity frequency of the first symmetric (S1) lamb mode, also known as the shock echo frequency. For shallow stratification, the shock echo mode is often masked by a bending vibration mode. Such vibrational modes may dominate the spectral response and thus impact the actual depth determination of shallow defects. The mode is generated by internal delamination or thin section vibration of concrete on the damaged upper part. The vibration mode is seen everywhere, for example, the sultriness sound generated by knocking and infilled floor is caused by the vibration mode. However, the frequency influencing factors of such bending vibration modes are complex. Is influenced by the shape, area, thickness, material, boundary conditions and other factors of the upper layer thin plate. There is currently no accurate explanation for this modality.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a new set of sustained impact sources for an impact system that forms a ball chain by connecting a plurality of steel balls of different diameters. The ball chain can cause the bounce of the steel ball when being dragged on the ground, and continuous impact is formed. Based on the detection result, the invention develops a multi-channel bridge deck plate layered detection system. The system integrates a newly developed ball chain continuous impact source, a MEMS microphone and a high-precision distance encoding wheel. The system can be used for rapidly scanning and imaging the bridge deck and accurately positioning the layering position and area. The system has good effect in the detection of new and old bridges.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a shallow layer layering rapid detection system for a concrete bridge deck comprises a frame trolley, a stress wave excitation source, an acoustic signal acquisition device, an oscilloscope, an encoder and a control and processing system; the stress wave excitation source is arranged on the frame trolley and is used for continuously knocking the concrete bridge deck under the driving of the frame trolley to generate an acoustic signal; the encoder is arranged on a wheel of the frame trolley and used for recording the driving mileage information and the time information of the frame trolley and transmitting the driving mileage information and the time information to the control and processing system; the acoustic signal acquisition device is used for acquiring acoustic signals generated by the stress wave excitation source; the oscilloscope is connected with the sound signal acquisition device and is used for transmitting the sound signals acquired by the sound signal acquisition device to the control and processing system.
Furthermore, the stress wave excitation source is a ball chain formed by connecting a plurality of steel balls with different diameters by flexible ropes.
Furthermore, there are several stress wave excitation sources, and there is interval in the direction that is perpendicular to the frame shallow direction of motion adjacent stress wave excitation source.
Furthermore, the acoustic signal acquisition device is a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) microphone with the frequency range of 100Hz-10kHz and is arranged above the stress wave excitation source.
Further, the distance between adjacent stress wave excitation sources is 0.1-0.15 m.
Furthermore, the ball chain is formed by connecting two steel balls with the diameters of 12mm and 15mm at intervals.
Further, the vertical distance between the acoustic signal acquisition device and the stress wave excitation source is 3 cm.
The shallow layering rapid detection method for the concrete bridge deck based on the system comprises the following steps:
step 1: pushing the frame trolley, wherein a stress wave excitation source generates instantaneous impact on the surface of the concrete bridge deck to form stress waves, and the stress waves generate local resonance in the concrete to form an impact echo mode;
step 2: acquiring the driving mileage information and the time information of the frame trolley through an encoder, and transmitting the driving mileage information and the time information to the control and processing system;
and step 3: collecting an acoustic signal generated by a stress wave excitation source through an acoustic signal collecting device, and transmitting the acoustic signal to the control and processing system;
and 4, step 4: and the control and processing system draws sound signal power spectrums of sound in the directions parallel to the driving direction and the direction perpendicular to the driving direction according to the mileage information, the time information and the sound signals, and the position and the shape of the defect in the shallow layer of the concrete bridge deck can be seen from the two-dimensional sound signal power spectrums.
Further, the specific steps of step 4 include:
step 4.1: processing the collected acoustic signals by adopting short-time Fourier transform to obtain the power spectrum distribution of each frequency value in the acoustic signals along with the change of time;
step 4.2: drawing a power spectrogram according to the power distribution of each frequency value in the acoustic signal, wherein the x axis in the power spectrogram is the receiving time of the acoustic signal, the y axis is the frequency distribution, and the color scale represents the power spectral density;
step 4.3: accumulating the frequencies of 1-5kHz in the receiving time of each acoustic signal to obtain the sum of power spectrums on the bandwidth of 1-5 kHz;
step 4.4: obtaining a new power spectrogram according to the sum of the acoustic signal receiving position information corresponding to the acoustic signal receiving time and the power spectrum; the x axis in the new power spectrogram is the distance of the sound signal receiving point in the driving direction, the y axis represents the distance of the sound signal receiving point vertical to the driving direction, and the color scale represents the amplitude of the power spectrum; and judging the position and the shape of the defect according to the color scale difference.
Further, the shallow layer layering depth of the concrete bridge deck is 1-5 cm.
Has the advantages that: 1. the ball chain impact source can be used for obtaining continuous acoustic excitation with high signal-to-noise ratio, the impact is similar to the impact of a steel ball of an impact echo method, a plurality of groups of channels are used in parallel, and the field testing speed is greatly improved.
2, the MEMS microphone has high sensitivity, low cost and convenient use, and is an effective layered detection acoustic sensor. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, a distance of 3cm between the microphone and the ball chain is suggested.
3. The distance coding wheel provides high-precision positioning data, and the 50m distance measurement error is about 10cm according to actual measurement. The sound signal can be matched exactly to the distance signal.
4. Multi-channel interference only occurs between adjacent channels (15cm spacing), which may lead to an overestimation of the lateral stratification dimension. Acoustic isolation measures may be added between adjacent sensors to reduce channel interference.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a shallow layered finite element model;
FIG. 2 is a shallow layered bending mode diagram;
fig. 3 is a concrete bridge deck shallow layering rapid detection system, wherein 1: a frame cart; 2: stress wave excitation source capable of adjusting the distance; 3: an acoustic signal acquisition device; 4: an oscilloscope; 5: an encoder; 6: a control and processing system;
FIG. 4 is a data processing diagram of a system and method for rapid shallow layer delamination inspection of concrete bridge decks: (a) STFT spectrogram (0-20 khz); (b) STFT spectrogram (1-5 kHz); (c) STFT spectrogram and signal energy change in the scanning process;
FIG. 5 is a detection path diagram of a concrete bridge deck shallow layering rapid detection system;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the detection results of a concrete bridge deck shallow layering rapid detection system: (a) detecting a map of an old site; (b) the map is detected in the new field.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples and figures.
A series of numerical simulations are carried out by using an ABAQUS/Explicit finite element program, and shallow layers with different depths are established. In order to increase the calculation efficiency, a planar two-dimensional model is adopted. The width of the layer was 20 cm. The minimum delamination depth that can be detected by the research impulse echo method according to the prior document is 5 cm. Therefore, the simulation depths are 1cm, 2cm, 3cm, 4cm and 5cm, respectively. The simulation considers the edge effect and only explores the situation of the excitation source in the center of the shallow layer. The concrete slab adopts a three-node plane stress triangular unit. To reduce the concrete boundary effect, an infinite cell (CINPS4) is provided at the boundary. Thus, simulated concrete panels can be considered to be infinite length and infinite width. The Young's modulus E, the mass density rho and the Poisson ratio mu of the concrete are respectively equal to 30GPa and 2400kg/m3And μ ═ 0.2. A transient point source of impact is applied to the free surface of the slab in the centre of the stratification, the vibration function of the seismic source being sin 3 (tt/T), where T ═ 80 μ s, for the duration of the impact. The objective of the cubic function used here is to reduce the gibbs effect during finite element analysis. The model mesh size was designed to be 10mm and the time increment was set to 0.1 mus. The model is shown in figure 1.
Fig. 2 shows the dominant frequencies of the bending modes of the layered depth models. When the same impact strength and impact position are applied, it can be seen that the bending mode frequency gradually increases as the depth of the damage increases. At the layering depth of 1-5cm, the dominant frequency spectrum response of the bending mode is obtained. Therefore, the impact echo detection of the shallow layer can be carried out by utilizing the bending mode response for the shallow layer.
The multichannel rapid detection system provided by the invention comprises a stress wave excitation source 2 (a ball chain), an acoustic signal acquisition device 3 (an MEMS microphone), an oscilloscope 4(a PicoScope eight-channel oscilloscope), an encoder 5 and a control and processing system 6(a computer).
The invention uses a low cost micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) microphone with a frequency range of 100Hz-10kHz as an acoustic sensor. The microphone and the chain are fixed to the frame cart 1. The detection system includes eight channels, each channel including a MEMS microphone and a ball-chain under the microphone. The channel spacing may vary between 0.1 and 0.15m, which determines the resolution in the vertical scan path. The sound signal received by the microphone array was digitized by an oscilloscope (PicoScope4824) at a sampling rate of 100kHz and transmitted to a computer. The oscilloscope operates in Streaming mode, which can continuously collect data. The bridge floor field test uses an encoder to record time and position information. A LabVIEW program is designed to control data acquisition and display time domain signals, real-time positions and time information in real time. And generating a two-dimensional (2D) scanning image through Matlab post-processing after the test is finished. The test system is shown in fig. 3.
The invention develops a novel ball chain as an impact source, and the novel ball chain can quickly and effectively impact the surface of concrete. The ball chain consists of two steel balls with a diameter of 12mm and two steel balls with a diameter of 15mm, which are connected by a flexible nylon rope. The distance between the first and the last ball is about 100 mm. When this ball chain is dragged over the concrete surface, the steel balls bounce and randomly impact the concrete surface. Different steel balls with different diameters have different impact contact time, which is beneficial to identifying the layering of different resonance frequencies. The steel balls with smaller sizes are more effective for layering with higher frequency, and the steel balls with larger sizes have better detection effect for layering with lower frequency. Since the hierarchical response is easily identified in the frequency domain, a Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is used to process the continuous time domain signal. The STFT process divides the long time signal into many equal length segments and then computes the fourier transform separately on each segment. By plotting the power spectra of all the segments, the resulting STFT power spectrum is a 2D image, with signal time on the x-axis and frequency distribution on the y-axis, and the color scale representing the amplitude of the power spectrum. Fig. 4(a) is a blind map of a concrete slab with delamination damage. Where dark colors represent lower amplitudes and light colors represent higher amplitudes. The 15kHz noise that is apparent in the figure is the noise due to collisions between ball chains. Distributed throughout the test procedure. According to the analysis of resonance frequency of Kee and Guchunsk on the square concrete layering, the resonance frequency range of the layering with the depth of 20-80 mm and the width of 0.2-1 m is 1-5 kHz. Therefore, the main criterion for selecting a suitable excitation source is to ensure a low noise level in the frequency range of 1 to 5kHz in the solid concrete area. Two distinct high frequency bright spots were shown at 1s and 3s, well at 1-5 kHz. Therefore, in the subsequent analysis process, only the frequency range of 1-5kHz is intercepted for carrying out STFT processing in order to ensure the influence of collision noise between steel balls. FIG. 4(b) is a time-frequency image with the frequency range of 0.5-5kHz intercepted. The summation of the power spectra over a bandwidth of 0.5-5kHz can be calculated for frequency accumulation at each time in this range, see fig. 4 (c).
An eight-channel multi-channel scanning vehicle is designed for the field test of the bridge deck. The microphone array is arranged on a 1.2-meter frame, the distance between the microphone array and the frame is 15cm, and the microphone array is powered by two 1.5V batteries. The oscilloscope mounted on the cart digitizes the sound signal received by the microphone and records it from the laptop using the LabVIEW program. When the scanning is finished, a scanning image with position information is generated through post-processing. The moving path can be well matched with the sound signal by using the distance coding wheel, and in order to verify the feasibility of the detection system, two groups of old and new fields are selected as verification objects. The old field is a concrete field with the length of 22m and the width of 3 m. The field was built in the 80 s of the last century and was subject to long-term rain wash. The surface is rough. And selecting a new bridge which is not paved on the bridge deck in the new field. The test range was 33m long and 10m wide. The field running speed is about 0.6m/s, and the scanning path of the detection vehicle is shown in figure 5. Images based on the eight-channel acoustic signals are generated, respectively. The scanned images are then combined into a complete scan. Fig. 6 shows scanned images of the old and new field sets. The bright spot area in the white box in the scanned image of the old field shows a more pronounced stratification, see fig. 6 (a). No obvious defect in damage was found in the new field test, see fig. 6 (b). The light-colored bright spots in the figure can be caused by vibration during the walking process of the vehicle body and noise of field construction. The delamination phenomenon can not be found in the test of a new field in general, and the construction quality of the bridge is better controlled.
Claims (10)
1. A concrete bridge deck shallow layer layering rapid detection system is characterized by comprising a frame trolley, a stress wave excitation source, an acoustic signal acquisition device, an oscilloscope, an encoder and a control and processing system; the stress wave excitation source is arranged on the frame trolley and is used for continuously knocking the concrete bridge deck under the driving of the frame trolley to generate an acoustic signal; the encoder is arranged on a wheel of the frame trolley and used for recording the driving mileage of the frame trolley and transmitting the driving mileage information and the time information to the control and processing system; the acoustic signal acquisition device is used for acquiring acoustic signals generated by the stress wave excitation source; the oscilloscope is connected with the sound signal acquisition device and is used for transmitting the sound signals acquired by the sound signal acquisition device to the control and processing system.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the excitation source of the stress wave is a ball chain formed by connecting a plurality of steel balls with different diameters by flexible ropes.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein there are several stress wave excitation sources, and adjacent stress wave excitation sources are spaced in a direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the frame cart.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the acoustic signal collection device is a MEMS microphone with a frequency range of 100Hz-10kHz, and is disposed above the stress wave excitation source.
5. The system of claim 3, wherein the distance between adjacent excitation sources of the stress wave is 0.1-0.15 m.
6. The concrete bridge deck shallow layering rapid detection system of claim 3, wherein the ball chain is formed by connecting two steel balls with diameters of 12mm and 15mm at intervals.
7. The system for rapidly detecting the shallow layering of the concrete bridge deck slab as claimed in claim 1, wherein the vertical distance between the acoustic signal acquisition device and the stress wave excitation source is 3 cm.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: pushing the frame trolley, wherein a stress wave excitation source generates instantaneous impact on the surface of the concrete bridge deck to form stress waves, and the stress waves generate local resonance in the concrete to form an impact echo mode;
step 2: acquiring the driving mileage information and the time information of the frame trolley through an encoder, and transmitting the driving mileage information and the time information to the control and processing system;
and step 3: collecting an acoustic signal generated by a stress wave excitation source through an acoustic signal collecting device, and transmitting the acoustic signal to the control and processing system;
and 4, step 4: and the control and processing system draws sound signal power spectrums of sound in the directions parallel to the driving direction and the direction perpendicular to the driving direction according to the mileage information, the time information and the sound signals, and the position and the shape of the defect in the shallow layer of the concrete bridge deck can be seen from the two-dimensional sound signal power spectrums.
9. The method for rapidly detecting the shallow delamination of the concrete bridge deck according to the claim 8, wherein the concrete step of the step 4 comprises the following steps:
step 4.1: processing the collected acoustic signals by adopting short-time Fourier transform to obtain the power spectrum distribution of each frequency value in the acoustic signals along with the change of time;
step 4.2: drawing a power spectrogram according to the power distribution of each frequency value in the acoustic signal, wherein the x axis in the power spectrogram is the receiving time of the acoustic signal, the y axis is the frequency distribution, and the color scale represents the power spectral density;
step 4.3: accumulating the frequencies of 1-5kHz in the receiving time of each acoustic signal to obtain the sum of power spectrums on the bandwidth of 1-5 kHz;
step 4.4: obtaining a new power spectrogram according to the sum of the acoustic signal receiving position information corresponding to the acoustic signal receiving time and the power spectrum; the x axis in the new power spectrogram is the distance of the sound signal receiving point in the driving direction, the y axis represents the distance of the sound signal receiving point vertical to the driving direction, and the color scale represents the amplitude of the power spectrum; and judging the position and the shape of the defect according to the color scale difference.
10. The method for rapidly detecting the shallow layering of the concrete bridge deck according to claim 8, wherein the depth of the shallow layering of the concrete bridge deck is 1-5 cm.
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| KR20240122006A (en) * | 2023-02-03 | 2024-08-12 | 주식회사 이솔구조건축사사무소 | Non-destructive inspection system by horizontal movable mobile |
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| CN1712950A (en) * | 2005-07-04 | 2005-12-28 | 上海科鸣建筑工程技术有限公司 | Audio-frequency detection of concrete fault |
| CN111664818A (en) * | 2019-03-07 | 2020-09-15 | 武汉科技大学 | Impact echo method for detecting concrete thickness |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN1712950A (en) * | 2005-07-04 | 2005-12-28 | 上海科鸣建筑工程技术有限公司 | Audio-frequency detection of concrete fault |
| CN111664818A (en) * | 2019-03-07 | 2020-09-15 | 武汉科技大学 | Impact echo method for detecting concrete thickness |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| HONGBIN SUN ET AL: "Acoustic evaluation of concrete delaminations using ball-chain impact excitation", 《THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA》 * |
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| KR20240122006A (en) * | 2023-02-03 | 2024-08-12 | 주식회사 이솔구조건축사사무소 | Non-destructive inspection system by horizontal movable mobile |
| KR102738302B1 (en) * | 2023-02-03 | 2024-12-04 | 주식회사 이솔구조건축사사무소 | Non-destructive inspection system by horizontal movable mobile |
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